151 - COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
150-3 On hot mix asphalt pavement, operate the vibratory rollers at a speed and frequency range to provide a
minimum of 10 impacts per linear foot, as shown in TABLE 151-2 . Provide amplitude adjustable rollers. Operate rollers at low amplitude, unless otherwise directed. Provide rollers with a minimum of 1800 vibrations per minute (VPM) and a static force on drums of 135 pounds per linear inch (PLI) of roller width. TABLE 151-2: HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVING Impacts per Linear Foot Roller Speed MPH (ft./Min) Vibrations Per Minute 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 1.0(88) 20.5 22.7 25.0 27.3 29.5 31.8 34.1 36.4 38.6 40.9 43.2 45.5 1.5(132) 13.6 15.2 16.7 18.2 19.7 21.2 22.7 24.2 25.8 27.3 28.8 30.3 2.0(176) 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.6 14.8 15.9 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.5 21.6 22.7 2.5(220) 8.2 9.1 10.0 10.9 11.8 12.7 13.6 14.5 15.5 16.4 17.3 18.2 3.0(264) 6.8 7.6 8.3 9.1 9.8 10.6 11.4 12.1 12.9 13.6 14.4 15.2 3.5(308) 5.8 6.5 7.1 7.8 8.4 9.1 9.7 10.4 11.0 11.7 12.3 13.0 4.0(352) 5.1 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.4 8.0 8.5 9.1 9.7 10.2 10.8 11.4 4.5(396) 4.5 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 8.1 8.6 9.1 9.6 10.1 5.0(440) 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.9 6.4 6.8 7.3 7.7 8.2 8.6 9.1 Operate rollers at a speed and fre quency range above the bold line. 151.6 MECHANICAL AND HAND TAMPERS Use mechanical or hand operated tampers of standard manufacture that can obtain the required compaction in small, irregular areas where the use of conventional equipment is impracticable. 152 – HAULING AND WEIGHING EQUIPMENT
150-4 Section 152
HAULING AND WEIGHING EQUIPMENT 152.1 HAULING EQUIPMENT
a.Aggregate Hauling Equipment. Use vehicles with dump bodies of standard manufacture, designed for dumping materials in windrows or into spreader boxes. Use vehicles with bodies constructed and maintained to prevent loss of materials during the hauling operations. Equip the vehicles with dump controls operated from the driver’s seat.
b.Hot Mix Asphalt Hauling Equipment. Use vehicles with dump bodies of standard manufacture, designed for dumping materials in windrows or into spreader boxes. Use vehicles with smooth metal bodies constructed and maintained to prevent loss of materials duri ng the hauling operations. Equip the vehicles with dump controls operated from the driver’s seat. During the hauling operations, apply a thin coat of an approved material to prevent the hot mix asphalt from adhering to the beds. The Engineer must approve the coating material before it is used. Do not use petroleum derivatives for coating the beds. Remove any excess coating material before loading the hot mix asphalt into the bed. Equip each vehicle with a tarpaulin to protect the hot mix asphalt from th e weather. Use tarpaulins that are waterproof and free of holes and tears. Use tarpaulins large enough to cover the top of the load and extend down over the sides and tailgate of the vehicle. Use enough tie-down points to secure the tarpaulin to the vehicle and prevent flapping in the wind, during the hauling operations. The Engineer may approve alternate methods of securing the tarpaulin, provided the hot mix asphalt is completely covered, and the tarpaulin is secured.
c.Water Hauling and Distributing Equipment. Use pneumatic-tired water equipment (calibrated tanks of 1000 gallon capacity or larger) equipped with spray bars and pressure pumps to haul and distribute water. Equip all water tanks with control valves that are operated from th e driver’s seat. Provide the Engineer with the means to verify the calibration of the water tanks. The requirement for the pressure pump may be waived on force account projects, subgrade modification projects and fly ash treated subgrade projects. Water may also be transported by pipelines equipped with calibrated mete rs placed as close to the point of delivery as possible. Provide the Engineer with the means to verify the calibration of the water meters. 152.2 WEIGHING EQUIPMENT Use and maintain weighing devices (mechanical or electronic) at locations ap proved by the Engineer. Have the weighing devices tested and certified by a licensed service company. Have the licensed service company test an d certify the weighing devices according to: all applicable laws for commercial weighing and measuring devices; the appropriate Examination Procedure Outline (EPO) prescribed by the Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Weights and Measures; and the weighing devices shall be accurate to w ithin 0.25% throughout the range of use. Have the weighing devices tested and certified: after each setup and before being used on the project (except for small units such as 3 sack mixers which are moved frequently); at 6 month intervals during the life of the project; when the weighing devices are repaired; and at any other time deemed necessary by the Engineer. Arrange the beams, dials, platforms and other scale equipment for safe and convenient viewing by the operator and the Engineer. Provi de and maintain scale houses as necessary. Install and maintain vehicle scales with the platform level, and rigid bulkheads at each end. Use a platform of ad equate length to weigh (in 1 operation) the longest truck or truck-trailer combination used on the pr oject. Maintain the approaches to the scale platform. Provide certified test standards (a minimum of 500 pounds) for use on the project. For weighing procedures and s cale operator requirements see SECTION 109 . 153 – MIXING PLANT FOR STABILIZED BASE AND SHOULDERS
150-5 Section 153
MIXING PLANT FOR STABILIZED BASE AND SHOULDERS 153.1 CENTRAL MIXING PLANT Use a stationary mechanical mixi ng plant designed to blend component aggregates and distribute the required moisture uniformly throughout the mixture. Prov ide the Engineer with the means to verify the calibration of the plant. 153.2 TRAVELING MIXING PLANT Use a traveling mechanical mixing plant designed to blend component aggregates and distribute the required moisture uniformly throughout the mixture without damaging the subgrade. Provide the Engineer with the means to verify the calibration of the plant. 154 – CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND CO NCRETE STRUCTURE EQUIPMENT
150-6 Section 154
CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND CONC RETE STRUCTURE EQUIPMENT 154.1 CONCRETE BATCHING AND MIXING EQUIPMENT
a.Batching Equipment. Use standard manufacture batching equipment consisting of bins, weighing hoppers and weighing devices. Use batching equipment designed and constructed to discharge freely, thus eliminating accumulation of materials in bins or weighing hoppers. Use batching equipment with bins that have separate compartments for each size of aggregate. Use weighing devices that are tested and certified according to subsection 152.2 . If the cement (or fly ash) is measured by weight, use a weighing device and weighing hopper separate from those used for other materials. Equip the cement or fly ash weighing hopper with a sealed and vented cover to prevent dusting during operation.
b.Central and On-Site Concrete Mixers. Use standard manufacture concrete mixers capable of combining aggregate, cement (or fly ash) and water (and admixtures, if any) into a uniform mixture within the specified mixing period. Use mixers capable of discharging the concrete without segregating the mixture. Additional requirements for central and on-site concrete mixers: A manufacturer’s plate attached to the mixer lis ting the capacity of the drum (volume of mixed concrete) and the speed of rotation of the mixer drum or blades; A timing device that automatically locks the discharge lever when the drum is charged, and releases it at the end of the mixing period; A warning device, either audible or visible, that si gnals the release of the discharge lever (end of the mixing period); An automatic water-measuring device (measured either by weight or volume, accurate within 1% of the quantity required) capable of discharging the desired quantity of water into the mixer drum; and A semi-automatic, air-entraining agent measuring device capable of discharging the desired quantity of air-entraining agent into the flow (of the mixing water) of the water discharge line. Provide the Engineer with the means to verify the calibration of the concrete mixers. Clean the mixers at suitable intervals. Periodically examine the concrete mixers for changes in condition. Acceptable concrete mixers shall consistent ly produce well mixed, uniform concrete.
c.Truck Mixers and Truck Agitators.
1.Truck Mixers. Use standard manufacture truck mi xers capable of combining aggregate, cement (or fly ash) and water (and admixtures, if any) into a uniform mixture within the specified number of revolutions. Use truck mixers capable of discharging the concrete without segregating the mixture. Unless the truck mixer is equipped with automatic measuring and dispensing devices for water and air-entraining agent, use central measuring an d dispensing equipment as specified in subsection 154.1b . Additional requirements for truck mixers: A drum of such size that the rati ng (volume of concrete) does not exceed ⅔’s of the gross volume (disregarding the blades) of the mixer; For truck mixers with automatic water measuring devices, use a water measuring device (accurate within 1% of the quantity required) capable of discharging the desired quantity of water into the mixer drum; A manufacturer’s plate attached to the mixer listi ng the manufacturer’s recommended operating speed for mixing or agitating. If the mixer is used both for mixing and for agitating, the maximum speed for agitation shall be less than the minimum mixing speed; and A revolution counter that indicates the number of revolutions of the drum or the blades.
2.Truck Agitators. Use standard manufacture truck agitators capable of agitating and discharging the concrete without segregating the mixture. Additional requirements for truck agitators: A drum of such size that the rating (volume of concrete) does not exceed 80% of the gross volume (disregarding the blades) of the agitator; 154 – CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND CO NCRETE STRUCTURE EQUIPMENT
150-7 A manufacturer’s plate attached to the agitato r listing the manufacturer’s recommended operating
speed for agitating; and A revolution counter that indicates the number of revolutions of the drum or the blades.
3.Provide the Engineer with the means to verify the calibration of the truck mixers and agitators. Clean the truck mixers and truck agitators at suitable intervals. Periodically examine the truck mixers and agitators for changes in condition. Acceptable truck mixers (agitators) sh all consistently produce (deliver) well- mixed, uniform concrete. If the Engineer questions the pe rformance of a truck mixer (or truck agitator), slump tests from samples taken at the beginning, the mid-point and the end of the load, may be conducted. If the results of the slump tests vary more than ½ inch when the average slump is 3 inches or less, or more that 1 inch when the average slump is greater than 3 inches, the Engineer will reject the truck mixer (or truck agitator) until it is cleaned and repaired.
d.Continuous Volumetric Concrete Mixers. Use standard manufacture continuous volumetric concrete mixers capable of combining aggregate, cement (or fly as h) and water (and admixtures, if any) into a uniform mixture within the specified mixing period. Additional requirements for conti nuous volumetric concrete mixers: A capacity to carry (in separate compartments fo r each ingredient) enough of each individual ingredient to produce a minimum of 6 cubic yards of concrete; The capability of producing a thoroughly mixed uniform concrete that complies with the consistency requirements of DIVISION 400 ; A recording meter capable of measuring the cement as it is introduced into the mixture. An adjustable flow control valve capable of contro lling the flow of water and admixture as they are introduced into the mixture; A water flow meter capable of indicating to the nearest 0.10 gallons, the quantity of gallons used; and The capability of being calibrated to automatically proportion and blend all components of the concrete mixture on a continuous or intermittent basis, as required. Calibrate the continuous volumetric concrete mixer according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Provide the Engineer with the means to verify the calib ration of the continuous volumetric concrete mixer. The Engineer will allow operation of the continuous volumetric concrete mixer, provided the concrete produced is within the limits of the specifications.
e.Small-Quantity Concrete Mixers. Use standard manufacture small-quantity concrete mixers capable of combining aggregate, cement (or fly ash) and water (and ad mixtures, if any) into a uniform mixture. Use self- powered concrete mixers capable of mixing a volume of concrete that requires 1 sack (minimum) of cement. The Engineer must approve the mixer before it is us ed. Clean the mixers at suitable intervals. The Engineer will periodically examine the concrete mixers for changes in condition. Acceptable concrete mixers shall consistently produce well mixed, uniform concrete.
f.Non-Agitating Units. Use standard manufacture, non-agitating units capable of transporting and discharging the concrete without segregating the mixture. Use non-agitating units that have smooth, watertight bodies with rounded corners. Clean the non-agitating units at suitable intervals. The Engineer will periodically examine the non- agitating units for changes in condition. Acceptable non-ag itating units shall consistently deliver and discharge non- segregated concrete.
g.Continuous Blendi ng Concrete Plants. Use a plant that continuously blends materials by volume in a continuous mixer. Additional requirements for continuo us blending concrete plants: The capability of producing a thoroughly mixed uniform concrete that complies with the consistency requirements of DIVISION 400 ; A recording meter capable of meas uring the cement and aggregate as they are intr oduced into the mixture. 154 – CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND CO NCRETE STRUCTURE EQUIPMENT
150-8 A flowmeter to measure the rate of water added to the mixture. The rate shall be adjustable to control
consistency of the mix. A flowmeter to measure the rate of admixture added to the mixture. The capability of being calibrated to automatically proportion and blend all components of the concrete mixture on a continuous or intermittent basis, as required. Calibrate the continuous blending concrete plant according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Provide the Engineer with the means to verify the calibration of the continuous blending concrete plant. Provide the Engineer with documentation from the admixture supplier on the compatibility of adding the admixture in a continuous blending concrete plant. The Engineer will allow operation of the continuous volumetric concrete mixer, provided the concrete produced is within the limits of the specifications. 154.2 VIBRATORS
a.General. Provide the proper testing equipment to de termine the frequency of the impulses of the vibrators. See subsection 154.5 for vibrator monitoring systems used in slip form paving.
b.Vibrators Used With Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Bars. In addition to the vibrator requirements for different uses, when epoxy coated reinfo rcing steel is involved, use vibrators w ith heads of rubber or other resilient material. Rubber covers securely fast ened over steel heads are acceptable. Th e requirement does not apply to dowel bars and tie bars for pavement.
c.Vibrators for Structures. Use internal type (spud or tube) vibrat ors. Use vibrators with frequencies of vibration of a minimum of 8000 cycles or impulses per minute under load, and with adequate amplitude to consolidate the concrete. Use vibr ators that can enter the forms and operate around the reinforcing bars. Do not use vibrators designed for use on the forms or the reinforcing bars. Use of any internal type vibrator is contingent upon its ability to properly consolidate the concrete.
d.Vibrators for Bridge Decks. Use a mechanical device on which internal type (spud or tube) vibrators (of the same type and size) are mounted with maximum spacing of 12-inch centers. Mount the vibrators so that the vibrators enter the concrete in a vertical position under th e influence of their own weight, with enough flexibility to work themselves around the reinforcin g bars. The mechanical device may be mounted on the finishing machine or on an independent framework pulled along the grade rails. Additional requirements for vibrators for bridge decks: The diameter of the head of the vi brator shall be 1 ¾ to 2 ½ inches; The frequency of vibration under load shall be 8,000 to12,000 vibrations per minute; The average amplitude shall be 0.025 to 0.05 inch; and The minimum radius of action shall be a minimum of 7 inches. To verify compliance, provide the Engineer with a copy of the manufacturer’s specifications for each type and brand of vibrator used on the project.
e.Vibrators for Rigid Pavement. Use either internal type (spud or tu be) vibrators or surface type (pan or screed) vibrators. Use vibrators mounted on the concrete spreader, the finishing machine or a separate carriage. Use vibrators capable of vibrating the full depth of the rigid pavement without coming in contact with the joint, load transfer device, subgrade or forms. Vibrators should oper ate only when the machine the vi brators are attached to is moving. Additional requirements for vibrators for rigid pavement: The frequency of vibration of surface, pan or screed vibrators shall be a minimum of 3,500 cycles per minute; The frequency of vibration of immersion tube vibrators attached to the paving machine shall be a minimum of 5,000 cycles per minute; and The frequency of vibration of immersion spud vibrators (both hand operated and gang mounted) shall be a minimum of 8,000 cycles per minute. 154 – CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND CO NCRETE STRUCTURE EQUIPMENT
150-9 154.3 Subgrade Trimmers
a.Fixed Form Subgrade Trimmer. Use a standard manufacture subgrade trimmer that rides on the fixed forms. Use a subgrade trimmer capable of cutting (with a continuous cutting edge) the subgrade to the specified cross-section. Do not use subgrade trimmers with spikes or teet h (scratch planers).
b.Slip Form Subgrade Trimmer. Use a standard manufacture subgrade trimmer that is automatically controlled (from a reference system) in regard to both line and grade. 154.4 FIXED FORM PAVING EQUIPMENT
a.Concrete Spreader. Use equipment to uniformly spread the concrete while maintaining a head of concrete.
b.Concrete Finishing Machine. Use a standard manufacture self-propelled concrete finisher capable of spreading and consolidating the concrete to the specified cross-section. The concrete finisher may be mounted on the same carriage as the concrete spreader. The use of any concrete finishing machine is contingent upon its performance. If any finishing machine fails to produce the specified cross-section or consolidation, the Engineer may require adjustment, repair or replacement of the machine. 154.5 SLIP FORM PAVING EQUIPMENT Use standard manufacture, slip form paving equipment capable of spreading, consolidating, screeding and float finishing freshly placed concrete in one pass. Use slip form e quipment capable of pr oducing a homogeneous pavement to the specified cross-section, profile and density. Use slip form paving equipment that is automatically controlled (from a reference system) in regard to line and grade. Use an automated electronic vibrator monitoring system on all mainline paving. (This system is not required on shoulders, if a separate paver is used strictly for shoul ders.) Use a system capable of displaying the operating frequency of each individual internal vibrator. Equip the monitoring device with a readout display near the operator’s controls visible to the paver operator and the Inspector. Operate the monitoring device continuously while paving, and display all vibrator frequencies with manual or auto matic sequencing among all individual vibrators. Use slip form paving equipment equipped with traveling side forms. The traveling side forms shall trail behind the paver a sufficient distance to prevent edge slump of the concrete pavement. The top finishing edge of the traveling side forms shall have a maximum radius of ¼ inch. Use all the component parts recommended by the manufacturer of the slip form paving equipment (paving train). If any unit of the paving train shall operate on adjacent pavement, protect the adjacent pavement. 154.6 LONGITUDINAL FINISHER Use a standard manufacture, longitudinal finisher capable of producing a smooth surface to the specified cross-section. The longitudinal finisher ma y operate either mechanically or manually. Adjust and operate the longitudinal finisher (in conjunction with the finishing screed) so that a small roll of mortar is carried ahead of the float. 154.7 CONCRETE PAVEMENT TEXTURING EQUIPMENT
a.Burlap Drag. Use a drag consisting of a seamless strip of damp burlap, artificial turf or cotton fabric. Use a drag that produces a uniform, gritty texture when pulled longitudinally along the full width of the pavement. Use only drags that are clean an d free of encrusted mortar.
b.Transverse Grooving Equipment. Use standard manufacture transv erse grooving equipment capable of transversing the width of the pavement in a single pass. Use transverse grooving equipment with a metal comb that is capable of producing a uniform pattern of transver se grooves approximately 3/16 inch wide, spaced at ¾ inch centers and ⅛ to ¼ inch deep. 154 – CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND CO NCRETE STRUCTURE EQUIPMENT
150-10 The Engineer may accept transverse grooving equipmen t with a fluted float (instead of a metal comb)
provided the fluted float produces transverse grooves similar in dimension to the requirements of the metal comb. Small or irregular areas may be grooved by hand methods.
c.Longitudinal Grooving Equipment. Use standard manufacture, longitudinal grooving equipment capable of covering the width of the pavement in a single pass. Use longitudinal grooving equipment with a metal comb that is capable of producing a uniform pattern of longitudinal grooves approximately 3/16 inch wide, spaced at ¾ inch centers and ⅛ to ¼ inch deep. The Engineer may accept longitudinal grooving equipment with a fluted float (instead of a metal comb) provided the fluted float produces longitudinal grooves similar in dimension to the requirements of the metal comb. Small or irregular areas may be grooved by hand methods. 154.8 CONCRETE CURING CO MPOUND DISTRIBUTOR Use standard manufacture concrete curing compound distributors capable of continually mixing and uniformly spraying liquid membrane-forming compounds at the minimum rate of 1 gallon per 150 square feet of surface. Use concrete curing compound distributors capable of spraying both the surface a nd the edges of the slab at the same time. 154.9 CONCRETE SAWING EQUIPMENT Use standard manufacture concrete sawing equipment capable of making cuts to the specified dimensions. Use concrete saws with either water-cooled diamond-edge blades or abrasive wheel blades. Other sawing devices are based on acceptable perfor mance, and with the appr oval of the Engineer. Keep at least one stand-by saw and an adequate supply of blades on the project during the sawing operations.
Source: Kansas Standard Specifications for State Road and Bridge Construction, 2015 Edition. Pages 99–106 of 978.