- 268 - SECTION 423 -- PERMANE NT PAVEMENT MARKING
423.01 Description
1.This work shall consist of fu rnishing and installing retroreflective preformed pavement markings in accord ance with these Specifications and in conformance to the dimensions and lines shown in the contract or established by the Engineer. This Specification covers the following permanent pavement marking materials and application methods:
a.Thermoplastic Pavement Marking.
b.Thermoplastic Pavement Marking, Type Spray.
c.Permanent Pavement Marking, Paint and Beads.
423.02 Material Requirements
1.Thermoplastic Pavement Marking Materials:
a.The composition minimum perc entages by weight are shown in Table 423.01. Table 423.01 Minimum Composition Requirements White Minimum Percentage Yellow Minimum Percentage Binder 18 18 TiO 2 (Type 2 Rutile) 8 N/A Glass Beads 35 35 Yellow Pigment N/A 5.0
b.The alkyd binder shall consist of maleic modified medium lead chromate pigment with a minimum of 50% lead-free content.
c.The alkyd binder shall consist of maleic modified rosin ester and not more than 20% petroleum derived resin.
d.The yellow pigment used shall be a heat established medium lead pigment with zero percent lead content.
e.Physical Requirements:
1.Color:
i.The white thermoplastic shall be pure white and free from any tint. When tested with a Colorimeter, such as a Gardner Color Difference Meter, the material shall not show deviations from a magnesium oxide color standard that are great er than shown in Table 423.02. Permanent Paving Marking 423.02 - 269 - Table 423.02 Color Deviations Scale Definitions Magnesium Oxide Standard Sample RD Reflectance 100 75% Min. a Redness- Greenness 0 -5 to +5 b Yellowness- Blueness 0 -10 to +10 (ii) The color of the yellow thermoplastic shall visually match that of FHWA PR Color #1 when tested in accordance with ASTM D 4960. The daytime reflectance values and chromaticity coordinates shall fall within the limits in Table 423.03. Table 423.03 Reflectance and Chromaticity Reflectance 45% Min. Chromaticity Coordinates x, y Shall fall in an area bounded by these coordinates: x - 0.470 0.493 0.516 0.490 y - 0.455 0.467 0.444 0.433
f.Color Retention: The thermopl astic materials s hall maintain the color values specified herein for white and yellow after the samples are prepared and subjected to an ultraviolet light source as described in ASTM D 795. A General Electric 275 watt sun lamp (Type RS) with a built-in reflector may be substitu ted for the light source.
g.Water Absorption: The thermoplastic compound shall have no more than 0.5% by weight of retained water when tested in accordance with ASTM D 570.
h.Softening Point: The compound shall have a softening point of not less than 195°F (90 C), as determined by ASTM E 28.
i.Low Temperature Stress Re sistance: A concrete substrate coated with a minimum of 32 square inches (206 cm2) of thermoplastic material shall be immersed in cold water for one hour; then immediately placed in an insulated cold compartment and maintained at a temperature of minus 50°F (minus 45 C) for a period of 24 hours. When removed and allowed to come to room temperature, the sample shall still adhere to the contact substrate with no cracking or flaking.
j.Reheating: The thermoplastic compound shall maintain proper performance properties when heated four times to the application temperature. After heating to 425°F (218 C) for 6 hours while continually stirring at 50 to 100 RPM, the Brookfi eld viscosity shall not exceed 16,000 cps at 12 RPM.
k.Safety: In the plastic state, the material shall not give off fumes which are toxic or otherwise injurious to persons or property.
l.Specific Gravity: The spec ific gravity of the compound as determined by the water-displacement me thod shall be between 1.9 and 2.5.
423.02 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 270 - m. Drying Time: When the material is applied at 400°F (204 C), the line shall be completely solid and show no effect of tracking after 15 minutes.
n.Indentation Resi stance: The hardness shall be measured by a Shore Durometer, Type A-2, as descr ibed in ASTM D 2240. The durometer and the panel shall be at least 110°F (43 C). With a 4.4 pound (2 kg) load applied, the reading shall not be less than 45 after 15 seconds.
o.Abrasion Resistance: The sample shall show a maximum loss of 0.0132 pound (6 g) when tested by the blasting box method.
p.Impact Resistance: The av erage impact resistance of (four) separate samples shall not be less than 10.0 inch-pounds (1.13 N-m) when tested according to Method A of ASTM D 256.
q.Sealing Primer: The particular type and the proportions used shall be as recommended by the ma nufacturer of the thermoplastic compound.
r.Glass Beads:
1.Refractive Index: The reflective glass beads pre-mixed into the compound and the reflective glass beads used for surface application shall have a refractive index of not less than 1.50 when tested by the liquid emersion method at 75°F (24C).
2.Roundness: Not less than 75% of the beads overall and not less than 70% of the beads retained on any specified sieve shall be true spheres when tested by ASTM D 1500.
3.Heavy Metal Concentration: Glass beads shall not cont ain more than 75 ppm (total) of arsenic or 100 ppm (total) of lead, when tested in accordance with EPA Methods 3052 and 6010B. Other suitab le x-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis methods may be used to screen samples of glass beads for arsenic and lead.
s.Coatings: The intermix and drop-on beads shall have an adhesion promoting coating which is s pecific for the thermoplastic system. The beads for surface application shall be resistant to clumping caused by moisture.
t.Flowing Properties:
1.The glass beads shall flow uniformly through dispensing equipment in atmospheric humidity up to 94%.
2.0.22 pounds (0.1 kg) of glass beads, spread evenly and thinly in a suitable container, shall be conditioned at 75°F (24 C) for 4 hours over a solution of sulfuric acid (Sp. Gr. 1.10) in a closed desiccator. After 4 hours, the glass beads shall flow readily through a clean glass analytical funnel, 60 degrees, 0.20 inch (5 mm) diameter and 4 inch (100 mm) stem. Inside diameter of the stem sha ll be a nominal 1.4 inches (35 mm).
u.Adhesion Coating: The glass beads shall be coated with an adhesion promoting coating that is com patible with thermoplastic material and that passes the dansyl chloride test procedure. Permanent Paving Marking 423.02 - 271 - v. Gradation: The intermixed and surface applied glass beads shall meet the gradation r equirement in Table 423.04. Table 423.04 Glass Bead Gradation Sieve Size Percent Passing No. 16 (1.18 mm) 100 No. 20 (850 m) 75-95 No. 30 (600 m) 20-40 No. 50 (300 m) 0-5 No. 100 (150 m) 0-2
w.Application:
1.The surface application of beads shall be not less than 12 lbs/100 SF (0.58 kg/m2).
2.Properties of Finished Striping and Marking Installation:
i.The stripe shall not be slippery when wet. (ii) The compound shall not lift from the pavement in freezing weather. (iii) The compound shall not deteriorate by contact with sodium chloride, calcium chloride, or oil drippings from traffic. (iv) After application and proper drying time, the stripe shall show no appreciable deformation or discoloration under traffic at temperatures up to 140°F (60 C).
v.The stripe or markin g shall maintain its original dimensions and placement. The exposed surface shall be free from tack. Cold ductility of the material shall be such as to permit normal movement with the road surface without chipping.
x.The Contractor shall field verify the pavement marking quantities required for the project prior to purchasing material. The Department will not be responsible for the Contractor's shortage or surplus of material.
2.Thermoplastic Pavement Marking, Type Spray: a. Binder: The binder shall consis t of a mixture of synthetic alkyd resins, at least one of which is solid at room temperature. The total binder content of the thermoplastic compound shall be well distributed through the compound. The binder shall be free from all foreign objects or ingredients that would cause bleeding, staining or discoloration. The binder shall be at least 25% by weight of the thermoplastic compound.
b.Pigment:
1.White. The pigment us ed for the white thermoplastic compound shall be a high-grade pure (minimum 93%) titanium dioxide (TiO 2). The white pigment content shall not be less than 10% by weight and shall be uniformly distributed throug hout the thermoplastic compound.
2.Yellow. The pigments for the yellow thermoplastic compound shall be heat stabilized medium lead chromate pigment with a minimum of 50% lead-free content. The yellow pigment shall not be less
423.02 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 272 - than 5% by weight and shall be unif ormly distributed throughout the thermoplastic compound.
c.Filler: The filler to be incor porated with the resins as a binder shall be a white calcium carbonate, silica, or an approved substitute. Any filler which is insoluble in 5N a hydrochloric acid shall be of such particle size as to pass a No. 100 (150 m) sieve.
d.Mixed Compound: The mixed thermoplastic compound, after heating for 4 hours ± 5 minutes at 375° ± 3°F (191 + 2C) and cooled to 77°F (25 C), shall meet the following requ irements for daylight reflectance and color when tested using a color spectrophotometer with 45 degree circumferential, 0 degree geometry, illuminant C, and 2 degree observer angle. The color instrument shall measure the visible spectrum from 380 to 721 nm with a wavelength measurement interval and spectral bandpass of 10 nm. Reflectance and chromaticity limits are shown below. Reflectance and Chromaticity Limits White: Daylight Reflectance (Y) 75% minimum * Yellow: Daylight Reflectance (Y) 42-59% * Shall match Federal 595 Color No. 33538 and chromaticity limits as follows: X .470 .510 .485 .530 Y .455 .485 .452 .456
e.Specific Gravity: The spec ific gravity of the thermoplastic material shall not exceed 1.85.
f.Softening Point: After heatin g the thermoplastic material for 4 hours ± 5 minutes at 375° ± 3°F (191 + 2C) and testing in accordance with ASTM E 28, the material shall have a minimum softening point of 180°F (82C) as measured by the ring and ball method.
g.Tensile Bond Strength: Afte r heating the thermoplastic material for 4 hours ± 5 minutes at 375°F (191 C), the drawdown film thickness shall be 0.065 inch (1.65 mm); and when tested at 75° ± 2°F (24 + 1C) in accordance with ASTM D 4796, the t ensile bond strength to unprimed, sandblasted Portland cement block shall exceed 180 psi (1.24 Mpa).
h.Impact Resistance: The thermoplastic material shall be heated for a period of 4 hours +/- 5 minutes at a temperature of 375°F (191 C). A 0.065 inch (1.65 mm) thick drawdown film shall be created on an unprimed, sandblasted Portland cement concrete block. The sample shall be allowed to reach room temperature by standing ov ernight. The sample shall be tested, using a suitable falling ball apparatus th at includes the male indentor 5/8 inch (16 mm) (no female die), by impac ting the sample and observe for any cracking or loss of bond. When tested in accordance with ASTM D 2794, the material shall have a minimum impact resistance of 150 inch-pounds (17 N-
m.with no visible cracks or loss of bond.
i.Yellowness Index: The white thermoplastic material shall not exceed a yellowness index of 12 when tested in accordance with ASTM D 1925. Permanent Paving Marking 423.02 - 273 - j. Packaging:
1.The thermoplastic material shall be packaged in suitable containers which will not adhere to th e product during shipment and storage. The container's weight shall be appr oximately 50 pounds (23 Kg). Each container shall designate the color, type of binder, spray, and user information. The label shall warn the user that the material shall be heated in the range of 350 to 425°F (177 to 218 C).
2.Each package shall be marked with the name of the manufacturer, the type of material, the month and year the material was packaged, and the lot number.
k.Glass Beads:
1.Intermix Beads:
i.Intermix beads shall be uncoated and shall be uniformly sized throughout the thermoplasti c material at the rate of not less than 35% by weight [retained on the No. 100 sieve (150 m)] of the thermoplastic material. (ii) Intermix beads shall meet the gradation requirements in Table 423.05. Table 423.05 Intermix Bead Gradation Sieve Size Percent Passing No. 20 (850 m) 100 No. 30 (600 m) 75-95 No. 50 (300 m) 15-35 No. 100 (150 m) 0-5
2.Drop-on Beads:
i.Drop-on beads shall be moisture resistant, embedment coated, and shall consist e ssentially of transparent, water-white glass particles of a spherical shape. They shall be manufactured from a glass of a composition designed to be highly resistant to traffic wear and to the effects of weathering and shall conform to the requirements specified herein. (ii) Drop-on beads shall meet the gradation requirements in Table 423.06. Table 423.06 Drop-On Bead Gradation Sieve Size Percent Passing No. 16 (1.18 mm) 100 No. 20 (850 m) 75-95 No. 30 (600 m)` 20-40 No. 50 (300 m) 0-5 No. 100 (150 m) 0-2
l.Specific Properties of Intermix and Drop-on Beads:
1.Imperfections. The surface of the glass beads shall be free of pits and scratches. The glass beads shall be spherical in shape and shall
423.02 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 274 - contain not more than 20% by weight of irregular shapes when tested by the standard method using a vibratile inclined glass plate.
2.Index of Refraction. The index of refraction of the glass bead shall be not less than 1.50 when tested by the immersion method at 77°F (25C).
3.Silica Content. The glass bead shall contain not less than 65% silica (Si0 2).
4.Chemical Stability. Glass beads which show a tendency toward decomposition, including surface etching, when exposed to paint or thermoplastic constituents will be rejected. The glass beads shall be tested by Federal Specification TT-B-1325D Se ction 4.3.9 (water resistant soxhlet extraction method), with the following exceptions:
i.The size of sample to be tested shall be 1 ounce (28 g). (ii) The reflux time shall be 5 hours and, upon examination after testing, the glass beads shall show no dulling effect.
5.Flowing Properties: (i) The glass beads shall flow uniformly through dispensing equipment in atmospheric humidity up to 94%. (ii) 0.22 pound (100 g) glass beads, spread evenly and thinly in a suitable container, shall be conditioned at 77°F (25 C) for 4 hours over a solution of sulfuric acid (Sp. Gr. 1.10) in a closed desiccator. After 4 hours, the glass beads shall flow readily through a clean glass analytical funnel, 60 degrees, 0.20 inch (5 mm) diameter and 4 inch (100 mm) stem. The inside diameter of the stem s hall be a nominal 1.4 inch (35 mm).
6.Adhesion Coating. The glass beads shall be coated with an adhesion promoting coating that is co mpatible with thermoplastic material and that passes the manufac turer's adhesion test.
7.Packaging. Glass beads shall be delivered in approved, moisture-proof bags consisting of at l east 5-ply paper construction. Each bag shall contain 50 pounds (23 kg) net, and shall be legibly marked with the name of the manufacturer, type of bead, lot number, and the month and year the glass beads were packaged.
8.Heavy Metal Concentration: Glass beads shall not contain more than 75 ppm (total) of arsenic or 100 ppm (total) of lead, when tested in accordance with EPA Methods 3052 and 6010B. Other suitable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis methods may be used to screen samples of glass beads for arsenic and lead.
3.Permanent Pavement Marking Paint a. General Requirements
1.The Contractor shall use an Acrylic Resin Waterborne Traffic Paint.
2.The traffic paint shall be furnished ready-mixed in two colors (white and yellow).
3.The traffic paint shall be suitable for use with Type 1, drop- on, dual-coated, moisture resistant glass beads. Permanent Paving Marking 423.02 - 275 - (4) The traffic paint shall bind glass beads in such a manner as to produce maximum adhesion, reflection, and refraction. The paints shall show proper capillary action at the interstices existing between the beads to provide good anchorage and refraction.
5.Reflectorized stripes of the traffic paints on pavement shall show good durability and good night visibility throughout their useful life.
6.The paint shall not be used that is older than one year after the packaging date, unless addition al testing assures it is suitable.
7.The volatile content of t he finished paint shall contain less than 150 grams of volatile organic matte r per liter of total non-volatile paint material in accordance with ASTM D 3960. Certification of volatile organic content will be required for each batch of paint.
8.The paint shall be free of any mercury, lead, hexavalent chromium, toluene, chlorinated solvents, hydrolyzable chlorine derivatives, ethylene-based glycol ethers and th eir acetates, and any carcinogens.
b.Pigment: (1) Titanium Dioxide – This material shall comply with the specification for Titani um Dioxide Pigments, AST M D 476, Type II, Rutile.
2.Pigment Yellow C.I. #65 – The material shall have very good light and weather fastness. The material shall be first quality paint grade pigment and shall be free from toxic heavy metals. The manufacturer shall provide independent test results a nd certification that the dry film is compliant to the EPA TCLP toxic metal limits for arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, merc ury, and selenium.
3.Yellow Iron Oxide – The material shall have very good light and weather fastness. The material shall comply with ASTM D 768 and shall be free from toxic heavy metals. The manufacturer shall provide independent test results and certification that the dry film is compliant to the EPA TCLP toxic metal limits for arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and selenium.
4.Calcium Carbonate – This material shall comply with the specification for Calcium Carbonat e Pigments, ASTM D 1199, Type GC, Grade 1, with a minimum of 94% total calcium and magnesium reported as carbonates and Type PC, Grade 1, with a minimum 96.5% calcium carbonate.
c.Vehicle: (1) Acrylic Emulsion Polymer – The non-volatile portion of the vehicle shall be a 100% acrylic polymer such as Dow Fastrack 3427, Encor DT 250, or an approved equal.
2.Methyl Alcohol – ASTM D 1152 Specific Gravity, 20/20°C, 0.7920 to 0.7930.
3.Propylene Glycol – ASTM D 5164 (4) Water – Potable
423.02 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 276 - d. Miscellaneous Materials:
1.The type and/or composition of the following materials shall be left to the discretion of the manufacturer as long as the finished product meets the traffic paint r equirements as specified herein: Dispersant Surfactant Defoamer Rheology Modifier Coalescent Preservative
e.Standard Formulation: (1) The following standard formulas shall be the basis for the paint. No variations will be permitted ex cept for the replac ement of volatiles lost in processing or those approved by the Engineer. Amounts are shown in pounds of material. Color of Traffic Paints White Yellow
C.I. Pigment Yellow 65 --- 50 Titanium Dioxide, Rutile Type II 100 40 Yellow Iron Oxide --- 2 Calcium Carbonate, Type PC 150 125 Calcium Carbonate, Type GC 430 450 Rheology Modifier 0.5* 0.3* Acrylic Emulsion, 50% Solids 541 535 Coalescent 24 23 Defoamer 5 6 Dispersant 8 10 Surfactant 2 2 Methyl Alcohol 15 15 Propylene Glycol 15 14 Preservative 1.5 1.5 Water 10 15 Total Pounds 1302 1288.8 *Rheology Modifier amount may be varied by up to 0.1 pound to adjust viscosity to desired range. Permanent Paving Marking 423.02 - 277 - f. Pigment Composition: Percent by Weight of Pigment Specification Test Method Analysis of the extracted pigment White Yellow Organic Yellow 65 --- 7.5 min. * Titanium Dioxide 11.6 min. 4.5 min. NDOT D Calcium Carbonate 86 max. 89 max. NDOT C Yellow Iron Oxide --- 0.3 min. * * To be determined by x-ray fluorescence, color spectrophotometry, or any other method the Department may choose.
g.Physical Properties: Analysis of the physical properties Specification Test Method Total Solids, percent by weight 73 min. NDOT D2369 Pigment, Percent by weight 49 to 54 NDOT D3723 Vehicle, Percent by weight 46 to 51 Non-volatile in Vehicle, Percent by weight 44 min. (Total Solids – Pigment)/(100 – Pigment) Weight per Gallon, lbs NDOT D1475 White Yellow 13.0 + 0.3 12.6 + 0.3 Consistency, at 77°F, Krebs Units 83 to 98 ASTM D562 Fineness of Grind, Hegman Scale 3 min. ASTM D1210 pH 9.6 min. NDOT E70 Drying Time, Dry Through, minutes 130 max. NDOT D1640 Drying Time, No Pick Up, minutes 10 max. NDOT D711 Reflectance White Yellow 83 min. 50 min. NDOT E1349 Contrast Ratio, 15 mils wet 0.96 min. NDOT D2805
h.Detailed Requirements
1.Condition in Container – The paint shall be finely ground. It shall not show excessive settling; there shall not be gelling, curdling, livering, caking, lumps, skins, or color separation and shall be easily dispersed with a hand paddle to a smooth, homogeneous state. The pigment shall be readily dispersed and the cons istency of the paint shall not have changed more than 5 KU (Krebs Units) from that of the freshly delivered paint, after storage for periods up to 1 year from the date of packaging.
423.02 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 278 - (2) Color
i.White traffic paint: The color after drying shall be a flat white, free from tint, furnishing good opacity and visibility under both daylight and artificial light. (ii) Yellow traffic paint: The color shall closely match Color 33538 of Federal Standard 595b and shall be +/- 6% from the PR #1 chart central color when read over the black portion of a Leneta black and white paper chart. Measurements shall be performed according to NDOT E 1349 using a color spectrophotometer with a 45°/0° circumferential viewing geometry, illuminate “C”, and an observer of 2°.
3.Drying Time, No Tracking (i) No tracking shall be the time in minutes required for the line to withstand the running of a standard automobile over the line at a speed of approximately 40 mph, simulating a passing procedure without tracking of the reflectorized line w hen viewed from a distance of 50 feet. (ii) The paint shall dry to no tracking conditions under traffic in three minutes maximum. When 15 mils is applied, the maximum tracking time shall not be exceeded when the pavement surface temperature varies from 50°F to 120°F at a relative humidity of 80% or less.
4.Spraying Properties – The traffic paints (as received) shall have satisfactory spraying properties.
5.Appearance of Dry Film – The sprayed paints shall dry to a smooth, uniform finish free from roughness, grit, unevenness, and other surface imperfections. There shall be no bleeding, streaking, separation, blistering, wrinkling, or cracking.
i.Sampling Requirements (1) All paints must be on the Department’s Approved Products List (APL) prior to use.
i.Once per calendar year or a minimum of thirty days prior to the application of the paint, a 1 quart sample from the Manufacturer shall be shipped to the Materials and Research Division. The following information shall be required for each sample: Type of paint Manufacturer code number Batch number Color Manufacture date
2.Project Level Sampling: (i) The Contractor shall provide a 1 quart sample according to the frequency found in the Department’s Materials Sampling Guide. When sampling is required, t he Department will provide the 1 quart container. (ii) The shipping container shall be sampled according to ASTM D8008. Permanent Paving Marking 423.02 - 279 - (iii) The following information shall be required for each sample: Project number Type of paint Manufacturer code number Batch number Color Manufacture date Sampling device used for sampling (iv) The Engineer will take immediate custody of the sample and send to the Central Laboratory.
j.Testing Requirements
1.Testing will take approximately 10 working days to accomplish by the Department a fter receipt of the samples.
k.Certification Requirements (1) A certification of complianc e is required for every project. For projects not requiring a sample, the traffic paints will be accepted on the basis of a Manufacturer’s Certification of Compliance indicating that the paint meets the requirements of the cu rrent Nebraska Department of Transportation’s Specification for Traffic Paint.
l.Glass Beads
1.General Requirements
i.The glass beads shall be applied on the wet film surface of traffic paint to improve the nighttime visibility of the pavement marking. (ii) Glass beads for use with Acrylic Waterborne Traffic Paints shall be designated as AASHTO M 247 Type I Coarse Dual-Coated moisture resistant beads. (iii) The glass beads, as received, shall be free from clumps and lumps, shall contain no extraneous material and shall flow freely when applied to traffic paint. (iv) The glass beads shall be highly resistant to the effects of weathering as determined by laboratory tests and field tests. The glass beads shall show good adherence to the paint and provide good night visibility throughout the useful life of the reflectorized traffic paint.
v.The glass beads shall allow sufficient capillary action to form a firm embedment in typical traffic paint when dropped on a freshly applied paint film of 15 ± 1.5 mils wet thickness.
2.Detailed Requirements (i) Imperfections – The percentage of imperfect beads and non-glass material shall be determined by testing conducted according to AASHTO PP 74. The percentage of total imperfect beads on all sieves shall not exceed 20 percent. In addition, the glass beads shall have not more than 30 percent imperfect beads passing any sieve with the exception of sieve #80. If less than 2 percent of the beads pass the #80 sieve, the imperfect bead requirement shall not apply and the percent imperfect shall
423.02 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 280 - not be included when calculating the total imperfect beads. Imperfect beads are defined as ovate or otherwise nonsph erical in shape; two or more beads fused together; and beads which show turbidity, pitting, scratching, surface wrinkling, internal air bubbles, or other inclusions. (ii) Index of Refraction – The glass beads shall have an index of refraction of not less than 1. 50 when tested by the liquid immersion method at 25° C according to AASHTO T 346. (iii) Gradation – The drop-on glass beads in a representative sample sha ll meet the following gradation requirement when tested in accordance with AASHTO PP 74. Nebraska Type I Coarse Dual-Coated Moisture Resistant Beads
U.S. Standard Sieve No. Sieve Opening Millimeters Amount Passing, Percent 20 0.850 90-100 30 0.600 55-80 50 0.300 5-25 80 0.180 0-5 (iv) Moisture Resistance – The glass beads shall pass the “Moisture Resistance Test” according to AASHTO T 346 Section 13.
v.Embedment Coating Test – The glass beads shall be tested for verification of silane presence/adhesion promoter, by performing the “Dansyl Chloride Test” according to AASHTO T 346 Section 11. (vi) Heavy Metal Concentration – Glass traffic beads shall not contain more than 75 ppm (total) of arsenic or 100 ppm (total) of lead, when tested in accordance with EPA Methods 3052 and 6010B or AASHTO TP 106. Other suitable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis methods may be used to screen samples of glass spheres for arsenic and lead.
j.Sampling Requirements (1) The Contractor shall provide a 1-quart sample according to the frequency found in the Department’s Materials Sampling Guide. The glass beads shall be sampled according to AASHTO T 346. The following information shall be required for each sample: Project number Type of glass bead Manufacturer code number Batch/lot number Pounds represented Manufacture date
2.The Engineer will take immediate custody of the sample and send to the Central Laboratory.
k.Testing Requirements (1) The testing will take approximately 10 days to accomplish by the Department’s Chemistry Laborat ory after receipt of the samples. Permanent Paving Marking 423.03 - 281 - l. Certification Requirements
1.A certification of complianc e is required for every project. For projects not requiring a sample, t he glass beads will be accepted on the basis of a Manufacturer’s Certificatio n of Compliance indicating that the glass beads meet the requirements of the current Department Specification for Glass Beads.
4.All permanent pavement marki ngs, except “Permanent Pavement Marking Paint”, shall have the fo llowing acceptance requirements:
a.Following initial completion of all pavement marking, there shall be a 180 day observation period before final acceptance. During the observation period, the Cont ractor, at no additional cost to the Department, shall replace any markings that the Engineer determines are not performing satisfactorily due to defective materials, workmanship in manufacture, or application. At the end of the observation period, the minimum required retention percentage, by area, for markings installed shall be 95%.
b.The percentage retained sha ll be calculated as the nominal area of the strip less the area of loss divided by the nominal area and expressed as a percenta ge of the nominal area.
c.Notification of Corrective Work Required:
1.The Contractor shall be notified in writing within 30 calendar days after the 180 day observation period if there is a failure to achieve the required percentage retained. The written notification to the Contractor will give an approximate perc entage retained. The Contractor will be responsible for replacing all defective materials present at the time corrective actions are performed.
2.When such a notification is made prior to August 1, the replacement material shall be installed during the same construction season. Replacement materials for any notificat ion after August 1 shall be installed prior to June 1 of the following year. Marking replacement shall be performed in accordance with the requirements specified herein for the initial application, including but not limited to surface cleaning, primer applications, etc.
d.Final acceptance of all marki ngs will include an inspection of the appearance of the markings during daylight and darkness. Any markings that fail to have a satisfactory appearance during either period, as determined by the Engineer, shall be re applied at no additional cost to the Department.
e.Final acceptance of the pavement marking will be: (1) 180 days after the initial completion of all pavement marking work, or
2.Upon completion of all corrective work, whichever occurs last.
423.03 Construction Methods
1.General:
a.Line Appearance. Markings s hall have a uniform cross section. The density and quality of markings shall be uniform throughout their
423.03 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 282 - thickness. The applied markings shall have no more than 5%, by area, of holes or voids and shall be free of blisters.
b.The pavement markings sha ll be placed at the alignment markings established on the roadwa y. Deviation from the alignment established shall not exceed 2 inches (50 mm) and, in addition, the deviation in alignment of the marking being placed shall not exceed 1 inch per 200 feet (25 mm per 60 m) of roadway nor shall any deviation be abrupt.
c.Longitudinal markings shall be offset at least 2 inches (50 mm) from construction joints of Portland cement concrete surfaces and joints and shoulder breaks of asphalt surfaces.
d.All permanent pavement markings shall be applied according to the manufacturer's instructions.
e.Prior to placing the pav ement markings on the prepared surface, the Contractor shall layout, spot or string line the proposed pavement marking location. The pavement markings shall be aligned in such a way as to provide a smooth and gradual transition to and from the existing markings, and throughout both straight and horizontally curved sections of the project. Any and all additional markings placed on the roadway for alignment purposes shall be temporary in nature and shall not establish a permanent marking on the roadway. Materials used for alignment markings and equipment used to place such markings shall be approved by the Engineer.
1.The pavement markings shall be applied in such a manner as to follow the existing lines on the roadway or as directed by the Engineer.
2.No-passing zones shall be laid out in advance of the striping by the Contractor with information provided by the Engineer.
f.Two weeks prior to the inst allation of the permanent pavement marking, the Contractor shall provide to the Engineer a printed copy of the material manufacturer's installation procedures.
g.Surface Preparation (1) New Concrete: Prior to the initial placement of the Pavement Markings, the pavement upon which the markings are to be placed shall be dry, cleaned and properly prepared by water, sand or shot blasting, as a minimum, and to the extent recommended by the manufacturer so that all contaminants , loose debris, and other deleterious material are completely removed.
2.Existing Concrete and Asphalt: Surface preparation for any application shall consist of air blasting and brushing the roadway surface to remove all loose dirt, mud or other debris and to dry the surface.
3.The pavement shall be clean and dry prior to the application of the pavement marking.
4.The concrete surfacing shall be at least seven days old before surface preparatio n unless otherwise directed by the Engineer.
h.Existing painted pavement markings on both concrete and asphalt pavement shall be removed prior to placement of the permanent markings. Existing durable pavement markings shall be removed or prepared in a manner and to the ext ent recommended by the manufacturer Permanent Paving Marking 423.03 - 283 - prior to placement of the new marki ngs. Conflicting lines shall be removed and paid for with the appropriate pay item. The area of removal shall be the width needed for the new pavement marking or the existing lines, whichever is greater.
i.The Contractor shall che ck the pavement surface moisture each day prior to marking application. The Contractor shall place and hold a two square foot (0.2 m2) piece of clear plastic on the existing pavement for a period of 15 to 20 minutes. Remove and hold the plastic in a vertical position. If water drips from the unders ide of the plastic sheet, the pavement has excess moisture, do not install the pavement marking.
2.Thermoplastic Pavement Marking:
a.Dirt, grease, or any deleterious materials that would reduce the adhesion of the thermoplastic to t he pavement must be removed by the Contractor before the application of thermoplastic material.
b.A binder-sealer material, either epoxy, butadiene, styrene, neoprene, or others recommended by t he thermoplastic manufacturer, shall be applied in sufficient quantities to entirely cover the surface on which the marking is to be applied. This binder-sealer shall be required on all Portland cement concrete pavement surfaces, and all bituminous pavements over 60 days old.
c.Thermoplastic marking material shall not be applied until approval from the Department has been received. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer 72 hours prior to the plac ement of the thermoplastic markings in order that an inspector can be present during the operation. At the time of this notification, the Co ntractor shall indicate the manufacturer and lot numbers of thermoplastic and glass beads intended for use. A check will be made to insure that the approved lot numbers appear on the material package. Failure to do so is cause for rejection.
d.In no case shall thermoplastic pavement marking material be applied after November 15 or earlier than April 15 or when pavement or air temperatures are less than 50°F (10 C); or in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
e.Thermoplastic material must be installed in a molten state between 450°F and 465°F (232 C and 241 C).
f.Thermoplastic material shall be installed at a thickness of not less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) or more than 3/16 inch (5 mm). The initial measurement will be made above the pavement surface. The material may slightly penetrate the pavement on fresh bituminous concrete.
g.If the material appears to be less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) thick above the pavement surface, the line will be "chipped" and checked to determine the actual thickness. If the ac tual thickness is less than 1/8 inch (3 mm), the deficient port ions of the line shall be ground down to no more than 0.05 inch (1.3 mm) above the pavement surface and sufficient thermoplastic and glass beads placed over the line to bring it up to the specified thickness.
h.Thermoplastic material may be applied over the temporary painted edge line markings. Unless otherwise specified, lines shall be laid a minimum of 2 inches (50 mm) from longitudinal joints.
423.03 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 284 - i. Unless otherwise specifie d, pavement markings, words, and symbols shall be the MUTCD standard size. Deviations from reasonable standards of workmanship are cause for rejection.
j.Thermoplastic pavement marking material may be installed by the Extrusion Method or Ribbon Extrusion Method.
k.Equipment used for placing markings shall be manufactured for that purpose and of sufficient size and stability to ensure a smooth and straight application.
1.A full-sized, truck-mounted unit capable of maintaining an operating speed of 3 to 5 mph (5 to 8 km/h) shall be required. It shall have the capability of automatically placing in termittent as well as continuous lines from either the left or right side of the vehicle. The vehicle shall be capable of applying either extrusion or ribbon thermoplastic in uniform dimensions and accurately following pavement irregularities.
2.The Engineer may allow the use of a hand-operated or small riding machine where a limited quantity of edge and lane lines are required, or for turn lanes, gore areas or other small work, provided sufficient traffic control is in place to close the lane adjacent to the marking operations.
l.Reflectivity:
1.Immediate reflectivity shall be accomplished by the application of glass beads to the surface of the marking through a gun that is located directly behind the thermoplastic applicator. The beads shall be applied into the material in a manner that will result in the surface beads being embedded to about their midpoint. Glass beads shall be applied uniformly at a minimum rate of 12 lb/100 SF (0.58 kg/m2). These beads shall be in addition to those that are provid ed as part of the thermoplastic mixture itself.
2.The glass bead dispenser shall be adjustable to regulate the flow of the beads and shall unif ormly dispense the glass beads over the entire width of the line.
3.The beads shall adhere to the cured thermoplastic, or all marking operations shall cease until corrections are made.
3.Thermoplastic Pavement Marking, Spray Type: a. Application Equipment. A ll equipment for application of thermoplastic marking materials shall be of such design and maintained in such condition as to properly heat, mix and apply the materials.
b.Melting Kettle. The melting kettle shall be capable of heating the thermoplastic material to its recommended application temperature and maintaining that temperature without scorching. The heating kettle shall have a heat transfer medium, and the flam e shall not come in direct contact with the material container surface. A temperature gauge shall be visible on the outside of the kettle to indicate the temperature of the thermoplastic material. The melting kettle shall have a continuous mixer or agitator capable of thoroughly mixing the material at such a rate as to maintain homogeneity of material and uniformity of temperature throughout.
c.Thermoplastic Dispensing Devices. The equipment shall be capable of applying molten thermopl astic material at the temperature Permanent Paving Marking 423.03 - 285 - recommended by the manufacturer of the thermoplastic material in lines from 4 inches to 12 inches (100 mm to 300 mm) wide at a 30 mils (760 m) thickness. Dispensing devices shall be of the spray type.
d.Surface Preparation. T he pavement surface on which the thermoplastic material is to be placed shall be clean and dry. Pavement surfaces shall be inspected for cleanliness and any dirt, debris, or other contaminants on the surface to be marked shall be removed as required by the manufacturer.
e.Temperature Limitations. The pavement surface where the thermoplastic material is to be placed shall have a minimum temperature of 50°F (10 C). The air temperature shall be at least 50°F (10 C) during marking operations. The pavement surf ace temperature and air temperature shall be determined before t he start of each day of ma rking operation and at any other time deemed necessary by the Engineer.
f.Primer Application. A prim er shall not be required on new bituminous surfaces unless recommended by the manufacturer of the thermoplastic material. If primer is recommended, it shall be applied and cured in accordance with the recommend ations of the manufacturer of the thermoplastic material.
g.Thermoplastic Application. The thermoplastic marking material shall be sprayed onto t he pavement surface.
h.The temperature of the therm oplastic material at the time of application shall be at least 350°F (177 C) and less than 425°F (218 C). The temperature of the thermoplastic materi al shall be checked on the surface as it is placed with a calibrated thermo meter at the beginning of each day's marking. Check the temperature after the material is added to the dispensing device, after delays in the marking operation, and any time deemed necessary by the Engineer.
i.Pavement striping shall comply with the standard striping practices shown in the contract. The Contractor shall begin centerline and lane line striping at the beginning of the last existing 10 foot (3 m) stripe in order to maintain a 40 foot (12 m) cycle along the entire pavement.
j.Finished markings shall have well defined edges, and lateral deviation shall not exceed 1 inch in 200 feet (25 mm in 60 m). The minimum thickness of thermoplastic markings shall be 30 mils (760 m) and the maximum shall be 50 mils (1270 m). The thickness will be measured as a wet film, except the Engineer may measure cured film by placing the thermoplastic material and then removing a section of cured line and measuring its thickness.
k.Damage to pavement marking caused by the Contractor's operation shall be repaired or replaced at his/her expense.
l.Glass Bead Application.
1.The drop-on bead shall be mechanically deposited on the molten thermoplastic line immediately a fter placement of the thermoplastic at the rate of at least 18 lbs/100 SF (0.9 Kg/m2). The glass beads shall not be dropped at the point of app lication of the thermopl astic or ahead of that point. The beads shall adhere to the cured thermoplastic, or all marking operations shall cease until corrections are made.
423.03 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 286 - (2) The glass bead dispenser shall be adjustable to regulate the flow of the beads and shall unif ormly dispense the glass beads over the entire width of the line.
3.The beads shall adhere to the cured thermoplastic, or all marking operations shall cease until corrections are made.
m.Quality Control: (1) Workmanship. The applied thermoplastic markings shall be inspected continually for overall workmanship. Markings shall have clean cut edges. The glass beads shall appear uniform on the entire marking surface. Adhesion to the pavement surfac e shall be checked with a stiff putty knife or similar instrument. The marking should not be removable from a concrete surface. The marking can be removed from a bituminous surface; however, residue of the bituminous substrate shall be stuck to the marking material.
2.If the thermoplastic line does not provide initial nighttime reflectivity or if the marking does not have the required minimum thickness, the Contractor shall, at no additional cost to the Department, apply additional thermoplastic material to obtain the ni ghttime reflectivity and/or the total thickness specified. If the marking do es not meet the required color, the Contractor shall, at no additional cost to the Department, remove the marking in a manner approved by the Engineer and re-apply the material. If the markings do not comply with the s pecifications for any other reason, the Engineer may require complete removal or correction at no additional cost to the Department.
4.Permanent Pavement Marking Paint a. Permanent Pavement Marking shall consist of installing lines at the locations shown in the contract or as directed by the Engineer. These Specifications cover the application of traffic paint and drop-on floating conventional beads on bituminous or Portland cement concrete pavements.
b.Equipment (1) The striper used for applying traffic marking paint and beads shall be self-propelled. The striper used for pavement marking shall:
i.be capable of applying three lines simultaneously on the left side for centerline markings a nd/or one line on the right side of the unit for edgeline markings, (ii) be capable of applying the traffic marking paint the width specified in the contract and to a dry thickness of 12 1 mils (300 m +25 m) that is uniform across the wi dth and length of the stripe, (iii) be equipped with reservoirs that keep the paint mixture smooth and even, (iv) be equipped with an automatic skip device that applies a stripe and gap of a specified lengt h with a tolerance of 3 inches (75 mm) per cycle of skip. This tolera nce shall not be accumulated in subsequent cycles. The striper shall be able to adjust the cycle while striping to allow for matching the existing stripe,
v.be capable of applying the traffic marking beads to the wet paint immediately after the application of the paint at a rate required Permanent Paving Marking 423.04 - 287 - in the contract. The bead applicator shall be equipped with an automatic shut off synchronized with the paint flow.
2.The trailing vehicles shall be capable of providing the necessary traffic control as shown in the contract.
c.The Contractor shall supply the traffic control shown in the contract. Variations to the traffic contro l plans shall be submitted in writing to the Engineer. No changes may be institut ed until approved in writing by the Engineer. Traffic shall be maintained through the work area at all times. Traffic shall be controlled through the wo rk area until the pavement markings have dried sufficiently to prevent tracking. Traffic control cones may be necessary in some cases to keep traffic off the markings and prevent tracking of the paint.
d.Application of Marking Materials. (1) Pavement marking materials as specified shall be applied with equipment meeting the Specifications above. Where an irregular area is to be painted, hand sprayers and manual bead application is acceptable. Paint shall be applied within the manufacturer’s recommended ambient temperature range unless otherwise ordered by the Engineer in writing. The paint shall not be applied when wind pr events the Contractor from placing markings acceptable to the Engineer. St riping shall be performed only during daylight hours.
2.The beads shall be applied at the rate of 6 pounds per gallon (0.7 kg/l) of paint applied. If application rates are not within the requirements, the marking application shall be stopped until corrections are made.
3.The paint shall have a dry thickness of 12 1 mils (300 m +25 m) and shall be the width shown in the contract +1/2” (12 mm). The Engineer will take periodic samples to ensure the thickness and width of the stripe.
4.Finished lines shall have well defined edges and lateral deviations shall not exceed 2 inches in 200 feet (50 mm in 60 m). The dashed lines shall be within 3 inches (75 mm) of their intended length and intended placement. When placing ne w lines, the cycle of dashed line and gap shall not vary more than 3 inches (75 mm). This tolerance shall not be accumulated in subsequent cycles. Lines not meeting these requirements may, at the discretion of the Engineer, be ordered removed and replaced at no cost to the Department.
5.Permanent pavement markings damaged by the Contractor’s operation shall be r epaired at the Contractor’s cost.
423.04 Method of Measurement
1.All permanent pavement marking is measured as follows:
a.Arrows and legends are meas ured by the each. Arrows shall be counted by each head. The remaining parts of the arrow are subsidiary to the arrowhead(s) of which payment is made.
b.Lines are measured by the linear foot (meter) of material installed for each width of lines inst alled. Gaps between line segments are not measured.
423.04 Permanent Pavement Marking
- 288 - 2. Surface Preparation requiring wate r, sand or shot blasting shall be measured per linear foot (meter) for the item “Pavement Marking, Surface Preparation”. Surface prepar ation, consisting of air blasting and brushing, shall be subsidiary to other items which payment is made.
3.All temporary traffic control required for this work, with the exception of flagging if required by the Engineer, is subsidiary to items for which direct payment is made.
423.05 Basis of Payment
1.Pay Item Pay Unit _____ inch (mm) _____ Thermoplastic Linear Foot (LF) [Meter (m)] _____ Thermoplastic Each (ea) _____ inch (mm) ____ Thermoplastic, Linear Foot (LF) Type Spray [Meter (m)] _____ Thermoplastic Type Spray Each (ea) _____ Permanent Paving Marking, Paint Linear Foot (LF) [Meter (m)] Pavement Marking, Surface Preparation Linear Foot (LF) [Meter (m)]
2.Removal or preparation of ex isting pavement marking for the placement of the new material shall be considered subsidiary to the pavement marking items.
3.Glass beads shall be subsidiary to other items which payment is made.
4.Payment is full compensation for all work described in this Section. - 289 - SECTION 424 -- TEMPORARY PAVEMENT MARKING
424.01 Description
1.The Contractor shall furnish, in stall at the locations shown in the contract, maintain, and when work is complete, remove the temporary pavement marking as described in this Section.
2.General Requirements:
a.The Contractor shall, at the preconstruction conference, provide the Engineer with the names and telephone numbers of personnel who will be available on a 24-hour-per-day, 7-days-per-week basis. These people shall be responsible for repair, correction, replacement, and maintenance of the temporary pavement marking.
b.The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions for the protection of the work and the safety of the public. The Contractor shall be alert at all times to any and all deficiencies in the placement and maintenance of any temporary pavement marking and shall take immediate action to correct any deficiencies.
c.The Department may elect at any time to correct the temporary pavement marking deficiency and d educt from monies owed to the Contractor for all costs necessary to correct the problem.
d.The Contractor shall immedi ately notify the Engineer of any hazard or changed roadway condition that is not identified in the contract.
3.a. “Temporary Pavement Marking, (Type _____)”:
1.The pay item “Temporary Pavement Marking, Type _____” has 4 options. Temporary Pavement Marking, Type I (Tape) Temporary Pavement Marking, Type II (Tape) Temporary Pavement Marking, Type Paint Temporary Pavement Marking, Type RPM
2.The pay item “Temporary Pavement Marking” has 4 optional materials unless otherwise restricted by the contract. The options are: Type I (Tape) Type II (Tape) Type Paint Type RPM
3.The application and type of pavement marking to be used will be as specified in the contract.
4.All temporary pavement marking shall conform to the requirements in this Se ction for materials, equipment used, application, measurement and payment.
b.“Overlay Broken Lines” and “Overlay Solid Lines”:
1.The pay items “Overlay Broken Lines” and “Overlay Solid Lines” are used to provide and apply lines on asphalt pavement where the marking is renewed at the end of each day as in overlay work.
Source: Nebraska Standard Specifications for Highway Construction, 2017 Edition. Pages 302–322 of 1,048.