411.01 352 SECTION 411 – ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACE (HOT MIX)
411.01 Description ................................ ................................ ................... 352
411.02 Materials ................................ ................................ ...................... 352
411.03 Compos ition of Mixtures ................................ ............................. 353
411.04 Equipment ................................ ................................ .................... 361
411.05 General Requirements ................................ ................................ .. 361
411.06 Preparing the Designated Surface ................................ ................ 361
411.07 Mixing ................................ ................................ .......................... 361
411.08 Surface Requirements ................................ ................................ .. 361
411.09 Method of Measurement ................................ .............................. 362
411.10 Basis of Payment ................................ ................................ .......... 362
DESCRIPTION
411.01 Description
This work consists of constructing an asphaltic concrete pavement, composed of a mixture of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, mineral filler if specified or required, and asphalt cement, on a prepared roadbed at the rate of application shown on the Plans or established by the Engineer. The provisions of 407 shall apply to this work unless otherwise stipulated. MATERIALS
411.02 Materials
Provide materials as specified in: Mineral Aggregate ................................ ................................ . 903.11 Mineral Filler ................................ ................................ ......... 903.16 Asphalt Cement, PG 64 -22, 70-22, 76-22, or 82-22 .............. 904.01 Chemical Additive ................................ ............................. 921.06.B The Engineer will accept mineral aggregate, bituminous material, and plant mix in accordance with 407.02. 411.03 353 411.03 Composition of Mixtures
A.General Composition of mixtures shall be as specified in 407.03.
B.Proportioning Combine t he specified mineral aggregate and asphalt cement according to the proportions specified in Table 411.03 -1. Table 411.03-1: Proportions of Total Mixture, Percent by Weight Surface Course Effective Combined Mineral Aggregate Asphalt Cement Grading D 93.0 – 94.3 5.7 – 7.0 (1) Grading E (2) 93.0 – 94.3 5.7 – 7.0 (1) Grading E (shoulders) 92.0 – 94.7 6.0 – 6.5 (1) Grading TL 92.5 – 94.3 5.7 – 7.5 (1) Grading TLD 93.0 – 94.3 5.7 – 7.0 (1) Grading TLE 93.0 – 94.3 5.7 – 7.0 (1) Grading OGFC 92.0 – 94.0 6.0 – 8.0 (1)
1.If the effective combined specific gravity of the aggregate exceeds 2.80, the above proportions may be adjusted as directed by the Engineer. The upper limit for flow values shall not apply to mixes with modified asphalt liquids.
2.The minimum allowable asphalt cement content for 411E low volume mixtures is 5.3%.
1.Grading D. In addition to the other requirements of these Specifications, the composition of the mineral aggregate shall be such that when combined with the required amount of bitumen, the resultant mixture will meet Table 411.03 -2. 411.03 354 Table 411.03-2: Mixture Properties (All Roads) Mix(1) Stability, Min. lb-ft (2) Flow 0.01 inch
3.Design Void Content % (2) Production Void Content % (2) VMA, Min. % (2) Dust- Asphalt Ratio (4) 411D 2,000 8 – 16 4.0 ± 0.2 3 – 5.5 14 0.6 – 1.2
1.In order to identify critical mixes and make appropriate adjustments, the mix design shall have these required production properties for the bitumen content range of Optimum Asphalt Cement ±0.25%.
2.Tested in accordance with AASHTO T 245 with 75 blows of the hammer on each side of the test specimen, using a Marshall Mechanical Compactor.
3.Flow will only be required when using a non -modified binder (PG 64 -22 or 67-22).
4.The dust to asphalt ratio is the per cent of the total aggregate sample that passes the No. 200 sieve , as determined by AASHTO T 11 , divided by the percent asphalt in the total mix .
2.Grading E and TLE. In addition to the other requirements of these Specifications, the composition of the mineral aggregate shall be such that, when combined with the required amount of bitumen, the resultant mixture will meet Table 411.03 -3. 411.03 355 Table 411.03 -3: Mixture Proper ties (High vs. Low Volume Roads) Mix Traffic Volume Stability Minimum lb-ft (1, 3) Flow 0.01 inch (2) Design Void Content % (1) Production Void Content % (1) VMA, Min % (1) 411E 411TLE High Volume (ADT > 1,000) 2,000 8 – 16 4.0 ± 0.2 3 – 5.5 14 411E 411TLE Low Volume (ADT < 1,000) 1,500 8 – 16 3.5 ± 0.5 2 – 5 n/a
1.Tested according to AASHTO T 245 with 75 blows of the hammer on each side of the test specimen, using a Marshall Mechanical Compactor.
2.Flow will only be required when using a non -modified binder (PG 64 -22 or 67-22).
3.Minimum stability for shoulder mixes will be 1,500 lb-ft and optimum asphalt cement content for shoulder mixes shall be as directed by the Regional Materials Supervisor. If the design criteria specified above cannot be obtained with the aggregate submitted to the laboratory for design, provide another source of aggregate.
3.Gradings TL and TLD. In addition to the other requirements of these specifications , the compo sition of the mineral aggregate shall be such that, when combined with the required amount of bitumen , the resultant mixture will meet Table 411.03 -4. 411.03 356 Table 411.03 -4: Mixture Properties (Gradings TL and TLD) Mix Stability, Min lb-ft (1) Design Void Content % (1) Production Void Content % (1) Minimum VMA % (1) Dust- Asphalt Ratio (2) 411TL 2,000 4.0 ± 0.2 3 – 5.5 16 1.0 – 2.0 411TLD 2,000 3.8 ± 0.3 3 – 5.5 14 0.6 – 1.2
1.Tested according to AASHTO T 245 with 75 blows of the hammer on each side of the test specimen, using a Marshall Mechanical Compactor.
2.The dust to asphalt ratio is the percent of the total aggregate sample that passes the No. 200 sieve , as determined by AASHTO T 11 , divided by the percent asphalt in the total mix .
4.Grading OGFC. In addition to the other requirements of these specifications , the compo sition of the mineral aggregate shall be such that, when combined with the required amount of bitumen , the resultant mixture will meet Table 411.03 -5. Table 411.03 -5: Mixture Properties (Grading OGFC) Mix Minimum Void Content % Voids in Coarse Aggregate % (1) Max. Cantabro Abrasion Loss (Non-Aged) % (1) Drain Down Loss % (2) 411OGFC 20 VCADRC > VCAMIX 20 <0.3%
1.As described in National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) Publication IS-115, “Design, Construction and Maintenance of Open -Graded Friction Courses.”
2.Tested in accordance with AASHTO T 305.
C.Recycled Asphalt Pavement and Recycled Asphalt Shingles
1.Recycled Asphalt Pavement . The Contractor may use asphalt pavement that has been removed from a Department project or other State Highway Agency project by an approved method and stored in a Department approved stockpile. RAP combined with the appropriate aggregate, asphalt cement, and anti -strip additive when 411.03 357 required shall produce a mixture that will otherwise meet all the requirements specified in 903.11 and this Section 411. The Contractor may use RAP in each mix specified in Table 411.03 -6. Table 411.03 -6: Use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Mix Type % RAP (Non- processed) (1) Maximum % RAP (Processed) (2) Maximum % RAP Processed and Fractionated (3) Maximum Particle Size (inch) 411D (PG64-22, PG67-22) 0 15 20 ½ 411D (PG70-22, PG76 -22, PG82-22) 0 10 15 ½ 411E & 411TLE (Roadway) 0 15 20 ½ 411E & 411TLE (Shoulder) 15 30 35 ½ 411TL (PG64-22, PG67-22) 0 15 15 5/16 411TL (PG70-22, PG76 -22, PG82-22) 0 10 10 5/16 411TLD (PG64-22, PG67-22) 0 15 15 5/16 411TLD (PG70-22, PG76 -22, PG82-22) 0 10 10 5/16
1.“Non-processed” refers to RAP that has not been crushed and screened or otherwise sized such that the maximum recycled material particle size is less than that listed above prior to entering the dryer drum.
2.“Processed” refers to RAP that has been cru shed and screened or otherwise sized such that the maximum recycled material particle size is less than that above prior to entering the dryer drum.
3.“Fractionated” refers to RAP that has been processed over more than one screen, producing sources of va rious maximum particle sizes (e.g., ¾ to ½ inch, ½ inch to #4, etc.). The Contractor may use the larger percentages of fractionated RAP specified only if individual fractions of two different maximum particle size are introduced into the plant as separate material sources for increased control. 411.03 358 All mixes shall contain at least 80% virgin asphalt, except for 411E Shoulder Mix which shall have at least 65% virgin asphalt. Obtain a representative sample from the recycled material stockpile and establish a gradation and asphalt cement content as required. Determine the gradation and asphalt content of the recycled material at the beginning of a project and every 2,000 tons thereafter. The stockpile asphalt cement content for all recycled material shall not vary from the JMF by plus or minus 0.8 %. Table 411.03 -7 specifies the stockpile gradation tolerance for all recycled material on each sieve. Table 411.03 -7: Stockpile Gra dation Tolerances for Recycled Material Size Tolerance 3/8 inch sieve and larger ± 10% No. 4 sieve ± 8% No. 8 sieve ± 6% No. 30 sieve ± 5% No. 200 sieve ± 4% The Contractor is responsible for its own sampling and testing of the RAP as well as new materials for bid purposes, and for submitting the JMF as specified in 407.03. After mixing, the moisture content of the total mix shall be no more than 0.1% as determined by oven drying, and the provisions for lowering the temperature because of boiling or foaming shall not apply. The Engineer will accept mixture for aggregate gradation and asphalt content based on extractions in accordance with AASHTO T 164 or in accordance with AASHTO T 308.
2.Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS). Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) ma y be included to a maximum of 3% of the total weight of mixture. The percentage of RAS used will be considered part of the maximum allowable RAP percentage. The ratio of added new asphalt binder to total asphalt binder shall be 80% or greater for all 411 mixes . Either the mix producer or the RAS supplier shall obtain a representative sample from the recycled material stockpile and establish a gradation and asphalt cement content as required. 411.03 359 Determine shingle asphalt binder content according to AASHTO T 164 Method A, with a minimum sample size of 500 grams. Determin e the gradation and asphalt content of the recycled material at the beginning of the Project and every 2,000 tons of recycled material used thereafter. The stockpile asphalt cement content for all recycled material shall not vary by more than 0.8%. All RAS material shall be processed to a minimum 100 % passing the 3/8 inch sieve and a minimum 90 % passing the No. 4 sieve. To conduct the gradation testing, air dry a 500 to 700-gram sample of processed s hingle material, dry sieve over the 3/8 -inch and No. 4 sieves, and weigh . For mix design purposes, the Contractor may use the aggregate gradation specified in Table 411.03 -8 as a standard gradation instead of determining the shingle gradation according to AASHTO T 30. Table 411.03-8: Standard Gradation (for Mix Design Purposes) Sieve Size Total Percent Passing 3/8 inch 100 No. 4 97 No. 8 95 No. 16 80 No. 30 60 No. 50 50 No. 100 40 No. 200 30 An aggregate bulk specific gravity (G sb) of 2.650 may be used instead of determining the shingle aggregate G sb according to AASHTO T 84. In addition, the effective binder available for mixing with additional aggregates shall be considered as 75% of the total binder content as determined by AASHTO T 164 and shall be the value listed as the RAS binder content on the JMF. Scrap asphalt shingle shall not contain extraneous waste materials. Extraneous materials including, but not limited to, asbestos, metals, glass, rubber, nails, soil, brick, tars, paper, wood, and plastics , shall not exceed 0. 5% by weight as determined on material retained on 411.03 360 the No. 4 sieve. To conduct deleterious material testing, take a representative 500 to 700-gram sample of processed shingle material, place over the No. 4 sieve, and pick and weigh all extraneous waste material retained on the No. 4 sieve. Base the percent of extraneous material on the total sample weight. RAS shall contain less than the maximum percentage of asbestos fibers based on testing procedures established by the Department , or State or Federal environmental regulatory agencies. Analyze a minimum of one sample of processed asphalt roofing material for every 500 tons of material processed for the presence of asbestos . Before a JMF for a particular design is approved, submit the following, along with the materials and information specified in 407.03:
a.Certification by the processor of the shingle scrap describing the shingle scrap content and source.
b.A 1000-gram sample of the processed RAS material f or inspection (new designs only) . Stockpile RAS separate ly from other salvage material. Do not blend RAS material in a stockpile with other salvage material. Do not blend Manufacture Waste Scrap Shingles (MWSS) and Tear-Off Scrap Shingles (TOSS). In addition, do not blend virgin sand material with the processed shingles, to minimize agglomeration of the shingle material. All RAS supplied to a Department project shall come from a certified shingle processor/supplier approved by the Division of Materials and Tests.
D.Anti-Strip Additive Check asphaltic concrete surface mixtures for stripping by the Ten Minute Boil test for dosage rate and ASTM D4867 (Root-Tunnecliff procedure) for moisture susceptibility. Mix an approved anti -strip agent with the asphalt cem ent at the dosage specified in 921.06.B. 411.04 361 EQUIPMENT
411.04 Equipment
Provide equipment as specified in 407.04 through 407.08. To construct shoulder mixes with recycled material, provide equipment that complies with 407, except modify the asphalt plant as approved by the Engineer to accommodate the addition of asphalt planings. If using a batch plant to produce recycled mix, heat the aggregate to a temperature that will transfer sufficient heat to the cold planings to produce a mix of uniform temperature within the specified range. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
411.05 General Requirements
Construct the pavement as specified in 407.09, 407.11, 407.12, and 407.14 through 407.17 and the following Subsections.
411.06 Preparing the Designated Surface
Prepare the designated surface upon which the material is to be placed as specified in 404.05. Ensure that loops used for traffic signals are installed before applying the final surface.
411.07 Mixing
Perform mixing as specified in 407.13. In addition, the mixing cycle for surface course mixtures may require a dry-mixing period.
411.08 Surface Requirements
The surface shall meet the requirements specified in 407.18, and when tested according to the provisions of that Subsection, the deviation of the surface from the testing edge of the straightedge shall not exceed ¼ inch. 411.09 362 COMPENSATION
411.09 Method of Measurement
The Department will measure Mineral Aggregate , including Mineral Filler when required, Asphalt Cement for Asphaltic Concrete Surfa ce (Hot Mix) , and other related items in accordance with 407.19. For bidding purposes, use the asphalt cement content specified in Table
411.09 1.
Table 411.0 9-1: Asphalt Cement Content Mix Type Asphalt Content, % 411-D 5.9 411-E Roadway 6.3 411-E Shoulder 6.3 411-TL 6.3 411-TLD 5.9 411-TLE Roadway 5.9 411-TLE Shoulder 5.9 411-OGFC 6.0 If the Engineer sets an asphalt content other than that specified above, the Department will make a price adjustment based on the asphalt content set by the Engineer and the Monthly Bituminous Index for the specific grade asphalt cement on the mix design. The Department will calculate a price adjustment in accordance with 407.20.
411.10 Basis of Payment
The Department will pay for accepted quantities of Asphaltic Concrete Surface (Hot Mix) or asphaltic Concrete Surface (Hot Mix) (Shoulders) with or without recycled material, at the contract prices, complete in place, in accordance with 407.20. 414.01 363 SECTION 414 – EMULSIFIED ASPHALT SLURRY SEAL AND MICRO -SURFACING
414.01 Description ................................ ................................ ................... 363
414.02 Materials ................................ ................................ ...................... 363
414.03 Composition of Mixture ................................ ............................... 364
414.04 Equipment ................................ ................................ .................... 370
414.05 Preparing the Existing Surface ................................ ..................... 373
414.06 Applying Slurry Seal and Micro -Surfacing ................................ . 374
414.07 Joints ................................ ................................ ............................ 377
414.08 Fog Seal Application ................................ ................................ .... 377
414.09 Weather Limitations ................................ ................................ ..... 377
414.10 Opening to Traffic ................................ ................................ ........ 378
414.11 Method of Measurement ................................ .............................. 378
414.12 Basis of Payment ................................ ................................ .......... 379
DESCRIPTION
414.01 Description
This work consists of the design, testing, construction, and quality control required to apply an emulsified asphalt slurry seal surface (slurry seal) or micro-surface. The slurry seal or micro -surface shall consist of a mixture of an approved emulsified asphalt, mineral aggregate, water, and specified additives or modifiers, properly proportioned, mix ed, and uniformly spread over a prepared surface. The cured slurry or micro -surface shall have a homogeneous appearance, and adhere firmly to the surface. MATERIALS
414.02 Materials
Provide materials as specified in: Mineral Filler (Portland Cement) ................................ ........... 901.01
Source: Tennessee Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2021 Edition. Pages 361–371 of 1,072.