871FENCING MATERIALS

762

have crooks in excess of 1 inch in 5 feet {25 mm in 1.5 m}. The length and sizes of wood posts shall be as detailed on the plans within the following tolerances. When so designated on the plans for replacement of farm fencing, the Contractor may at his option use posts as listed above or wood posts purchased from local dealers, unless otherwise noted on the plans.

The furnished posts may include posts from the minimum diameter specified up to, but not to include, those 1 inch {25 mm} or larger than the minimum diameter designated. When tapered posts are furnished, the diameter at the butt end should not be more than one and one-half inches larger than the diameter measured at the tip end.

The furnished posts shall be of the dimensions shown on the plans, plus 1/2 inch { 12 mm} or minus 1/4 inch {6 mm}.

The furnished posts shall not measure over one inch less than specified on the plans. Lengths greater than those shown on plans may be acceptable at the discretion of the Engineer, if not detrimental to the appearance of the fence. All posts shall be pressure treated in accordance with the provisions of Section 833. All job cuts shall be painted with three coats of hot preservative composed of 60 percent Creosote Oil and 40 percent roofing pitch. The Contractor shall have the choice of selecting one of the types of treated timber posts shown on the plans. Once a choice is made and erection begun, the Contractor will not be permitted to change to another type without the written permission of the Engineer.

Fasteners for attaching fencing fabric and wire to wooden posts shall be staples formed from 0.148 inch (9 gage) {3.75 mm} diameter galvanized wire, approximately 1.5 inches {38 mm} long. Fasteners for attaching wire to steel posts shall be as designated in Subarticle 871.01(d).

871.03Barbed Wire Fence

Materials for Barbed Wire Fence shall be as follows, except as modified by plan details:

Barbed wire shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M 280 with a Class 3 galvanized coating, or Aluminum coated steel barbed wire, Type I (Standard), ASTM A 585. When so designated on the plans for replacement of farm fencing, or fencing placed as a right-of-way consideration, etc., the Contractor may at his option use wire as listed above or substitute wire meeting AASHTO M 280, with a Class 1 coating unless otherwise noted on the plans.

Supports and framing shall meet the requirements of Item 871.02(b)2.

Fasteners shall meet the requirements of Subarticle 871.02(c).

871.04Gates

Gates, where required, shall be swing-gates as detailed or specified on the plans. The gate frames shall be the height of the top of the posts and covered with the same wire and fabric used on the fence. The frames shall be formed from tubular shapes meeting the requirements noted in Subarticle 871.01(b) complying with plan details, with all joints welded, or otherwise constructed, to form a rigid unit. Gates for woven wire fencing of another acceptable design may be permitted provided that the gates are so constructed that they will not sag and the design has been approved in writing. All gates shall be furnished complete with approved (tamper-proof) hinges, latches, auxiliary braces, and all other necessary fittings, including a heavy padlock with two keys and one master key for each gate furnished.

871.05Concrete For Setting Posts

Concrete for setting posts, etc., shall be Class A concrete complying with applicable portions of The concrete may be dry batched at a central mixing plant and delivered to the project. Before the concrete is placed water shall be added. This may be done in small amounts as needed and mixed on a SIGN MATERIALS 763

mixing board or mortar box. After water is added, the mix shall be used within sixty (60) minutes. Posts, braces and brace struts shall be held in proper position until the concrete hardens. The concrete for all corner, brace and line posts shall have cured for 72 hours before any strain is placed on them. SIGN MATERIALS

880.01Sign Panels

Aluminum sign materials shall conform to the details and thickness's shown on the plans and the following: The materials used, unless otherwise noted by plan details, shall meet the requirements noted below and, in addition, the material used shall be free from corrosion, white rust, water stains, dirt, and grease with the panels processed as noted in Item 2 below. ALUMINUM SIGN MATERIALS USE ALLOY & TEMPER DESIGNATION Sign Panels ASTM B 209 Alloy 5052-H38 or 6061-T6 Extruded Shapes (sign panels), Bars or Rods ASTM B 221 Alloy 6063 – T6 Angles, Structural Shapes (including Stiffeners) ASTM B 308 Alloy 6061-T6 *Bolts ASTM B 211 Alloy 2024-T4 Tamper Proof Nuts ≤ ¼" ASTM B 211 Alloy 2024 – T4 *Spring Lock Washers ASTM B 211 Alloy 7075-T6 Washers ASTM B 209 Alloy Alclad 2024 – T4 Rivets ASTM B 316 Alloy 6053 – T6 Shims ASTM B 209 Alloy 1100-0 Flange Splicing Material ASTM B 209 Alloy 6061 – T6 Weld Filler Wire ASTM B 285 AlloyER 5356 or ER 5556 *Hex. Nuts (Plain) ASTM B 211 Alloy 6262-T9 *Hex. Lock Nuts ASTM B 211 Alloy 2017-T4 * Unless otherwise specified

Aluminum Sign Panel Thickness Class 4, 9, and 10 Flat 0.080 inches {2.00 mm} Class 2, 2A, and 6 Multiple Flat or Multiple Extruded Panels 0.125 inches {3.00 mm}

Aluminum bolts, nuts, and washers shall have an anodic coating of at least 0.0002 inch {0.0051 mm} in thickness and shall be chromate sealed. Galvanized bolts, nuts, and washers as specified under Galvanized Signs, or stainless steel hardware meeting the requirements of ASTM F 593, will be acceptable in lieu of the above.

Each panel shall receive a chemical conversion treatment that will produce an acceptable etched surface suitable for either porcelainizing or attachment of reflectorized or non-reflectorized sheeting. SIGN MATERIALS 764

The Contractor shall furnish certified test reports confirming compliance with the requirements noted and, in addition, shall furnish samples of all materials used in the signs in accordance with current Departmental policy for evaluation and verification tests.

Recycled aluminum sign panels will be allowed for installation in accordance with the following requirements. Recycled sign panels shall be the same alloy and temper required for new sign panels. They shall be free of corrosion and white rust and shall meet the required tolerances for flatness and thickness for new sign panels. The process for removing the old reflectorized or non-reflectorized sheeting shall not damage the chromate coating. Smelting, sanding, and chemical stripping processes for recycling will not be allowed. Recycled signs will be inspected, sampled, and tested in accordance with current Departmental policy, except certified test reports will not be required. The Contractor shall furnish a materials guaranty that the materials conform to the requirements for recycling the sign panels.

Galvanized steel sign sheets shall conform to the details and thickness designated on the plans and the following: The materials used for Galvanized Steel Signs, unless otherwise noted by plan details, shall meet the following specifications: USE ASTM For METAL ASTM For GALVANIZING Sign Panels A 653/A 653M, SS: Grade 33 and A 924/ A 924M A 123 Angles (including Stiffeners) A 36 A 123 Bolts, Nuts and Washers, unless otherwise specified. A 307 * A 153 * Aluminum bolts, nuts, and washers as specified under Aluminum Signs, or stainless steel hardware meeting the requirements of ASTM F 593, will be acceptable in lieu of. Galvanized steel sheets and parts other than bolts, nuts and washers shall be mill galvanized with a 2 ounce per square foot {57 g per 0.1 m²} coating in accordance with ASTM A 653/A 653M G235. The galvanizing shall be a continuous coat, extra smooth, minimum spangle process. After galvanizing, the sheets are to be given a light, tight, crystalline phosphate coating. No galvanizing of any steel part may be done until all welding, cutting, milling, punching, and drilling of the part has been completed. This includes all holes necessary for attaching demountable copy.

The Contractor shall furnish certified test reports confirming compliance with the requirements noted and in addition shall furnish samples of all materials used in the signs in accordance with current Departmental policy for evaluation and verification tests.

Panels shall consist of sheet aluminum laminated to a honeycomb core, sealed completely around the perimeter with an extruded aluminum frame to form a surface of the length, width and depth required. These panels may be used either with sign face sheeting meeting the requirements of Article 880.02 or a porcelain enameled face sheet. These laminated panels shall be fabricated in accordance with these Specifications and to sizes and shapes as shown on the plans. The minimum number of panels shall be used for each sign. Panels shall be mounted horizontally on all signs having widths up to and including 24.0 feet {7.3 m}; panels may be mounted vertically on signs having widths exceeding 24.0 feet {7.3 m}. The span between supports on 1 inch {25 mm} thick panel shall not exceed 9.0 feet {3 m} with overhang not in excess of 3.0 SIGN MATERIALS 765

feet {1 m}. The span for a 2.5 inch {62.5 mm} thick panel shall not exceed 14.0 feet {4.4 m} with overhang not in excess of 4.75 feet {1.45 m}. All metal materials shall meet the requirements of Subarticle 880.01(a) unless otherwise specified in this Subarticle.

The face sheet shall be fabricated in one piece from a sheet meeting the following requirements: For porcelainized panels the face sheet shall comply with the requirements of Item

For panels to be covered with sign sheeting the face sheet shall meet the requirements specified for the back sheet. The back sheet shall be fabricated in one piece from a sheet of 3003 alloy, tempered to provide a minimum tensile strength of 18,000 psi {124 MPa} and a minimum yield strength of 12,000 psi {82 MPa} and otherwise meeting the requirements of ASTM B 209. Sheets shall not be less than 0.04 inches {1.02 mm} thick and free from all soil or corrosion prior to lamination.

Each panel section shall be provided with a perimeter frame. Frames shall be fabricated of extruded shapes of #6063-T6 Aluminum, with all joints mitered, and firmly affixed together with the exterior framing sealed against moisture penetration. The horizontal top and bottom frame members shall have an integral retainer track for affixing mounting bolts with an additional slot milled in the frame for field insertion of post clip bolts. If the horizontal finished dimension of the sign exceeds 24 feet {7.3 m} and vertical panels are used, the vertical frame members shall have an integral retainer track for mounting bolts. On the perimeter of the finished sign, a 1/8 inch {3 mm} tolerance from flush between the sheets and frame will be allowed and all edges shall be straight within 1/8 inch {3 mm} from a straight plane. All sharp edges that would present a hazard in handling shall be smoothed.

Core material shall be of the appropriate thickness, as required, and shall be phenolic impregnated paper honeycomb. Thickness of core materials shall be held within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.010 inch {0.254 mm}. Core material shall meet Specification MIL-D-5272 for resistance to fungus. Cell size, approximately 1/2 of an inch {13 mm}; weight {mass} of paper, 80 pounds {36 kg}; impregnation, 18 percent by weight {mass} minimum.

The laminating adhesive shall be a thermoplastic neoprene rubber base solvent type or a thermo-setting type exhibiting a permanent oil and water resistant bond.

The tensile strength of the honeycomb type laminated construction shall have a minimum of 20 psi {138 kPa} when tested in accordance with ASTM Designation C 297 and aged in accordance with ASTM Designation C 481, Cycle "B".

All adhesively bonded panels shall have an exterior face of such flatness that when measured at normal room temperature of 70 to 80 °F {21 to 27 °C}. The maximum wave slope of the surface at any point, measured from the nominal plane of the surface, shall not exceed 1% for panel to which sign face sheeting is to be attached or 1.5% for panels which have porcelainized face sheets. (Wave slope shall be computed in the following manner: Measure the distance between high points (Dimension A). Place a straight edge across the points and measure the depth of slope (Dimension B). Divide one half of A into B to determine percentage of wave slope.)

Where multiple panels adjoin, the face and edges shall be milled to a tolerance of plus or minus 1/32 of an inch {0.8 mm} from a straight plane, so that when adjoining panels are assembled, no gap over 1/16 of an inch {1.6 mm} shall be visible between panels. Panels may be milled up to 1/4 of an inch {6 mm} on each side in order to achieve edge uniformity. Seam closure extrusion between panels shall be as provided by the manufacturer of Type 6063-T6 aluminum. Seam closure extrusion may be set in 3 inches {75 mm} from edge of panels for clearance of rivets and frame. SIGN MATERIALS 766

Rivets appearing on the face side of the panel shall be anodized a color similar to that required for the face of the panel. Rivets for mounting letters shall be as specified.

Weep holes of approximately 1/8 of an inch {3 mm} in diameter shall be drilled in the perimeter frame at the bottom of each panel. Holes are to be spaced approximately 3 inches {75 mm} in from either end and in the center of each panel.

Each completed sign face shall comply with the requirements noted in this Section with the legend and border laid out on the sign face in accordance with the approved shop drawing; signs that do not meet these requirements shall be corrected or removed and replaced in acceptable condition without additional cost to the State.

The Contractor shall furnish certified test reports confirming compliance with the requirements noted in this Section in addition to samples of materials used in the manufacturing of the signs in accordance with current Departmental policy for evaluation and verification tests.

Aluminum louvered sign panels shall consist of aerodynamically designed louvers assembled into a sign panel which is self-supporting, internally braced, and capable of withstanding the wind loading indicated by plan requirements. The complete design assembly shall provide for an efficient flow of air in a horizontal direction with at least 50percent reduction in wind loading, normal to sign face, than that of a solid sign panel of the same size and yet display a solid opaque background when viewed from an angle of 10° or less below the horizontal line of sight. Louvers shall be of such dimensions as to help maintain the panel rigidly and provided with sufficient internal support and bracing to support and retain the stacked louvers along with preventing aeolian vibrations. The front face of the sign panel shall have provisions for affixing standard demountable copy (borders and legends) in a firm, rigid manner. The back face of the sign panel shall have provisions for attachment of the panel to the Department's standard supports (ground or overhead). The Contractor shall obtain Departmental approval of the panel design he proposes to furnish under this specification before such will be allowed on the project. To obtain approval, drawings of the proposed design, along with any necessary supporting data to verify the design, must be submitted.

Aluminum shall meet the requirements of Subarticle 880.01(a) and the following: USE ALLOY AND TEMPER DESIGNATION Louvers ASTM B 221 Alloy 6061-T6 Miscellaneous Parts ASTM B 209 Alloy 6061-T6 Castings ASTM B 85 Alloy SC84B All exposed parts of the sign panel shall have a baked enamel finish consisting of primer coat and at least two finish coats providing not less than a 1.5 mil {0.338 mm} coverage. The enamel shall be made of first class materials providing colors within the color tolerance charts published by the FHWA except that the highway green shall be the same shade, etc., as used on the Department's "Porcelain enameled" sign (a color sample will be made available upon request).

and accepted shop drawings and shall, after erection, provide a rigid panel firmly attached to the sign supports. Sign panels not meeting these requirements shall be corrected or removed and replaced in acceptable condition without additional cost to the State.

plans. Spacing and layout of legend and border shall be approved by the Engineer before affixing of the legend and borders to the sign face. SIGN MATERIALS 767

The Contractor shall furnish certified test reports confirming compliance with the requirements noted in this Subarticle and, in addition, samples of materials used in the manufacturing of the signs in accordance with current Departmental policy for evaluation and verification tests, but in no case less than one 3 inch x 12 inch { 75 mm x 300 mm} sample of each color used, shall be furnished. Verification of color by comparison with Color Tolerance Charts, etc. as noted in Item 2 above will be made on all samples. Noticeable variation of color in a panel shall be cause for ordering inspection of all signs and the rejection of any sign face outside the tolerances provided by the Color Charts. All signs shall be inspected for faulty application, blemishes, or other faults that might impair the serviceability of the sign. Any noticeable color mis-matching, when viewed from a distance of 25 feet {7.6 m} under both daylight or nighttime conditions, shall be cause for rejection of the sign face.

880.02Reflective and Non-Reflective Sheeting

Retroreflective sheeting used in the fabrication of sign faces shall meet the requirements for ASTM D 4956. All retroreflective sheeting shall be the ASTM Type classification shown on the ALDOT Standard Highway Drawings for Standard Highway Signs, unless otherwise required by plan details or the proposal. Non-retroreflective sheeting, Type I-N, shall be a smooth, flat durable gloss plastic film meeting the requirements of ASTM D 4956, Type I, with the Specific Intensity requirements waived. Sheeting will be classified by type in accordance with the following: SIGN MATERIALS 768

TYPES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIGN SHEETING MATERIALS Type I A medium-intensity retroreflective sheeting referred to as ''engineering grade" and typically enclosed lens glass-bead sheeting. Typical applications for this material are permanent highway signing, temporary traffic control devices, and delineators. Type I-N Non-reflective sheeting Type II A medium-high-intensity retroreflective sheeting sometimes referred to as "super engineering grade" and typically enclosed lens glass-bead sheeting. Typical applications for this material are permanent highway signing, temporary traffic control devices, and delineators. Type III A high-intensity retroreflective sheeting, that is typically encapsulated glass -bead retroreflective material. Typical applications for this material are permanent highway signing, temporary traffic control devices, and delineators. Type IV A high-intensity retroreflective sheeting. This sheeting is typically an unmetallized microprismatic retroreflective element material. Typical applications for this material are permanent highway signing, temporary traffic control devices, and delineators. Type V A super-high-intensity retroreflective sheeting. This sheeting is typically a metallized microprismatic retroreflective element material. This sheeting is typically used for delineators. Type VI An elastomeric high-intensity retroreflective sheeting without adhesive. This sheeting is typically a vinyl microprismatic retroreflective material. This sheeting is typically used for orange temporary roll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars, and post bands. Type VII Sheeting previously classified as Type VII has been reclassified as Type VIII. The designation of Type VII has been discontinued. (ASTM D 4956 -09) Type VIII A super-high-intensity retroreflective sheeting (ASTM D 4956 Table 2). This sheeting is typically unmetallized, microprismatic with the highest values of retroflection attained at long and medium roadway distances. Typical applications are temporary traffic control devices, delineators, and permanent highway signing. Type IX A very-high-intensity retroreflective sheeting which is typically unmetallized, microprismatic with the highest values attained at short roadway distances where viewing angles may be critical. Typical applications are permanent highway signing, temporary traffic control devices and delineators. Type X Sheeting previously classified as Type X has been reclassified as Type VIII. The designation of Type X has been discontinued. (ASTM D 4956 -09) Type XI A super-high-intensity unmetalized cube corner microprismatic sheeting (ASTM D 4956, Table 10). Typical applications are temporary traffic control devices, delineators, and permanent highway signing.

The Department's Product Evaluation Board has established a list of sheetings (V-1, "Materials, Sources, and Devices with Special Acceptance Requirements", manual). Only the materials on this list shall be furnished for use. Refer to Subarticle 106.01(f) and ALDOT-355 "General Information Concerning Materials, Sources, and Devices with Special Acceptance Requirements" for further information. In addition these materials will be inspected, sampled, and tested in accordance with the Department's Testing Manual and Laboratory Manual.

Application of sheeting shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations; splicing of sheeting will be allowed on sign faces provided such splices have a minimum overlap of 1/2 inch {13 mm} and are held to a minimum. More than one splice per 48 square feet {4.5 m²} of panel is considered excessive. On signs which consist of one panel only, the sheeting shall extend to the edge of the sign panel, except where indicated in the plans. On all signs which are sufficient size to require two or more panels, sheeting shall be applied separately to each panel. No attempt shall be made to extend the sheeting from one panel to adjacent panels. Sheeting shall be applied in strict conformity with the recommendations of the manufacturer. SIGN MATERIALS 769

The chromaticity and luminance of fluorescent retroreflective materials shall be determined in accordance with the requirements given in ASTM E 991, using instrumentation which complies with the requirements given in E 991 and which has circumferential viewing (Illumination). The instrumentation shall illuminate the specimen with light having the spectral irradiance criteria for ClE Standard llluminant D-65 as set forth in Section 5.1 of E 991 for the testing of fluorescent specimens. The reflectance data for the CIE 1931 2° Observer shall be computed in accordance with ASTM E 308. Fluorescent retroreflective materials shall meet the requirements for chromaticity coordinates given in the following table. CHROMATICITY COORDINATES Color 1 2 3 4 x y x y x y x y Fluorescent Orange 0.583 0. 416 0 535 0.400 0.595 0. 351 0. 645 0. 355 Fluorescent Yellow 0.479 0.520 0.446 0.483 0.512 0.421 0.557 0.442 Fluorescent Yellow-Green 0.387 0.610 0.369 0.546 0.428 0.496 0.460 0.540 Fluorescent retroreflective materials shall meet the luminance requirements given in the following table. LUMINANCE REQUIREMENTS Color Luminance Factor Limits (Y) (%) Minimum Maximum YF* Fluorescent Orange 25 None 15 Fluorescent Yellow 45 None 20 Fluorescent Yellow-Green 60 None 20 *Fluorescent luminance factors (Y F) are typical values, and are provided for quality assurance purposes only. YF shall not be used as a measure of performance during service.

880.03Sign Copy

Applied copy is classified as copy applied directly to the sign background. Unless noted otherwise, all standard Class 5, 7 and 10 signs shall have the sign copy applied by either the direct or reverse screening (silk screen) method as noted in Items 2 and 3 below. Route shields and markers with blue background and yellow symbols (typically a Class 4 or a portion of a Class 2 or 6 sign) shall use the Cut-out copy process as noted in Item 5 below . Special Class 5, 7, and 10 signs may utilize cut-out copy or acrylic electronic cuttable film as noted in Item 5 below, if so noted by the plans or on the approved shop drawings.

This method is used for applying non-reflective copy to a sign background.

This method is used for applying reflectorized copy to a reflectorized background by utilizing transparent inks applied to a white reflectorized background.

Material for application by the silk screen method shall manufacturer recommended matched component inks manufactured especially for use on roadway signs and compatible with the type sign background material being used. Application of screened copy and curing thereof shall be in strict compliance with the manufacturer's recommendations of the background material. Colors shall be durable and consistent with the requirements of the FHWA Standards Colors Charts for Signs. The color shall be uniform in acceptable Hue when viewed in daylight and under normal headlights at night.

Certain signs for which standardization is impractical, such as destination signs, may be authorized to use cut-out copy or acrylic electronic cuttable film unless noted otherwise on the plans. SIGN MATERIALS 770

Cut-out copy shall be fabricated from the appropriate class sheeting by individually cutting the borders, legends, numerals, and symbols, and applying them to the required background in strict compliance with the sheeting manufacturer's recommendation. If electronic cuttable film is used, it shall be the sheeting manufacturer’s recommended film and shall be applied to the required background in strict compliance with the sheeting manufacturer’s recommendations. The film shall be transparent when used in lieu of reverse screening and non-reflective when used in lieu of direct screening. When cut out copy or electronic cuttable film is authorized, borders, legends, symbols, or numerals shall be either screened, cut out copy, or created using electronic cuttable film; mixing of methods to form a border, a legend, a symbol, or numerals will not be permitted except when authorized on construction warning signs.

An approved digital printing system must be used. Digital printing systems include a digital printer with appropriate software and drivers, flexible white or colored prismatic retroreflective sheeting, acrylic overlay films, and inkjet inks. A list of approved digital printing systems is included in List V-1 of the MSDSAR. Sign messages shall be printed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Digital printing shall produce the desired color and the same retroreflectivity values as required for the reflective sheeting of the same type and color when applied on a reflective sheeting background. Traffic signs printed with digital ink systems will be fabricated with a full sign Protective Overlay Film designed to protect the entire sign from fading and UV degradation. The overlay will comply with the retroreflective sheeting manufacturer’s recommendations to ensure proper adhesion and transparency.

880.04Sign Supports

Ground mounted supports shall fall into two categories, a light weight {mass} or bendaway post and a standard or rigid post. The light weight {mass} or bendaway posts are normally single "U" channels (aluminum or steel) and tubular shapes (round, square, etc.) of such size and design that when hit by a moving vehicle, will easily bendaway from the vehicle without seriously damaging it. The standard or rigid posts shall be of various designs (shapes, tubular, etc.) which by size and design will not easily bendaway when hit by a moving vehicle. This type post, unless otherwise noted by plan details, will require a "breakaway" feature to be incorporated with the post. The material and design of the breakaway features for the various shapes of standard posts shall be shown by the plan details. Breakaway features constructed of steel shall have all elements galvanized, unless otherwise provided by the plan details. Damage to galvanization or any bare spots developed during construction shall be treated with two coats of approved galvanizing paint (Section 855) or approved zinc spelter paint. Aluminum elements will require no special treatment, unless so specified by plan details. All materials furnished for use shall be new, unless otherwise specified by plan details or provisions of the contract. All tubular post shapes whose design will have a tendency to collect water shall be provided with an approved tight-fitting post cap fabricated of material compatible with that of the post.

This type of post shall be fabricated from standard steel shapes of the size and weight {mass} shown by plan details. Round shapes shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A 53, Grade B, Schedule 40 or better (no pressure test required). Other shapes and materials shall be as noted by plan details.

This type of post shall be fabricated from standard beam shapes of the size, shape, and weight {mass} shown on the plans. The material shall conform to the requirements of either ASTM A 588 or A 572, Grade 50, unless otherwise noted by plan details.