616
603- 1 Description: The work under this section shall consist of the furnishing and driving piles at the locations and in accordance with the details shown on the plans and in accordance with the requirements of these specifications. Piling shall consist of steel piles, cast -in-place concrete piles, precast concrete piles, and timber piles and shall be of the kinds, sizes, and lengths shown on the project plans. When load test piles are shown on the project plans, pile loading tests shall be performed on said test piles in accordance with the requirements of the Special Provisions and as directed by the Engineer. 603- 2 Materials: 603- 2.01 Steel Piles: Steel piles shall be of the section shown on the project plans and shall be structural steel conforming to the requirements of AASHTO M 183. Pile points, when specified on the project plans or ordered by the Engineer, shall be cast steel and be specially manufactured for hard pile driving. 603- 2.02 Cast -in-Place Concrete Piles: Cast -in-place concrete piles shall consist of steel shells driven permanently to the required bearing value and penetration and filled with concrete. Concrete for filling cast -in-place concrete piles shall be ClassS Portl and cement concrete of the compressive strength shown on the plans and shall conform to the requirements of Section 1006 of the specifications. Steel shells shall be of the diameter, thickness, length, and design shown on the project plans. The shells shall be of sufficient strength and rigidity to permit driving and to prevent distortion caused by soil pressures or the driving of adjacent piles. The shells shall also be sufficiently watertight to exclude water during the placing of the concrete. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 617 Unless otherwise shown on the plans or ordered by the Engineer, steel shells shall be equipped with closed driving tips. Driving tips shall be not more than 1/2 inch greater in diameter than the diameter of the shell at the tip. Closed driving tips may consist of flat steel plates of sufficient strength to suit pile driving conditions or may be cast steel points suitable for driving conditions. The use of wedge tips constructed of flat steel plates will not be permitted. Reinforcing steel shall be as shown on the project plans and shall conform to the provisions of Section 1003 of the specifications. 603- 2.03 Precast Concrete Piles: Precast concrete piles shall be either conventionally reinforced concrete piles or precast prestressed piles with prestressed steel strands. Concrete shall be ClassS concrete of the compressive strength shown on the plans and shall conform to the requirements of Section 1006 of the specificati ons. Precast concrete piles shall be constructed in accordance with the details shown on the plans and in accordance with the requirements of Section 601 of the specifications. Prestressing shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 602 of th e specifications using the pretensioning method. Steel reinforcement shall conform to the requirements of Section 1003 of the specifications. Precast concrete piles shall be fabricated on casting beds founded on permanent concrete foundations using steel f orms, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. Outer forms shall enclose all except the top horizontal surface of the pile. The side forms may have a maximum draft on each side not exceeding 1/4 inch per foot. All corners shall be chamfered 2 inches or rounded to a 2-inch radius. Forms for piles shall be such as to avoid the formation of fins at the intersection of the surfaces. The top of the concrete casting shall be given a uniformly smooth finish to match the finish surface at the formed sides. Pile ends shall have plane surfaces and be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pile. The maximum sweep (deviation from straightness measured along two perpendicular faces of the pile while not subject to bending forces) shall not exceed 1/8 inch i n any 10 feet of its length, 3/8 inch in any 40 feet, or 3/16 inch times total length in feet divided by 20 feet. Pick -up points for piles shall be plainly marked on all piles after removal of the forms, unless special lifting devices are attached for pick- up and all lifting shall be done at these points. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 618 The use of special embedded or attached lifting devices, the employment of other pick- up points or any other method of pick -up shall be subject to written approval by the Engineer. 603- 2.04 Timber Piles: All timber piles shall conform to the requirements of ASTM D25. Treated timber piles shall be either Southern yellow pine, Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir or Larch. All piles for permanent structures shall be cleaned. Timber piles requiring treatment shall be pressure treated in accordance with the requirements of AASHTO M 133. Treated piles will be inspected for grade an d quality before treatment and each piece accepted for treatment will be hammer -marked on the butt end with the registered brand of the inspector. 603- 2.05 Paint: Paint for steel piles or metal shells shall be of the type shown on the project plans and shall conform to the requirements of Section 1002 of the specifications. 603- 2.06 Certificates: Certificates of Analysis conforming to the requirements of Subsection 106.05 of the specifications shall be furnished for all steel piling and steel shells used. 603- 3 Construction Requirements: 603- 3.01 General: When the project plans or specifications permit the use of more than one type of pile, the same type of pile shall be used for all piles within each individual footing, unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer. The contractor shall be responsible for furnishing piling of sufficient length to obtain the penetration and bearing value required. 603- 3.02 Predrilled Holes: Piles to be driven through embankment constructed by the contractor shall be driven in holes drilled or spudded through the embankment when shown on the project plans or ordered by the Engineer. The hole shall have a diameter of not less than the greatest dimension of the pile cross section plus 6 inches. After driving the pile, the space around the pile shall be filled to ground surface with dry sand or pea gravel or as specified on the plans. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 619 603- 3.03 Equipment:
Steam or air hammers shall be furnished with boiler or air capacity at least equal to that specified by the manufacturer of the hammers to be used. The boiler or compressor shall be equipped with an accurate pressure gauge at all times. The valve mechanism and other parts of steam, air, or di esel hammers shall be maintained in first class condition so that the length of stroke and number of blows per minute for which the hammer is designed will be obtained. Inefficient steam, air, or diesel hammers shall not be used.
Steel piles shall be driven with a steam or air or diesel hammer which shall develop an energy per blow of not less than 15,000 foot -pounds unless otherwise specified on the project plans.
Metal shells for cast -in-place concrete piles shall be driven with a steam or air or diesel hammer. For shells driven with the aid of a mandrel, the combined weight of the shell and the mandrel shall be considered as the weight of the pile. The hammer shall develop an energy per blow of not less than one foot -pound for each pound of weight driven. In no case shall the total energy developed by the hammer be less than 10,000 foot - pounds per blow for driving shells with a mandrel. Hammers used to drive metal shells without a mandrel shall develop an energy per blow of not less than 15,000 foot -pounds.
Drop hammers may be used for timber piles and shall weigh not less than 3,000 pounds and shall be equipped with efficient leads and hoisting equipment. The fall of the hammer shall not exceed 12 feet.
Pile driver leads shall be constructed in such a manner as to afford freedom of movement to the hammer and they shall be blocked or braced so that the initial driving of the pile can be done without rotation or shifting of the pile and to assure concentric hits on the piles.
Driving of piles with followers will not be permitted. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 620 603- 3.04 Driving Piles:
All piles shall be driven to a minimum bearing value or to a required tip elevation or a combination of both, as follows: Where a minimum bearing value is specified, all piles shall be driven to a bearing value not less than that specified, regardless of tip elevation. Wher e a required tip elevation is specified and no bearing value is specified, all piles shall be driven to at least the required tip elevation using a hammer that is capable of overcoming the soil resistance to reach that elevation without causing damage to t he pile. Where a minimum bearing value and a required tip elevation are both specified, the piles shall be driven to a bearing value not less than that specified and, in addition, if the required tip elevation has not been attained, shall be driven further to the required tip elevation. The required tip elevation shall be the estimated tip elevation shown on the project plans or the adjusted elevation when allowed by the project plans for increased bearing value. Piles shall not be driven until after the excavation or embankment in the area of the piling is complete. Any material forced up between the piles shall be removed to correct elevation without cost to the Department before concrete for the foundation is placed. Piles shall be accurately spaced and shall be driven either vertically or to the batter shown on the project plans. For trestle work and for piles which extend above ground in the completed structure, care shall be exercised to obtain proper alignment. Piles materially out of line shall be pulled and redriven or additional piles shall be driven as directed. Piles which are to be capped shall be accurately cut off so that true bearing is obtained on all piles without the use of shims. Piles cut off otherwise shall be replaced. Insofar as practicable, the driving of individual piles shall be a continuous operation.
The heads of steel piles shall be cut squarely and a cast or structural steel driving head or cap shall be used to hold the axis of the pile in line with the axis of the hammer and to prevent excessive upsetting of the pile head under extremely hard driving conditions.
An approved driving head, as furnished by the manufacturer or equal, which shall be of proper size and design for the particular size and type of hammer to be used, shall be provided to distribute properly the hammer blows and to prevent damage to the shell while driving. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 621 The contractor shall have available at all times a suitable light, of an approved type, for thoroughly illuminating the interior of the pile shells for their entire length after being driven. Any shell that shows bends, kinks or other deformations incurred during the process of driving that would impair the strength or efficiency of the completed pile shall be replaced as directed by the Engineer and at the expense of the contractor. After all the shells have been driven to proper alignment, spacing and elevation and cut off at the required elevation, they shall be given a final inspection before t hey are filled with concrete. Any water or other foreign substance found in them shall be removed. Any required reinforcing steel shall be placed into the shell and supported and blocked to hold it in position during the concreting operation. Upon approval, the shells shall be filled with concrete in the presence of the Engineer. The concrete shall be placed in layers and vibrated in accordance with the requirements of Subsection 601 -3.03 of the specifications.
Long piles shall be adequately supported against lateral buckling during the driving process. All timber piles shall have square recut heads and tips and when necessary, the heads shall be accurately shaped or chamfered to take rings or head blocks. Colla rs, bands, or other devices shall be provided where necessary to prevent splitting or brooming of the timber piles. Tips shall be properly formed to take shoes if, in the judgment of the Engineer, shoes are found necessary. They shall be furnished and at tached to the piles by the contractor as directed. The contractor shall do all work necessary or incidental to the furnishing and proper fitting and fastening of said shoes to the piles and any other work necessary in driving the piles. Treated timber piles shall be carefully handled so that the outer fibers are not broken or unduly injured. Treated piles which have been roughly handled in shipment or driving will be rejected. All treated piles shall be handled by fiber rope slings or other means which w ill not break the outer fibers. The use of peavies, cant hooks, or other sharp tools will not be allowed. The heads or butts of all treated timber piles, except those to be encased in concrete, shall be treated. After the piles have been driven and cut off to the proper elevation for the cross cap, the sawed surface shall be either covered with three applications of a mixture of 60 percent creosote oil and 40 percent roofing pitch or the surface shall be thoroughly brush coated with three applications of hot creosote oil and covered with hot roofing pitch. A covering of No. 24 gauge galvanized steel 6 inches in diameter larger than the diameter of the pile shall then be placed on the pile head and bent down over the sides of the pile to shed water. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 622
The heads of concrete piles shall be protected from direct impact of the hammer by a cushion driving block. The cushion shall be maintained in good condition during the entire driving operation.
The methods used in driving piles shall not subject them to excessive and undue abuse producing crushing and spalling of concrete, injurious splitting, splintering , and brooming of the wood, or deformation of the steel. Mani pulation of piles to force them into proper position, if considered by the Engineer to be excessive, will not be permitted. A concrete pile will be considered defective if it has a visible crack, or cracks, extending around the entire periphery of the pile, or any defect which, as determined by the Engineer, affects the strength or life of the pile. Defective or damaged piles, piles which are driven materially out of position or timber piles which have been cut too short will be rejected. Rejected piles and any falsework piles shall be removed or cut at least 2 feet below the final ground surface, except that rejected piles which will interfere with the work shall be removed. Rejected shell piles which are left in place shall be filled with utility concrete conforming to the requirements of Section 922 of the specifications. All piles pushed up by the driving of adjacent piles or by any other cause shall be driven down again. 603- 3.05 Pile Splices: Timber piles shall not be spliced, except upon written permission of the Engineer, in which case the method of splicing shall be in accordance with a working drawing submitted by the contractor to the Engineer for approval. Metal shells and steel piles shall be spliced in accordance with the details shown on the plans. The indiscriminate splicing of steel piles will not be allowed. Splicing of metal shells and steel piles shall be accomplished only by welders who have been prequalified and certified for the type of weld required. Precast concrete piles shall not be spliced but instead shall be ext ended by casting a further length on top of the pile in accordance with the details shown on the project plans. Precast piles shall not be extended unless specified on the project plans or authorized in writing by the Engineer. If further driving is required, it shall not be done until the concrete has reached its 28- day strength. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 623 In any case where the project plans do not show details of a splicing method, splices shall not be made until the Engineer has approved the method proposed by the contractor.
603-3.06Pile Cutoff:
After driving has been completed, all piles shall be cut at the elevation determined by the Engineer. Cut -off material determined to be worth salvaging shall be stockpiled at an accessible and approved location on the site for removal by Department forces. Material determined to be unsatisfactory for salvaging shall be removed from the site and disposed of by the contractor. Steel piles and steel shells which are less than 5 feet in length will be considered unsat isfactory for salvage and shall become the property of the contractor. Each pile shall be cut on a plane normal to its axis. Embedment and anchorage into concrete caps or footings shall be provided as shown on the project plans. Unless otherwise shown on the project plans, precast concrete piles shall be trimmed off to 3 inches above the bottom of the cap or footing and the edges beveled. Vertical reinforcement shall be cut off to provide 18 inches of embedment, and prestressing strands shall be cut off t o provide 24 inches of embedment into the cap or footing. Any concrete damaged below cut -off elevation in the driving or cutting shall be removed to solid material and the pile built back up to elevation as specified under Subsection 603- 3.04 of the speci fications. 603- 3.07 Painting Metal Piles: When steel piles or metal shells for cast -in-place concrete piles are driven and portions of these piles either extend above the ground or above the water surface, all surface thereof that will be exposed in the completed work shall be protected by three coats of paint. The protection shall extend f rom an elevation 2 feet below the ground surface or 2 feet below low water level when the piles are in water, to the top of the exposed portion of the pile. Painting of piles shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 610 of the specifications. 603- 3.08 Determination of Bearing Values: The bearing value of each pile that is driven by a hammer shall be measured by the driving formula as specified herein. The contractor shall provide facilities and cooperation to the Engineer as needed to obtain the data required for this purpose. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 624 TABLE 603 -1 Type of Pile Type of Hammer Formula
Timber and Steel Drop P2 F H S1=+.0
Metal Shells for Cast -In-Place Concrete, Timber, and Steel Single -Acting Power P2 F H S0=+.1 Double- Acting Power (Use either formula) ()P2 H FAp S0=+ +.1 P2 E S0=+.1 Notes:
P =safe allowable bearing value of piles, in pounds. F =force of striking parts of the hammer, in pounds. H =fall of hammer, in feet. S =average penetration, in inches per blow, for the last five to 10 blows for drop hammers, and the last 10 to 20 blows for steam or air and diesel hammers. A =effective area of piston, in square inches. p =mean effective steam or air pressure, in pounds per square inch. E =manufacturer's rating of energy developed by the hammer, in foot -pounds per blow. The formulas in Table 603- 1 are applicable only when:
hammers;
observable bounce, the value of H shall be reduced by twice the bounce height. 603- 4 Method of Measurement: 603- 4.01 Furnishing Piles: Furnishing piles will be measured to the nearest linear foot of piles furnished in accordance with the lengths specified on the project plans or ordered by the Engineer, except that no measurement for payment will be made for furnishing piles which are subsequently damaged in handling or driving to the extent that they are unusable. TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX 625 603- 4.02 Driving Piles: Driving piles will be measured to the nearest linear foot from the tip to the required cut -off point of all piles satisfactorily driven. 603- 4.03 Splicing Piles: Splicing piles will be measured as a unit for each splice made, when splicing is required because of pile lengths driven in excess of those specified on the project plans or ordered by the Engineer. No measurement for payment will be made of splices made to obtain pile lengths in accordance with the details sh own on the project plans or ordered by the Engineer. 603- 5 Basis of Payment: 603- 5.01 General: The accepted quantities of each of the items of work listed on the bidding schedule, measured as provided above, will be paid for at the contract unit price, as follows: When more than one type of piling is shown, each type will be listed on the bidding schedule and paid for separately. 603- 5.02 Furnishing Piles: The contract price for furnishing piles shall include full compensation for furnishing precast concrete piles, steel piles, pile points or shoes, metal shells or pipe casings (for cast -in-place concrete piles) , or timber piles delivered to the site of the work, in the quantities, types, and sizes specified and lengths specified or ordered, in a condition ready to be driven. Furnishing, fitting , and fastening metal shoes for timber piles will be paid for in accordance with the requirements of Subsection 104.02 of the specifications. 603- 5.03 Driving Piles: The contract price for driving piles shal l include full compensation for placing piles and metal shells or pipe casings and driving them at the locations specified and to the required bearing value and tip elevation; furnishing and placing Portland cement concrete and reinforcing steel in metal shells for cast -in-place concrete piles; for cutting piles off and furnishing and installing anchoring devices; and for painting piling as required. The contract price for driving piles shall also include full compensation for jetting, drilling , blasting or other similar work as necessary to obtain the required tip elevation and furnishing and attaching brackets, lugs, TABLE OF CONTENTS INDEX