Delaware Standard Specifications for Road & Bridge Construction — Section 605.3

DRIVEN PILES SECTION 605 194 f. Approve the driven test pile for load testing when requiring static load testing. The engineer may select 1 of the above requirements before authorizing performance of a load test, or if a load test is unsatisfactory.

g.If the data and information obtained from driving any original test pile is conflicting,

inconclusive, or unsatisfactory in any way, the engineer will order another test pile driven for additional information within 2 working days after receipt of the p ost-driving report.

2.When shown in the contract, perform static load tests on selected test piles. Perform static load

tests in accordance with the procedures specified in ASTM D1143. Upon completion, the engineer will review the load test records and make 1 or more of the requirements in Section 605.3.3.C.1. 605.3.4 Preparation and Driving of Production Piles.

A.Preparation.

1.Clearly mark the pile in 12 -inch increments with markings visible from a safe inspection distance.

2.Provide the engineer with reasonable inspection access along the full length and perimeter of all

piles. Prior to installation, repair or replace piles with damage incurred during shipping, handling, or storage. Piles with any of these defects will caus e rejection by the engineer:

a.Visible cracks or spalls in a concrete pile;

b.a bent, kinked, or distorted steel pile; or

c.damaged timber pile treatment of a timber pile or compromised integrity as outlined in

3.Pile Driving Sequence.

a.Provide the engineer with schedules of the proposed driving sequence. Do not begin driving

test or production piles at any location until the engineer approves the schedule for that location. Do not depart from these schedules without the prior approval of the engineer.

b.Place individual piles in pile groups either starting from the center of the group and

proceeding outwards in both directions, or starting at the outside row and proceeding progressively across the group.

B.Driving.

1.Drive the production piles using the same pile driving system used to drive the test piles. For

changes to the pile driving system, see Section 605.3.1.F.

2.Conduct the pile driving operations in close cooperation with the engineer and in a manner that

allows the engineer to obtain essential measurements and data. The engineer will observe the progress of all pile driving work. The engineer will record a co mplete driving log for each pile driven. The driving log will list all data essential for the determination of correct bearing resistance.

3.Embed the leads in the ground or constrain the pile in a structural frame, such as a template, to

maintain alignment of the pile during driving. Do not apply side pressure to move piles into the correct position for driving. DRIVEN PILES SECTION 605 195 4. Place the tip of each pile in the correct plan location before attaching the helmet. Ensure the heads of all piles are in a true plane and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pile before attaching the helmet.

5.Protect the heads of concrete piles with a pile cushion in accordance with Section 605.3.2.A.4.

Secure the pile cushion within the helmet prior to attaching the helmet to the pile. Provide a new pile cushion for each pile. During the driving of a single pile, replace the pile cushion if the cushion is compressed more than 1/2 the original thickness or it begins to burn.

6.Drive each production pile continuously from the start until reaching the driving criteria from

the test piles as established in Section 605.3.3.C, except as required for splicing the pile or replacement of the pile cushion.

7.Stop pile driving if the blow count exceeds 240 -blows per 12 -inches, or 20 -blows per 1 -inch of

driving for 3 consecutive inches. Immediately inform the engineer if blow counts exceed these limits at a tip elevation above the minimum tip elevation specified.

8.Stop pile driving if the top of a pile is damaged or becomes deformed. Cut off piles

perpendicular to the length to remove damage or deformations detrimental to the performance of the pile driving system or to the integrity of the pile. Allow steel piles to cool before continuing.

9.Drive piles within an allowed variation of 1/8 -inch per 12 -inches of pile length from the vertical

or batter shown in the contract. The maximum allowable variation at the top of the pile is 3 - inches in any direction from the location shown in the contract.

10.Construct driving splices in accordance with the contract or submit alternate details to the

engineer for review and approval. After completing the splice, drive the spliced pile to meet the driving criteria. If it becomes necessary to splice timber pi les, submit the method for splicing and driving to the engineer for written approval.

11.Survey the location, alignment, and top elevation of the piles after driving of each pile group.

Provide the survey results to the engineer.

12.The engineer will reject piles damaged by improper driving or driven outside of the allowable

tolerance specified.

a.Remove and replace rejected piles. Alternately, drive a replacement pile or piles adjacent to

the damaged pile, if driving of additional piles can occur without detriment to the structure, and if approved by the engineer.

b.In addition, modify the footing or pile cap, as required by the engineer, to accommodate the

out of tolerance or added piles.

13.Check piles for heave during driving of adjacent piles or by any other cause. Re -drive all piles

heaved more than 1/4 -inch to the nominal bearing resistance and at least to the original tip elevation, or as directed by the engineer. Remove any material forced up between the piles during driving to the correct elevation before placement of foundation concrete.

C.Post -driving.

1.The engineer will review the driving records and may provide 1 or more of the following

responses depending on the what the driving records show:

a.No further action needed.

DRIVEN PILES SECTION 605 196 b. Re-strike selected production piles. Perform the production pile re -strikes in accordance with the requirements of Section 605.3.5.

c.Dynamically test production pile re -strikes or subsequent production pile initial drives in

accordance with the requirements of Section 605.3.3. 605.3.5 Pile Re -strike.

A.Preparation.

1.Within 2 working days after initial driving, the engineer may order a pile re -strike of test pile as a

result of Section 605.3.3.C or of production piles as a result of Section 605.3.4.C when the contractor does not meet the driving criteria.

2.Perform the re -strike at least 48 -hours, but no more than 7 calendar days, after initial driving

unless otherwise noted in the contract. If pile installation continues adjacent to a pile requiring a re-strike, the engineer reserves the right to delay the re - strike until at least 48 hours after the contractor completes all adjacent pile driving.

3.Dynamically test all re -strikes of test piles. The engineer may require the contractor to

dynamically test production pile re -strikes.

4.Perform re -strikes using the same pile driving system used to install the piles during initial

driving.

5.Mark the pile in 1 -inch increments for at least 12 -inches for measurement of the pile movement

during re -strike.

6.Establish the elevation of the top of pile using a survey level before performing the re - strike.

B.Driving.

1.Warm up the hammer and verify proper operation of the driving system by striking another pile

or pile cut -off at least 20 blows at full stroke.

2.Lower and position the hammer on the pile. If necessary, connect dynamic monitoring

instrumentation. Strike the pile 20 blows at the required stroke height.

3.If any component of the pile driving system does not function properly during the pile re - strike,

perform additional re -strikes until the pile driving system operates properly through a complete continuous re -strike procedure in accordance with thisSe ction.

C.Post -driving.

1.Use a survey level to establish the new top of pile elevation.

2.Following the pile re -strike, the engineer will review the driving records and, within 2 working

days, make 1 or more of the following decisions:

a.Accept a test pile for use as a production pile, based on satisfactory re -strike results.

b.Establish the required re -strike blow count, stroke height, and acceptable top of pile elevation

change for production piles re -strikes, based on satisfactory test pile re -strike results.

c.Accept a production pile, or representative group of piles, if the pile re -strike results are

satisfactory.

d.Require additional ground penetration based on unsatisfactory pile re -strike results. The

engineer may order: DRIVEN PILES SECTION 605 197 i. An additional re -strike with a longer wait time; ii. additional driving until the driving criteria is met or the full length of pile is driven, in cases where the top of pile remains above existing grade; or iii. a driving splice, in cases where the top of pile reaches existing grade. 605.3.6 Additional Installation Requirements.

A.Non -Driving Pile Build -ups.

1.Construct all non -driving pile build -ups as shown in the contract or approved alternate.

B.Pile Cut -Offs.

1.Upon completion of pile driving, cut off all test and production piles to final elevation, in

accordance with the contract. Dispose of cut -off material in accordance with Section 106.8.

a.Cut off steel shells or steel H -piles square to the pile, using an acetylene or electric torch.

b.Cut off precast concrete piles square to the pile. If insufficient length of inserts for dowel bars

remains, deepen the remaining hole or drill a new hole of adequate length.

c.Saw timber piles that support a timber superstructure to conform to the plane of the bottom

of the superimposed structure:

i.Treat all exposed sawed surfaces of timber piles in accordance with Section 1041.4.E.

ii. Install 2 layers of metal sheet covering of either 13 -gauge zinc or 20 -gauge copper a minimum of 4 -inches greater than the diameter of the pile on top of the treatment.

(1)Bend excess metal down over the sides of the pile, trim, and nail.

(2)Fasten zinc sheets with 1 -inch long galvanized, large -headed nails.

(3)Fasten copper sheets with 1-inch long copper nails.

2.Cover the tops of pre -stressed concrete piles or steel shell piles with plastic to prevent dirt and

water from entering the pile until placement of grout or concrete. Remove dirt or water from holes or sleeves of pre -stressed concrete piles before grouting in bar reinforcement.

3.Cut off test piles driven outside permanent foundation locations at a point at least 24 -inches

below finished grade or final stream bed elevation, upon satisfactory completion of test driving,

C.Cast -in-place Concrete Piles.

1.Placement of Reinforcement Bar.

a.Assemble the longitudinal reinforcement bar and circular ties as a complete unit. Securely

fasten the bars and ties together at all bar intersections, in accordance with the details shown in the contract.

b.Keep the interior of the reinforcement cage open to allow for the free flow of concrete into

the pile shell. Do not use interior bracing or spacers.

c.Place the completed assembly in the driven steel shell and prevent displacement during

concrete placement.

2.Concrete Placement.

DRIVEN PILES SECTION 605 198 a. Do not place concrete in steel shells until completion and acceptance of all driving within the same substructure unit. If it is not possible to follow this limitation, do not drive within the same substructure unit until the placed concrete reaches 50 percent of the 28 -day strength.

b.Do not place concrete in a steel shell until removal of all water, dirt, and debris and approval

by the engineer.

c.Place the concrete for each steel shell to ensure a dense, homogenous mass throughout the

entire casing to provide a permanent bond with all bar reinforcement embedded in the pile.

d.Place concrete for each steel shell in a continuous operation. If the bar reinforcement caging

or dowels occupy only the upper section of the pile, do not place bar reinforcement in the pile casing or shell until the concrete reaches the elevation of th e lowest end of the bar reinforcement. At this point, set the bar reinforcement in the casing, and continue to place the concrete until reaching the cut -off elevation. Concrete must remain plastic throughout placement. When bar reinforcement caging or dowe ls occupy only the upper section of the pile, the contractor may place reinforcement before placing concrete if the contractor uses a tremie or similar piece of equipment that allows the contractor to deposit concrete in the portion of the pile below the b ottom elevation of the reinforcement.

e.Do not disturb piles with freshly placed concrete until the concrete reaches 50 percent of the

28-day strength.

D.After completing all other parts of the structure, clean the exposed part of the piling of

discoloration caused by construction.

605.4Method of Measurement.

A.The Department will measure work acceptably completed in accordance with Section 109.1. The

Department will measure the quantity of:

1.Provided piles by the total length of pile in linear feet.

2.Installed piles by the linear feet of pile in place below the cutoff elevation.

3.Dynamic pile testing for test pile initial drive as 1 each for each test pile driven.

4.Dynamic pile testing for restrike or production pile as 1 each for each re -strike on test or

production pile tested and for each production pile initial drive tested.

5.Pile re -strikes by each re -strike performed.

605.5Basis of Payment.

A.The Department will pay the quantity of provided test piles and production piles at the contract

unit price per linear foot for each type of pile. Price and payment constitute full compensation for:

1.Providing all materials;

2.pile reinforcing tip, driving shoe, or closure plate for the respective pile type;

3.timber pile preservatives;

4.steel pile shells, protective coatings, bar and spiral reinforcement, and PCC for cast -in-place or

steel pipe piles;

5.pre-stressing strands, bar and spiral reinforcement, dowels, and PCC for precast piles; and

DRIVEN PILES SECTION 605 199 6. pile splice and pile build -up materials.

B.The Department will pay for the installed quantity of test piles and production piles at the

contract unit price per linear foot for each type of pile installed. Payment is full compensation for:

1.Driving of all pile types;

2.acceptably performing a pile cut off, and for the disposal of cut -off piles for all pile types;

3.placement of bar , spiral reinforcement , PCC for cast -in-place or steel pipe piles , and placement

of metal sheeting atop timber piles;

4.drilling of holes, epoxy grout, and placement of dowels for precast piles; and

5.pile splices and pile build -ups as additional linear feet of pile installed.

C.The Department will pay for driving additional test piles, as required by the engineer, as an extra

quantity of test piles under this section.

D.The Department will pay for pile re -strikes authorized by the engineer at the contract unit price

per each. Price and payment will constitute full compensation for all work associated with the set up and conducting the pile re -strikes, except for dynamic pile testing of re -strikes.

E.Dynamic pile testing of test pile initial drives authorized and accepted by the engineer at the

contract unit price per each. Payment is full compensation for:

1.Providing a pile testing firm;

2.preparation of the wave equation analysis;

3.providing inspection access to the Department and all materials, equipment and incidental work

required to perform dynamic pile testing during initial driving;

4.completion of the signal matching analysis; and

5.completion of post -driving reports.

F.Dynamic pile testing of re -strikes and production piles authorized and accepted by the engineer at

the contract unit price per each. Payment is full compensation for:

1.Providing inspection access to the Department and all materials, equipment, and incidental

work required to perform dynamic pile testing during re -strikes or production pile driving;

2.completion of the signal matching analysis; and

3.completion of post -driving reports.

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT 605000 PROVIDE TIMBER PILES - TREATED, 12" LF 605001 PROVIDE TIMBER PILES - TREATED, 14" LF 605002 PROVIDE TIMBER PILES - TREATED, 16" LF 605010 PROVIDE CAST -IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES, 12" LF 605011 PROVIDE CAST -IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES, 14" LF

Source: Delaware Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2025 Edition. Pages 204–209 of 779.

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60400 0 JACKING BRIDGE LS

60500 0 PROVIDE TIMBER PILES - TREATED, 12" LF

605.34.B.10 below

605.4Method of Measurement.

605.5Basis of Payment.