SECTION 618 - MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC AND TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN
618.01 Description.
618.01.1 General. This work consists of maintaining two-way through and local traffic
at all times, except as provided herein or in other contract documents. It consists of constructing, maintaining in good condition, and removing temporary structures, approach roads, and other facilities required for maintenance of traffic and the furnishing of temporary materials therefore, unless otherwise indicated in the contract. This work includes furnishing, erecting, maintaining in good condition, and removing all required construction signs, barricades, and temporary traffic stripe. When specified on the plans, the Contractor will construct, maintain and remove all detour bridges as indicated in the plans and contract documents. This work shall consist of the furnishing of materials, construction, maintenance and removal of bridges with payment as described hereinafter. Unless shown otherwise in the plans, through and local traffic shall be maintained throughout the project at all times on existing facility, detours and completed permanent facility indicated on the plans and as necessary to carry out construction within the intent of the plans and contract. Minimum requirements of the Traffic Control Plan are shown on the plans. Upon receipt of the Final or Partial Maintenance Release, as documented in writing by the State Construction Engineer, the Contractor shall have fifteen (15) calendar days in which to remove all construction signs on the project. It is agreed that if the signs are not removed within the fifteen (15) calendar days the signs shall be considered abandoned and shall become the property of the Mississippi Transportation Commission, which may remove, use, and/or dispose of such signs as it sees fit. The Contractor shall place and maintain appropriate construction signs for any additional work on the project after the Partial or Final Maintenance Release has been issued. These construction signs will not be measured for separate payment. Payment for these signs shall be included in pay item no. 618-A, Maintenance of Traffic.
618.01.2 Traffic Control Management. This work also consists of complying with the
contract requirements of the Department's Traffic Control Plan. The purpose of the Traffic Control Plan is to maintain through and local traffic safely through construction zones. In addition to this section, the plan includes: Subsections 104.04, 105.15, 107.07, and 107.10; Section 619; special provisions modifying this section and supplements thereto; individual plan sheets applicable to the plan; and Part VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). All traffic control devices shall comply with Part VI of the latest edition of the MUTCD. The Department will designate a responsible person at the project level to monitor the Contractor's compliance with the plan. The Contractor shall designate a Traffic Control Supervisor (TCS) who will be responsible for monitoring and maintaining the effectivene ss of the plan. The Contractor shall also designate a substitute who is authorized to act in the absence of the TCS. The TCS and substitute must be able to be reached at all times when not on the Project. Prior to or at the pre-construction conference, the Contractor shall designate a TCS who will be responsible for monitoring and maintain ing the effectiveness of all traffic control related activities on the project. The TCS may have other assigned duties, but shall be readily available at all times to perform duties of the TCS as required. The Contractor may assign a Traffic Control Technician (TCT) to assist the TCS with traffic control related activities on the project. The TCS shall be responsible for the overall traffic control management on the project which includes that of subcontractors. A minimum of one TCS or TCT shall be on the project at all times during working hours, except in the following type of projects where a TCS shall be required during working hours. • Interstate projects • Four-lane highways projects • Multilane roads projects, excluding turn lanes, with speeds 45 mph or greater • Night work projects The Engineer shall be furnished with the telephone numbers and email addresses of the Contractor's TCS and TCT. Prior to the commencement of work on the pr oject, the Contractor shall submit proof of certification of the TCS and the TCT as applicable. Certification as either a TCS or a TCT may be obtained by one of the following methods:
a.American Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA),
b.Construction industry association training recognized by the Department, or
c.Traffic Control Supervisor or Traffic Control Technician training conducted by the Department. Re-certification as a TCS or TCT will be required every four (4) years. At a minimum, the TCS shall have the following duties:
a.Ensure that all traffic control devices are in compliance with the plans, specifications and latest edition of the MUTCD,
b.Correct all traffic control safety hazards immediately after discovery,
c.Monitor the work to ensure that no potential hazards ex ist due to the Contractor’s operations,
d.Monitor and evaluate both the daytime and nighttime performance of all traffic control devices installed on the project , and take corrective actions on all deficiencies and note such actions on the inspection form,
e.Be available to the Engineer on a 24-hour basis and present on the site within one
1.hour for emergencies during non-working hours,
f.Attend regular scheduled project meetings,
g.Perform daily daytime inspections and weekly nighttime inspections on projects with predominantly daytime work, and perform daily nighttime inspections and weekly daytime inspections on project with predominantly nighttime work,
h.Document the results of the inspections on the form(s) provided by the Department. The form(s) shall be submitted to the Engi neer on a weekly basis. The Engineer should be made aware of the scheduled inspection times in order to attend if deemed necessary,
i.Coordinate traffic control operations when multiple Contractors are simultaneously working on the project, and
j.Assist the Service Patrol Op erator, if provisions are in the contract, with traffic control. The Department reserves the right to remove a TCS or TCT from a project for a failure to satisfactorily comply with the Plans or specifi cations. In the event that the Contractor’s TCS or TCT is not meeting the requirements of the Plans or specifications, the Project Engineer will notify the Contractor in writin g, describing the TCS or TCT’s deficient performance. If the deficient performance should continue, the Department may take any or all actions listed below:
a.stop all work requiring traffic control,
b.require the Contractor to designate a new TCS or TCT, or
c.remove the TCS or TCT from the project; this person shall not be eligible to be named on any other project for a 6-month period from the date of removal. The Department may temporarily suspend all activities on the project with the exception of erosion control and necessary maintenance of traffic until a new TCS or TCT is assigned. A TCS or TCT shall be assigned to only one (1) project. When special conditions exist, such as two (2) adjoining projects or two (2 ) projects in close proximity, the Contractor may request in writing that the State Construction Engineer approve the use of a TCS or TCT for both projects. This in no way modifies the requirements of Subsection 105.05 regarding the assignment and availability of the superintendent. The Engineer, or other appropriate personnel as required, will review and analyze accidents to determine if corrective action to the Traffic Control Plan is needed. In the event corrective action is indicated, the Contractor shall proceed immediately with same. The location and spacing of signs shown on the traffic control plan are approximate and, with approval of the Engineer, may be adjusted as necessary to fit field conditions. Because of the required work at the beginning and end of a project, it may be necessary to erect construction signs or lane closure signs outside the limits of the project.
618.01.3 Lump Sum Detour.
618.01.3 1--General. When specified on the plans, the Contractor will construct, maintain
and remove all detour roads and bridges as indicated in the plans and contract documents. This work shall consist of the design, furnishing of materials, construction, maintenance and removal of detour roads and bridges as described herein. The plans will indicate the required opening size for the bridge, traffic data, horizontal alignment, finish grade and typical section. The final riding surface of the detour road shall be asphalt pavement. Limits of the lump sum detour shall be all work right of the right edge of pavement, or left of the left edge of pavement as applicable, necessary to construct the detour. Temporary erosion control items, signing items and striping items will not be included in the cost of the lump sum detour. These items will be paid for under appropriate pay items. However, the grassing associated with the detour will be included in the cost of the detour. Prior to opening the detour road to traffic, areas adjacent to the detour shall be grassed.
618.01.3 2--Design and Documentation. The Contractor will be responsible for the
design of the detour bridge(s) and the pavement structure design. The Contractor has the option to select any type of embankment material they choose. The pavement structure shall be designed based on the selected type of embankment. Prior to beginning any work on the detour, the Contractor shall provide the Project Engineer with a Project Management Plan that includes design drawings, calculations and other necessary supporting data used in the design of the detour. The purpose of the Contractor’s Project Management Plan is to provide sufficient information to adequately inform the Department of proposed project activities. The design data shall address all items of work and materials incorporated in the detour. No official approval of the Project Management Plan will be given by the Department. The design information is for informational purposes only. The design shall be prepared and stamped or sealed by a Professional Engineer registered in the State of Mississippi who is proficient in roadway and bridge design. The plan shall include but not be limited to a complete set of detour bridge design drawings with calculations, minimum geometric and loading requirements, and all other requirements shown on detour bridge sheets in the plans. It shall also include embankment design and test data, base and pavement design and test data, proposed asphalt Job Mix Formula (JMF), the method of developing the JMF, all JMF testing, a list of materials and their test properties, a quality control plan and construction plan that includes lift thicknesses. The proposed job mix formula (JMF) shall be signed by a Certified Mixture Design Technician (CMDT). Where the plan shows Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methodology, Dynamic Pile Driving Analysis with signal matching (PDA) shall be performed by the Contractor for the test piles specified in the plan. Prior to opening the detour to traffic, the Contractor shall provide the Department with copies of records for all quality control testing of mixture properties and all roadway embankment, gravel and asphalt density tests conducted during the construction of the detour. A certification shall also be provided stating that the testing records are true and accurate. After construction of the detour bridge and prior to opening it to the traveling public, the Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with a written certification from the Registered Professional Design Engineer that the bridge has been built in accordance with the Design plans.
618.01.3 3--Detour Bridge Piling. Detour bridge piling shall be installed in accordance
with the details of the detour bridge design and resulting data from the test piles. The Contractor shall install out-of-place test piles in accordance with the requirements shown on the bridge detour plan sheets. The length of the test piles shall be determined by the Contractor. Should a test pile be of insufficient length and the length cannot be extended, a new test pile will be driven. In this case, no additional payment will be made for driving an additional test pile, or extending a test pile.
618.01.4 Detour Bridge Railing. If the Contractor elects to utilize the Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) designed 19-foot or 31-foot Precast Concrete Bridge Span Unit Standards as published by the Office of State Aid Road Construction, only the Solid Type Barrier Rail (New Jersey Shape) with the appropriate adjacent connecting exterior span unit will be acceptable for use on MDOT detour bridges. Other railing types published by the Office of State Aid Road Construction will not be acceptable for use on MDOT detour bridges. Bridge railing for use on other type detour bridge designs shall have a minimum LRFD rating of Test Level Two (TL-2) and shall be crash tested to meet the requirements of NCHRP Report 350 or MASH. The Contractor shall bear the responsibility of ensuring compatibility between the bridge, bridge end section, and guardrail type selected. Official certification that the railing meets these requirements shall be included in the detour bridge submittal.
618.02 Materials. Unless otherwise specified, the Contractor shall provide all materials
for the construction and maintenance of detours required for the maintenance of traffic, except the Engineer may permit the Contractor to use excavation from the roadbed, or other designated sources, that is available at the time of construction of detours without detriment to the work and provided the excavation is ultimately placed in its final position in the roadbed in an uncontaminated condition. No additional compensation will be made to the Contractor for the extra handling of the material. Unless otherwise specified, the applicable material requirements set out in Division 700 and in Section 619, or in other contract documents, shall apply to all materials used in temporary traffic facilities. The Contractor shall select and use materials that with adequate maintenance or replacement will provide a satisfactory facility for the entire period the temporary facility is required.
618.03 Construction Requirements.
618.03.1 General. All detours shall be constructed and maintained in such a manner that
they will adequately carry the traffic required. Requirements for temporary traffic facilities shown on the plans, or set forth in these specifications, shall be understood to be the minimum requirements anticipated. Actual traffic conditions may require work or devices in addition to those shown on the plans. Traffic lanes shall be kept free of dust and, when deemed necessary, they shall be sprinkled with water, or some other dust palliative shall be applied. Unless otherwise specified, temporary structures and roads shall be sufficiently strong to safely carry the load permitted on the highway under construction. Structures shall be provided with suitable curbs, rails, or other devices as required for the protection of traffic. Unless otherwise specified, walkways required for pedestrians shall have a clear width of four feet, or as shown on the plans, and shall be protected from vehicular traffic in the manner specified or directed. Unless otherwise specified, the Contractor shall remove all temporary detours, satisfactorily dispose of all surplus materials, grade, finish, and dress the disturbed areas to the required section, and complete all work incidental thereto prior to release of maintenance.
618.03.2 Barricades, Signs, and Flaggers. The Contractor shall construct, erect,
maintain, clean, repair and replace as necessary all barricades, warning signs and other traffic control devices specified or ordered. Flaggers shall be provided as necessary to handle traffic in accordance with the contract documents and latest edition of the MUTCD. Flaggers shall have proof of certification and a valid identification available while performing flagging duties. Failure to provide a certified flagger or produce evidence of certification shall be reason for the Engineer to suspend all work associated with the flagging operation. Flagger certification can be obtained by one of the following methods:
a.American Traffic Safety Services Association ( ATSSA),
b.Construction industry association flagger training recognized by the Department, or
c.Flagger training conducted by the Department. Re-certification as a flagger will be required every four (4) years. Temporary construction signs shall be removed as their use becomes inapplicable. However, placing temporary signs and their supports flat on the ground outside the shoulder break line will be allowed. The plans will usually contain a line diagram indicating the designation and location of construction signs that are to remain fixed in place for the duration of the maintenance period of the contract. Such signs and all other signs and devices of a temporary nature shall be in accordance with Section 619, the plans, and the MUTCD, as applicable.
618.03.3 Safe Movement of Traffic. The Contractor shall limit construction operations
to such length as necessary to meet the traffic handling requirements of the contract. On two-lane roadways, traffic may be alternately routed over a single lane in such a manner as to provide safe movement of the traffic with minimum delay. In such case, flaggers will be required and, when deemed necessary, an approved pilot vehicle with sign meeting the requirements of the plan standards shall be provided and operated to control the speed and sequence of movement of the traffic. A longitudinal pavement edge that traffic is expected to move across should have an elevation difference of not more than 2¼ inches. If the pavement edge is more than 1½ inches and less than or equal to 2¼ inches, uneven pavement signs will be required as shown in the plans or contract documents. If the pavement edge is less than or equal to 1½ inches, no uneven pavement signs will be required. Transverse pavement joints shall be sufficiently tapered to allow for the safe movement of traffic. When a paving operation produces a longitudinal pavement edge that traffic is expected to move across, the adjacent lane shall be constructed to eliminate any uneven pavement edge within 48 hours, unless prohibited by weather conditions or an emergency arises. All failed areas that have been removed and all trenches shall be filled and compacted to the elevation of the existing pavement before work is discontinued for the day. In emergencies, the Engineer may permit the use of approved temporary materials for backfill, provided the temporary materials will be adequate to facilitate normal safe movement of traffic. Separate measurement for payment will not be made for the furnishing, placing, maintaining, removing, and disposing of such temporary materials. Except under the following conditions, no portion of the roadway intended to be used for maintenance of traffic shall be blocked after work hours. In exceptional cases when all efforts have been made to restore the surface of the roadway and because of equipment failure or other uncontrollable causes complete restoration is not possible before work must be discontinued for that day, the Contractor shall provide adequate warning signals, barricades, other appropriate devices, and flaggers, appropriately placed or stationed for the protection of the public. The Engineer may also require the use of a pilot vehicle as provided herein. The Contractor shall be required to place granular material on the shoulders at any time a differential of two and one-quarter (2¼) inches or more exists between the present pavement edge and the shoulder grade. This condition may exist prior to any preliminary leveling, after the placement of the preliminary leveling, after the placement of the surface course. In locations where a 2¼-inch differential exists between the pavement edge and the shoulder material and along a section which lies outside a work zone delineated with traffic control devices such as drums, this condition shall be corrected by the placement of the shoulder material to correct the differential. All centerline, lane lines, edge lines and no-passing stripes that have been covered or removed during the day's operations shall be replaced with temporary stripe before work is discontinued for the day or as soon thereafter as weather conditions will permit, except that:
1.Replacement of no-passing stripes may be delayed for a period not to exceed three
3.days for a two or three lane road.
2.Temporary edge lines on projects requiring shoulders constructed of granular material may be delayed for a period not to exceed three (3) days. Temporary edge lines placed on the final pavement course of projects requiring paved shoulders with surface treatment may be placed on the adjacent shoulder as close to the permanent location as possible until the surface treatment is placed. When the edge lines are obliterated by the placement of the surface treatment, the edge lines shall be placed in the permanent stripe location. The replacement of edge lines may be delayed for a period not to exceed three (3) days for a two or three-lane roads. Temporary no-passing stripe is not considered a major item of work and such stripe eliminated because of placing the next course prior to expiration of the 3-day period shall not result in a monetary adjustment to the Contractor as provided in Subsection 104.02. All temporary stripe shall be placed in accordance with the plans and Subsection 619.03.2. In addition to the temporary no-passing stripe, the Contractor shall erect standard "DO NOT PASS," "NO-PASSING ZONE," and "PASS WITH CARE" signs in accordance with plan details or as specified in the MUTCD. These signs shall be erected prior to the obliteration of the no-passing stripe and shall be maintained in good order until the Engineer permits their removal. Permanent pavement markings are to be applied no sooner than 10 days nor later than 45 days after placement of the final lift of pavement. When shoulder paving or placement of granular material adjacent to the pavement edge is required and upon approval of the Engineer, the permanent edge stripe may be delayed until a section, not to exceed five miles, of the shoulder work is complete. When the project length is less than five miles, the edge stripe shall be placed no later than 15 days after completion of the adjacent shoulder. Permanent pavement markings on surface treatment shall be delayed until the maximum amount of seal aggregate has embedded and all loose material is broomed from the surface. All temporary stripe shall be maintained in good order until placement of the permanent pavement markings or placement of the next pavement course or until removed. Maintenance of temporary stripe may require more than one application over the life of the project. Payment will be made for one application only.
618.03.4 Contractor's Responsibility. The Contractor shall be responsible for
protection against loss or damage from any cause to all temporary structures including approaches, and shall maintain them in a satisfactory condition until their use is no longer required. If a temporary structure or approach is damaged due to high water or other reasons, it shall be replaced by the Contractor at no additional cost to the State. For temporary structures and approaches constructed of materials and to the grades and sections indicated on the plans and in accordance with the applicable construction requirements of the contract and that have been adequately maintained, consideration will be given under the conditions and provisions of Subsection 107.17. The Contractor shall maintain the surface of the existing facility and connections thereto on which the Contractor is required to maintain traffic. Such maintenance shall be in accordance with the provisions of Subsections 104.04 and 105.14 and other applicable requirements and shall be subject to the provisions of Subsection 105.15. All costs for such maintenance and surface repairs shall be included in the contract price for Maintenance of Traffic. Repair of structural failures in the pavement foundation, or a structure beneath the surface not resulting from the Contractor's failure to comply with the requirements or limitations of the contract, or from the Contractor's operations, will be the responsibility of the Department. The Department may, however, at its discretion require the Contractor to make repairs and will pay for such repairs at the contract unit prices for the items and quantities of work involved or as Extra Work.
618.03.5 Detour Bridge. When specified on the plans, the Contractor will construct,
maintain and remove all detour bridges as indicated in the plans and contract documents. This work shall consist of the design, furnishing of materials, construction, maintenance and removal of detour bridges as described herein. Prior to beginning any work on the detour bridge, the Contractor shall provide the Project Engineer with a Project Management Plan which will include design drawings, calculations and other necessary supporting data used in the design of the detour bridge. The purpose of the Contractor’s Project Management Plan is to provide sufficient information to adequately inform the Department of proposed project activities. The design data shall address all items of work and materials incorporated in the detour bridge. No official approval of the Project Management Plan will be given by the Department. The design information is for informational purposes only. The design shall be prepared and stamped or sealed by a Professional Engineer registered in the State of Mississippi proficient in roadway and bridge design. The plan shall include but not be limited to a complete set of detour bridge design drawings with calculations, minimum geometric and loading requirements, and all other requirements shown on detour bridge sheets in the plans. Where the plan shows Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methodology Dynamic Pile Driving Analysis with signal matching (PDA) shall be performed by the Contractor for the test piles specified in the plan. After construction of the detour bridge and prior to opening it to the traveling public, the Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with a written certification from the Registered Professional Design Engineer that the bridge has been built in accordance with the Design plans. Detour bridge piling shall be installed in accordance with the details of the detour bridge design and resulting data from the test piles. The Contractor shall install out-of-place test piles in accordance with the requirements shown on the bridge detour plan sheets. The length of the test piles shall be determined by Contractor. Should a test pile be of insufficient length and the length cannot be extended, a new test pile will be driven. In this case, no additional payment will be made for driving an additional test pile, or extending a test pile.
618.04 Method of Measurement
618.04.1 General. This work will be measured as a unit lump sum quantity consisting of
continuous maintenance and protective services. The percentages of the contract lump sum price allowed on progress estimates will be determined by the percentage of the combined total monetary value of all direct bid items, excluding those items identified in the bid schedule as dependent items, earned during the current (same) estimate period. However, when the construction and traffic control signs have been erected the Contractor will be allowed payment at least equal to the value of the signs as computed at the fixed price for additional construction signs included in the contract. For contracts containing pay items for individual traffic control devices, measurement of these items will be in accordance with Subsection 619.04. In the event the Engineer determines that actual field and traffic conditions require fixed- in-place signs in addition to those shown on the line diagram of the plans, they shall be furnished, erected, and maintained, and measurement of these signs will be made by the square foot.
618.04.2 Construction And Removal Of Detour. Construction and removal of detour,
including detour road and bridge, will be measured as a lump sum quantity, consisting of furnishing all labor and materials, construction, repair and replacement of each detour as deemed necessary during the life of the project. Temporary erosion control items, signing, striping items and piling items will not be included in the cost of the lump sum detour. These items will be paid for under appropriate pay items. Detour bridge piling, exclusive of those measured as test piles, will be measured by the linear foot. No measurement for payment will be made for cut-off of a detour bridge piling. Detour bridge PDA test pile will be measured as a lump sum quantity. Piles measured as test piles will not be included in the measurement of pay length for detour bridge piling. No measurement for payment will be made for cut-off of a detour bridge test pile. After the permanent bridge is opened to traffic, the detour road and bridge shall be removed. If embankment material used in the construction of the detour road(s) is used to construct the final roadway section, no separate payment will be made for the material. All Contractor furnished material shall remain the property of the Contractor and shall be removed from the site unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. Percentages for construction and removal of each detour will be applied as follows: Construction of Detour .......................................................................................... 80% Removal of Detour ................................................................................................ 20% Each month the Engineer will estimate the percentage of construction and removal of each detour and apply the percentage as indicated herein to the Contractor’s monthly estimate.
618.04.3 Detour Bridge. Construction and removal of detour bridges, excluding test
piles and piling, will be measured as a lump sum quantity, consisting of furnishing all labor and materials, construction, repair and replacement as deemed necessary during the life of the project. Detour bridge piling, exclusive of those measured as test piles, will be measured by the linear foot. No measurement for payment will be made for cut-off of a detour bridge piling. Detour bridge PDA test pile will be measured as a lump sum quantity. Piles measured as test piles will not be included in the measurement of pay length for detour bridge piling. No measurement for payment will be made for cut-off of a detour bridge test pile. The removal of the detour bridge shall be as follows: After the permanent bridge is opened to traffic, the detour bridge shall be removed. All Contractor furnished material shall remain the property of the Contractor and shall be removed from the site. Percentages for construction and removal of each detour bridge commensurate with the magnitude of the work will be applied as follows: Construction of Detour Bridge ............................................................................. 80% Removal of Detour Bridge ................................................................................... 20% Each month the Engineer will estimate the percentage of construction and removal of each detour bridge and apply the percentage as indicated herein.
618.05 Basis of Payment. Maintenance of traffic, will be paid for at the contract lump
sum price which will also include compensation for complying with the requirements of the Traffic Control Plan. Individual traffic control devices included in the contract as pay items will be paid for in accordance with Subsection 619.05. For contracts not containing pay items for individual traffic control devices, additional construction signs ordered by the Engineer will be paid for at the fixed contract unit price indicated in the bid schedule. Construction and removal of detour, measured as provided above, will be paid for at the contract lump sum price, which price shall be full compensation for furnishing all labor and materials, design, construction, repair, replacement and removal when ordered by the Engineer. Detour Bridge Piling, measured as prescribed above, will be paid for at the contract unit price per linear foot, which price shall be full compensation for furnishing all labor, materials, equipment, and incidentals necessary to complete the work. Detour Bridge PDA Test Pile, measured as prescribed above, will be paid for at the contract lump sum price, which price shall be full compensation for furnishing all labor, materials, equipment, and incidentals necessary to complete the work. Additional maintenance responsibilities covering maintenance of the embankment, base and paving on detour roads will be measured and paid for as set out in Section 618. These prices shall be full compensation for completing the work. Payment will be made under: 618-A: Maintenance of Traffic - lump sum 618-B: Additional Construction Signs - per square foot 618-C: Construction and Removal of Detour Bridge - lump sum 618-D: Construction and Removal of Detour - lump sum 618-E: Detour Bridge Piling - per linear foot 618-F: Detour Bridge PDA Test Pile - lump sum
Referenced in this section
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Source: Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2017 Edition. Pages 454–464 of 1,113. View official source ↗