8−91b. Repairs.
1.Patching. If an area is left untreated or the me mbrane becomes damaged, a patch repair shall be carried out to restore the integrity of the system. Patching shall be per the manufacturer’s recommendations and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
2.Overlapping. Where the membrane is to be joined to existing cured material and at day joints, the new application shall overlap the existing one by at least 4 inches. Preparation shall be per the manufacturer’s recommendations.
c.Protection. During all stages of application and until the membrane is overlaid, the Contractor shall protect the membrane from damage.
d.Final Inspection. The Engineer, the Contractor and the applicator shall jointly inspect the deck area(s) in which the completed system has been installed, prior to placing the asphalt overlay. Any portion of the work that doesn’t confor m to the specifications and meet the satisfaction of the Engineer shall be corrected at this time.
813.04 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT. "Dampproofing," “Heat-applied Pre-Fabricated Membrane
and "Cold Spray-Applied Liquid Membrane," will be m easured by the number of square yards of the neat area of the system actually placed in accordance with the Plans and these Specifications and as directed by the Engineer.
813.05 BASIS OF PAYMENT. The accepted quantities of "Dampproofing," “Heat-
applied Pre-Fabricated Membrane,” and "Cold Spray-Applied Liquid Membrane,” will be paid for at their respective contract unit prices per square ya rd as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, equipment, and all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer.
814.01 DESCRIPTION. This work consists of the placement of concrete bridge decks by using
self-propelled finishing machines, all as indicated on the Plans and in accordance with these Specifications. 814.02 MATERIALS. Materials for all Portland cement concrete mixes shall conform to the requirements of SECTION M.02; PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE , of these Specifications.
814.03 CONSTRUCTION METHODS. 814.03.1 General. All equipment, tools, and requirements pertaining to the classification, proportioning, and testing for the specified class of concrete, including batching, mixing, handling,
8−92 placing, curing and finishing shall conform to the applicable requirements of SECTIONS 601, 808 and 816, respectively, of these Specifications, and as modified in this Section.
814.03.2 Contractor's Plan. At least 30 calendar days prior to the proposed start of placing the concrete bridge deck, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval, a submission (herein
called the Placement and Curing Plan) specifying the method of concrete conveyance, placement, type and number of finishing machines, rate of pour, estimated time of completion, screed and rail erection plan, sequence of concrete pours, and the concrete curing procedure. The Placement and Curing Plan shall take into consideration weather conditions. It shall also include details and a complete description of equipment to be used in the handling, placement, finishing and curing the concrete including the number and type of personnel who will be engaged in the operation. The personnel shall consist exclusively of persons with the experience and skill appropriate to their working assignment. Approval of this plan will not relieve the Contractor of the responsibility for the satisfactory performance of his methods and equipm ent. All other approval requirements shall be as set forth in this Section.
a.Other Arrangements. Elevations for setting forms and screed supports shall be based on an accurate set of computations run by the Contractor and shall be located no more than 10 feet apart. Before placing the concrete, the Contractor shall make all necessary arrangements and have all materials on hand for curing and protecting the concrete deck. Concrete placement shall not proceed until the Engineer is satisfied that all necessary steps have been taken to insure adequate compliance with these Specifications and that completion of the operation can be accomplished within the required scheduled time. It s hall be the Contractor's responsibility to allow sufficient time to permit such an inspection by the Engineer. 814.03.3 Limitation of Mixing.
a.Temperature and Weather Conditions. All weather and concrete temperature requirements shall meet the requirements of Subsection 601.03.4 except as modified herein. No bridge deck concrete shall be placed when the relative humidity is below 35 percent. When placing concrete, the Contractor must provide suitable equipment and take appropriate actions as approved by the Engineer to limit the evaporation rate of the exposed concrete surface to less than 0.15 lb/ft 2/hr. The evaporation rate shall be determined in accordance with Table 1 of this Specification. To maintain the evaporation rate below the specified limit the Contractor shall take one or more of the following actions:
1.Misting the surface of the concrete with a triple head nozzle immediately behind the finishing machine and until the curing cover is applied. The nozzle shall be rated at one gallon per minute or less and shall produce a fine, fog mist which will maintain a sheen of moisture on the concrete surface without ponding.
2.Construct windbreaks or enclosures to effe ctively reduce the wind velocity throughout the area of placement.
3.Reduce the temperature of the concrete. 8−94 b. Hot Weather Concrete. During hot weather conditions, the concrete temperature at time of placement shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 601.03.6 of these Specifications.
c.Cold Weather Concrete. During cold weather conditions, the concrete temperature at the time of placement shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 601.03.5 of these Specifications.
d.Inclement Weather. When rain or snow is imminent, all new concrete shall be adequately protected to prevent damage which may result in surface imperfection of the deck. Sufficient polyethylene coverings conforming to the requirements of Subsection M.02.04.2 shall be available at the site of the work for possible immediate use. 814.03.4 Handling.
a.General. Prior to concrete placement all forms must be clean, free of rust, excessive oils, and any foreign debris. All concrete forms and materials such as shear connectors, dams, ductwork, spacers, rebars, and any other materials as required in the contract drawings must be inspected and approved by the Engineer before concreting operations commence. In no case shall welding of forming attachments, or other construction aids, to tension flanges be permitted. Tension areas shall be as specified on the contract drawings. Concrete shall be placed continuously without interruption between planned construction or expansion joints.
814.03.5 Concrete Placement Sequence.
a.Simple Spans. Concrete bridge deck placement shall progress continuously over the entire width and for the full length of the bridge. Deck placement shall begin at the expansion end of the span and terminate at the fixed end. Transverse construction joints are not permitted unless otherwise shown on the contract drawings or with the approval of the Engineer.
b.Continuous Spans Where Transverse Construction Joints are not Specified. The deck placement sequence and direction of pour shall be as shown on the contract drawings. In general, deck placement shall begin at the outside supports and at the midpoint between interior supports, and shall progress towards the interior supports. Deck placement shall be uniform and continuous over the full width of the superstructure.
c.Continuous Spans Where Transverse Construction Joints are Specified. The number and location of transverse construction joints shall be as specified on the contract drawings and as approved on the proposed Placement Plan. All concrete between consecutive joints shall be placed in a continuous operation as shown on the contract drawings. The first pour shall include the positive moment area in all spans. The second pour shall include the negative moment area and shall not be placed until a minimum of 72 hours have elapsed from the start of the first pour. The limits of the positive and negative moment ar eas are as defined and shown on the contract drawings. 814.03.6 Placement. Except as modified herein, concrete placement shall conform to the 8−95requirements of Subsections 808.03.5 and 808.03.6; Placing Concrete (Conventional) and Placing Concrete by Pumping , respectively, of these Specifications. It shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to attain a rate of placement such that the concrete is finished before the beginning of initial set. A minimum rate of placement of 35 cy/hr shall be maintained at each finishing machine. Concrete placement shall take place during daylight and shall not begin unless the Contractor is certain that the placement can be completed and finished, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, during daylight hours. The Engineer may waive this requirement if adequate and approved lighting facilities are provided by the Contra ctor prior to the start of the deck placement. Before concrete placing operations begin, subs tantial bulkheads or headers shall be shaped to the required deck surface cross-section. In the event of unforeseen circumstances should the concrete placement be forced to cease, sufficient bulkheads shall be installed at locations determined by the Engineer and placing of concrete shall be discontinued. All concrete in place beyond the bulkhead shall be removed. Concrete placement will reco mmence only with the approval of the Engineer. Unless otherwise specified, the concrete shall be placed as a monolithic unit in a continuous operation between joints.
a.Consolidation. The concrete shall be consolidated by means of an approved high frequency internal vibrator which shall be applied in a manner to secure maximum consolidation of the concrete. Consolidation shall leave the concrete free from voids and insure a dense surface texture, but not be continued so long as to cause segregation or bleeding. A small uniform quantity of concrete shall be maintained ahead of the screed on each pass. At no time shall the quantity of concrete carried ahead of the screed be so great as to cause slipping or lifting. In the case where the vibratory action of the finishing machine does not provide consolida- tion in accordance with the rate of placement, the Contractor shall have in reserve at all times sufficient vibration equipment to guard against shutdown of the work. The Contractor shall take preventive measures to ensure that the epoxy c oated reinforcement is not susceptible to damage by the vibrators. 814.03.7 Finishing . Methods, procedures, and equipment shall be used which will insure a uniform riding surface without over-vibration or segregation of the components of the concrete. The leading edge of freshly placed concrete shall at all times be maintained approximately parallel to the finishing machine. Self-propelled finishing machines will be required unless specifically noted otherwise on the Plans or in the Special Provisions.
a.Finishing Machine. An approved self-propelled finishing machine(s) will be required for consolidating, striking off and finishing the concrete deck surface. The finishing machine(s) shall be of sufficient width to finish the full width of the deck. The weight of the finishing machine(s) shall not cause unaccounted for deflection of the bridge members or falsework. The machine shall travel on steel rails, pipe or other approved grade control, which shall be supported by vertical supports securely fastened in place at a maximum spacing of 2 feet to prevent any appreciable deflection between rail supports. Prior to placing the concrete, screed rails shall be completely in place, and accurately set to insure finishing of the concrete deck surface to the elevations shown on the Plans. The supports for the rails, if embedded in the deck concrete, shall be of the type which can be removed without disturbing the concrete. Screed rails shall not be treated with parting compound to 8−96 facilitate their removal. Rails for finishing machines shall extend beyond both ends of the scheduled length for concrete placement. The extended length shall be of sufficient distance to allow finishing machine(s) to clear the concrete to be placed. The finishing machine shall be capable of propelling itself both forward and backward to enable repeated passes to be made in order to correct surface irregularities and to produce a surface which conforms to the required profile grade, cross-section and surface smoothness. A maximum of two passes of the machine will be allowed over any given deck area. The finishing machine(s) shall be operated over the full length of the bridge segment to be finished prior to beginning of concreting operations. The test run shall be made with screed adjusted to its finishing position. During the test run, checks shall be made of the deflection due to the finishing machine, adjustment of guide rails and required covers for slab reinforcement. The required concrete cover over the top bars shall be checked by riding the screed over the bars and measuring the cover over the slab reinforcement. Discrepancies so found, which are in excess of the tolerances given on the Plans, shall be rectified to secure the required concrete cover. All necessary corrections shall be made before concreting is begun. Concrete placement and initial strike-off shall be coordinated so that initial strike-off is never more than 10 feet behind the concrete placement. Sufficient depth checks shall be made behind the machine(s) and along the full length of the span to insure achievement of the required section and reinforcement cover. The direction of placing the concrete shall be as specified on the Plans. On skewed bridge decks, the placement of the concrete and the operation of the finishing machine should parallel the skew angle. Improper adjustment or operation of the finishing machine which results in inadequate reinforcement cover or smoothness shall be corrected immediately. Unsatisfactory performance, particularly with respect to the surface smoothness attained, may be cause for rejection of the equipment.
b.Work Bridge. An adequate number of work bridges shall be provided by the Contractor in order to permit access to the surface of the deck for the purpose of finishing, straight-edging, making corrections, and setting curing materials. Workmen will not be permitted to walk in the fresh concrete after it has been screeded. All finishing work, including application of the fog spray and placement of curing mats, shall be performed from bridges supported above the deck surface.
c.Tolerances. Verification of the completed surface of the deck, in accordance with the grades and cross slope specified on the contract drawings, shall be made during placement and again after the deck has been cured. When the concrete is still plastic, the deck surface shall be tested with a ten-foot straight-edge and any variance in excess of 1/8-inch in 10 feet shall be corrected immediately. In the event that this tolerance is not met when tested after the concrete has hardened, variance in excess of 1/8-inch in 10 feet shall be corrected at the Contractor's expense in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer. 814.03.8 Curing. In the Placement and Curing Plan , the Contractor shall include the curing details for achieving the curing of the concrete as required by these Specifications. 8−97a. Detailed Plan. The detailed plan shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
1.Curing method.
2.Provisions for enclosures, indicating method of holding down enclosure safely in place.
3.Heat devices, types and location around structure.
4.Method of monitoring temperature of hardened concrete.
5.Backup systems as required.
b.Curing Operations. Immediately following the finishing operation, the application of a water fog spray, shall begin and shall be applied continuously, rather than intermittently, until such time as moist covers are placed on the concrete surface. Fog spraying shall continue as required to provide a continuous supply of moisture to ma intain a thoroughly moist concrete surface. As soon as concrete finishing operations are completed the Contractor shall promptly cover the newly placed concrete surface with a single layer of clean, heavy duty water saturated burlap conforming to the requirements of Subsection M.02.04.1 of these Specifications. Burlap shall be free from cuts, tears, uneven weaving and cont aminants. The burlap shall be placed such that the edges are lapped a minimum of 6 in ches. A 4-mil clear or white polyethylene sheet conforming to Subsection
M.02.04.2 shall be placed over the saturated burlap cover. White plastic-coated fiber blankets conforming to the requirements of Subsection M.02.04.2 may be used. Placement requirements must conform with the burlap edge lapping specification. Unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, the application of curing compounds in lieu of fog spray and moist cure process shall not be allowed when membranes or overlays are specified. All concrete shall be kept continuously moist and protected against any drying for a minimum period of 14 consecutive days after placement of concrete. The burlap covers shall be kept moist for the entire 14 day curing period, and under no circumstances shall the concrete be allowed to be exposed to an alternating wet and dry condition. If at any time during the curing period the surface of the concrete deck is judged to be losing excessive moisture so as to adversely effect the curing process, the Engineer may require that the polyethylene sheets be removed and the coverings be saturated. The Contract or shall then recover the saturated coverings with polyethylene sheets. In the event that forms or sections of forms have been loosened and/or removed in advance of the curing period, the exposed concrete surface shall be immediately covered with saturated curing covers and kept saturated for the remainder of the curing period.
c.Falling Temperatures. The Contractor shall provide suitable measures to maintain the concrete surface temperature between 50 oF and 85oF which shall be monitored by a continuously recording thermometer. The minimum 50oF temperature requirement shall be continuously maintained around the forms and deposited concrete for 7 days after concrete placement and above 40 oF for the remaining 7 days of the curing period. 8−98 If the concrete surface temperature falls below 45OF during the first 7 days of the curing period, the structure shall be enclosed and external heat shall be provided as directed by the Engineer. If external heat is required, the following shall apply:
1.The time required for tenting shall not be counted as curing time.
2.External heat shall be maintained on the structure for the entire seven-day curing period and then reduced gradually such that the uniform change in temperature does not exceed 5 OF in one hour or 50OF in any 24-hour period. Removal of forms shall be as specified in Subsection 808.03.10 of these Specifications. If at any time during the curing period the concrete surface temperature falls below 35OF, the concrete may be considered as being unsatisfactory and rejected. Adequate precautions shall be taken to protect the concrete deck from any damages resulting from severe weather conditions during the curing process.
a.Curing of Acceptance and Process Control Test Cylinders. All test cylinders will be field cured with the concrete deck under identical curing conditions.
814.03.9 Final Finish. Unless otherwise shown on the Plans, the final finish required shall be as
follows:
a.Bridge Decks with Exposed Concrete Surfaces. The final concrete surface shall consist of diamond grinding and texturing Portland cement concrete bridge decks longitudinally to establish proper riding characteristics to the deck surface. The diamond grinding shall be take place prior to the installation of asphaltic expansion joint systems.
1.Equipment. The equipment shall be suitable and appropriate for the task at hand and shall be approved by the Engineer. The equipment shall possess a positive means of removing the diamond grinding residue from the deck surface leaving the surface in a clean, near dry condition.
2.Surface Preparation – Disposal of Construction debris. Prior to the start of work the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, a debris handling and management plan indicating quantities of residue that are expected to be generated; locations for temporary storage for drying or settling of fines, if necessary, and the location acquired or designated for disposal of residue debris. The contractor shall be responsible for both the proper management of and legal disposal of all debris from the diamond grinding operations. All costs associated with said management and legal disposal such as tipping fees, disposal permi ts or applications for permits shall be considered as incidental to the concrete work and will not be paid for separately.
3.Construction Methods. The entire bridge deck area shall receive the diamond grinding. No spot diamond grinding will be allowed. Di amond grinding shall be accomplished in a manner that establishes proper riding characteristics to the deck surface while providing positive lateral drainage by maintaining a constant cross-slope bet ween diamond grinding extremities in each lane. The operation shall result in a bridge deck that conforms to the typical cross-section and the requirements specified for the final surface finish. 8−99 The diamond grinding process shall produce a pavement surface that is true to grade with the ground area consisting of a longitudinal corduroy-type texture. The grooves shall be between 0.10 and 0.15 inches wide. The land area between the grooves shall be between 0.065 and 0.125 inches. The peaks of the ridges shall be approximatel y 2/32 inch higher than the grooves with 53 to 57 evenly spaced grooves per foot. Adjusting the blade spacing may be necessary to achieve the specified texture. The tolerance for the above dimensions is 1/64 of an inch. Immediately after diamond grinding, the pavement shall be left in a washed and clean condition, free of all residue and sl urry. Residue shall not be permitted to flow across lanes used by the traveling public or into gutters or drainage facilities.
4.Quality Assurance
a.Quality Control (QC). Prior to the beginning of diamond grinding operations, the Contractor shall submit a Quality Control Plan to the Engineer for approval. The Contractors QC plan shall describe and outline to the method and frequency of testing that the contractor intends to exercise during the production stage of the diamond grinding operations. The plan shall include checks of the diamond ground surfaces to be taken behind the diamond grinding operations at regular intervals throughout the process using a standard commercial tire tread gauge, micrometer, or other approved instrument. The location of the measurements shall vary at regular measurement intervals. Readings shall be made to the nearest 0.063 (2/32) inch. If two consecutive readings fall outside the specified limits, adjustments shall be made by the Contractor to bring the diamond grinding operations back into compliance. The tolerance for the above dimensions is 1/32 of an inch. The Contractor shall regularly inspect the ground surface during the course of the work to determine whether raveling, spalling, faults or cracking are occurring. Particular attention shall be required at transverse and longitudinal joints. If raveling, spalling, faults or cracking are occurring the Contractor shall stop operations at no cost to the Department and take immediate steps to resolve the problem to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The Contractor shall perform Quality Contro l in accordance with the methods and frequency described in its approved Quality Control Plan. QC testing shall be performed for the full duration of the work and over the full area of the project. Failure to comply with the QC plan will result in: • Suspension in progress payments • $2,000.00 penalty per occurrence
b.Acceptance. Depth measurements of the diamond ground surface texture will be conducted on a daily basis by the Department. Ea ch day the acceptance testing will be conducted at a minimum of five randomly selected locations. Acceptance testing will be conducted using one or more of the following methods:
1.Groove Depth Measurements; 2. Sand patch texture Depth Measurements (ASTM E965) 3. CT Meter Texture Depth Measurement (ASTM E2157) At each selected location, the minimum number of measurement (5 for Groove Depth Method and 3 for Sand patch and CT Methods) will be taken. Under each of the methods the average of the measurements will be determined. If the Average Depth of the average MTD (mean 8−100 texture depth) of the Sand Patch of CT methods is outside the specified depth limits, two additional measurement will be conducted in the vicinity to ascertain non-compliance (i.e., consistently too shallow or too deep). Area that does not meet the specified minimum groove depth or specified MTD will be subject to corrective action by the Contractor. Area that exceed the specified maximum groove depth or specified maximum MTD will be subject to a price adjustment of a 1% reduction of the concrete cost for that area of diamond grinding performed that day. 814.03.10 Application of External Loads. No construction work (including placement of sidewalk, curbing, railing, bituminous pavement, conc rete overlays, grooving, etc.), shall be allowed on the newly placed bridge deck until concrete has cured for a minimum of 14 days and has attained the minimum required 28-day compressive strength. No heavy equipment or traffic of any description will be permitted on the concrete deck until authorized by the Engineer. 814.04 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT. This work will not be measured separately for payment.
814.05 BASIS OF PAYMENT. No separate payment will be made for this work. Rather, payment
will be included with the payment, and at the contract unit price per cubic yard as listed in the Proposal, for "Concrete Superstructure Class HP(AE) Bridge Deck." SECTION 815 [SECTION NOT USED] SECTION 816 CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK OVERLAYS
816.01 DESCRIPTION. This work consists of placing a Portland cement concrete overlay on a
prepared surface of bridge decks, precast concrete butted box beams, deck slabs, deck planks or other specified concrete substrate at the locations indicated on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer, all in accordance with these Specifications. 816.02 MATERIALS. Portland cement concrete shall be Class HP(AE) and shall conform to all applicable requirements of SECTION 601; PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE, of these Specifications, except as modified herein. 816.03 CONSTRUCTION METHODS.
816.03.1 Existing Bridge Decks.
Source: Rhode Island Standard Specifications (Bluebook), 2024 Edition. Pages 425–434 of 826.