101DEFINITION OF TERMS

101.01 Definitions.

Wherever the following terms or abbreviations (or pronouns in place of them) are used in these Specifications or in other contract documents, the intent and meaning shall be inter preted as follows:

101.01 Definitions.

Advertis ement For Bids or Notice to Contractors. A public announcement inviting bids for work to be performed or materials to be furnished, as required by law. Area. A subdivision of a Region for the supervision of the Department’s construction and maintenance op erations. Area Engineer. The engineer in charge of one of the Areas of the State. Article. An immediate subheading of a section of these Specifications consisting of Subarticles, Items, Subitems and/or paragraphs which set forth details and requirements essential or necessary to form the Specifications. Specifications are divided into Divisions, Divisions into Sections, Sections into Articles, Articles into Subarticles, Items, Subitems and paragraphs. Award. The acceptance by the Director of the proposal of the lowest responsible bidder, as required by law. Backfill. Material used to replace or the act of replacing material removed during construction; also may denote material placed or the act of placing material adjacent to structures. Back Slope. The sloping surface of a cut, of which the downward inclination is toward the roadbed. Base. The layer or layers of specified materials of designed thickness placed on a subbase or a subgrade to support a pavement or surface. Bidder. An individual, firm, partnership, corporation or any acceptable combination thereof submitting a bid for the adve rtised work. Binder Layer. The lower layer of the surface, consisting of a plant mix of graded aggregate and bituminous material. Bituminous Concrete. A designed combination of dense graded mineral aggregate filler and bituminous cement mixed in a centra l plant, laid and compacted while hot. Borrow. Suitable material from sources outside the roadway prism, used primarily for embankments. Bridge. A structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, highway, or rail way, and having a track or passageway for carrying traffic or other moving loads, and having an opening measured along the center of the roadway of more than 20 feet {6.1 m} between undercopings of abutments or spring lines of arches, or extreme ends of openings for multiple boxes; it may also include multiple pipes, where the clear distance between openings is less than half of the smaller contiguous opening. Bridge Engineer. The representative of the Chief Engineer of the Department that is responsible for the supervision of the structural design and analysis of all of the Department's transportation related structures. Bridge Length. The length of a bridge structure is the over -all length measured along the line of survey stationing back to back of backwalls of abutments, if present; otherwise, end to end of the bridge floor; but in no case less than the total clear opening of the structure. Bridge Roadway Width. The clear width measured at right angles to the longitudinal centerline of the bridge between the bottom of curbs or guard timber risers. Bypass. An arterial highway that permits traffic to avoid part or all of an urban area.

101.01 Definitions.

Calendar Day. Every day shown on the c alendar, beginning and ending at midnight, Sundays and holidays included. Construction Change and/or Work Order Request. A written document between the Department and the FHWA covering proposed project changes. Construction Joint. A joint made necessary by a prolonged interruption in the placing of concrete. Construction Engineer. The representative of the Chief Engineer of the Department that is responsible for the general administration of the Department's contract construction work. Contract. The written agreement between the State of Alabama and the Contractor setting forth the obligations of the parties hereunder for the performance of the prescribed work. The Contract includes the proposal, contract forms and contract bonds, speci fications , special provisions, general and detailed plans, and notice to proceed, also any change orders and supplemental agreements that are required to complete the construction of the work in an acceptable manner, including authorized extensions thereof , and such other documents as by law or references are made a part thereof, all of which constitute one instrument. Contract Bid Price. The sum total of the products of the approximate quantities of the items of the work listed in the proposal and the res pective unit prices bid in the proposal. Contract Bonds. The approved bonds furnished and executed by the Contractor and his surety to guarantee completion of the contract in accordance with its terms. Contract Item. (Pay Item). A specifically described unit of work for which a price is provided in the contract. Each pay item is numbered and is paid for under the terms of the specification section of the same number. Contract Payment Bond. The bond furnished by the Contractor and his surety to guarantee payment of the debts covered by the bond. Contract Performance Bond. The bond furnished by the Contractor and his surety to guarantee performance of the work in accordance with the contract. Contract Period or Contract Time. The number of work days or ca lendar days allowed for completion of the contract, including authorized time extensions. In a case where a calendar date of completion is shown in the proposal, in lieu of the number of working or calendar days, such work contemplated shall be completed by that date. Contract Sum or Contract Amount. The total contract bid price, revised to include changes caused by overruns and underruns in contract items, plus the sum of all approved supplemental agreements and force account orders. Contraction Joint. A joint at the ends of a rigid slab to control the location of transverse cracking. Contractor. The individual, partnership, firm, corporation, or any acceptable combination thereof contracting with the State for performance of prescribed work. Controlli ng Item(s). The current controlling item(s) or operation(s) includes any feature of the work considered at the time by the Engineer as essential to the orderly completion of the work and which, if delayed, will delay the time of completion of the contract. County. The county or counties of Alabama in which work herein specified is to be performed. Culvert. Any structure not classified as a bridge which provides an opening under the roadway.

101.01 Def initions.

Dense Graded Aggregate. A well- graded aggregate so proportioned as to contain a relatively small percentage of voids. Department. Alabama Department of Transportation, as constituted under the laws of Alabama for administration of highway work. Detour. A route provided for traffic to use in lieu of a regular route. Director. The chief executive officer of the Alabama Department of Transportation as created by law, also referred to herein as Transportation Director. Divided Highway. A highway with separated roadways for travel in opposite directions. Dowel. A load transfer element usually consisting of a plain round steel bar. Drainage Plane. A plane for internal drainage of the roadbed, usually formed by a layer of water -permeable material. Easement. A right to use or control the property of another for designated purposes. Embankment. A structure of soil, soil -aggregate or bro ken rock between the embankment foundation and the subgrade. Embankment Foundation. The material below the original ground surface the physical characteristics of which affect the support of the embankment. Employee. Any person working on the project to which these specifications apply, and who is under the direction or control of, or receives compensation from, the Contractor or Subcontractor. Engineer. A qualified Department staff member designated by the Director, acting either directly or through his authorized assistants or representatives, who is responsible for engineering supervision of construction activities. Equipment. All machinery and equipment, together with the necessary supplies for operation and upkeep, maintenance, and protection, and a lso tools and apparatus necessary for the proper construction and acceptable completion of the work. Existing. The physical status as of the date of the invitation for bids of any structure, base, surface, subgrade, road, bridge, detour, or other unit aff ected by a particular project or designated highway. Expansion Joint. A joint located to provide for expansion of a rigid slab, without damage to itself, adjacent slabs, or structures. Extra Work. An item of work not provided for in the contract as awarded but found essential to the satisfactory completion of the contract within its intended scope. Extra Work Order. A change order concerning the performance of work or furnishing of materials involving extra work. Such extra work may be performed at agreed prices or on a force account basis as provided elsewhere in these specifications. Faulting. Differential vertical displacement of rigid slabs at a joint or crack. Flagman. An individual with a flag, stop/slow paddle , or other approved signaling device, whose duty is to signal vehicular traffic to: (1) come to a stop, (2) alter its speed and/or course, or (3) receive other instructions with reference to highway routes and th eir condition.

101.01 Definitions.

Flexible Pavement. A pavement structure which maintains intimate contact with and distributes loads to the subgrade and depends upon aggregate interlock, particle friction, and cohesion for stability. Force Account Work. Work paid for by r eimbursing for the actual costs for labor, materials, and equipment usage incurred in the performance of the work, as directed, including a percentage for overhead and profit, where appropriate. Frontage Road. A local street or road auxiliary to and locat ed generally on the side of an arterial highway, for service to abutting property and adjacent areas and for control of access to the highway. Front Slope. The sloping surface of an embankment or roadway side ditch of which the downward inclination is awa y from the roadbed. General Application Special Provisions. See “Special Provisions”. Grade Separation. A structure, with its approaches, which provides for highway traffic to pass without interruption over or under a railway, street, or another highway. Highway, Street or Road. A general term denoting a public way for purpose of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right of way. Holiday. See "Legal Holiday". In Place. A term to denote that the unit price covers compensation for the i tem complete in place including all costs incidental to procurement, handling, hauling, and processing the item (including water) as required. The item will be measured and paid for in the manner provided in applicable sections of these specifications. Inspector. The Engineer's authorized representative assigned to make detailed inspection of contract performance. Interchange. A system of interconnecting roadways, in conjunction with one or more grade separations, providing for the movement of traffic bet ween two or more roadways on different levels. Intersection. The general area where two or more highways join or cross, within which are included the roadway and roadside facilities for traffic movements in that area. Joint. A designed vertical plane of separation or weakness. Laboratory. The testing laboratory o f the Department or any other testing laboratory which may be designated by the Engineer. Legal Holiday. Holidays which will be allowed in computing Contractor's time charges on a working day basis will be limited to the following days: Sundays, New Year's Day, Robert E. Lee's/ Martin Luther King's Birthday (the third Monday in January), George Washington's/ Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (the third Monday in February), Mardi Gras Day (Mobile and Baldwin Counties only), Confederate Memorial Day, National Memo rial Day, Jefferson Davis' Birthday, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day/ Fraternal Day (the second Monday in October), Veterans' Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. All dates for legal holidays will be as prescribed by Alabama Act 250 of 1991. Dates for combined holidays are shown herein. Leveling Course. The layer of material placed on an existing surface to eliminate irregularities prior to placing an overlaying course. Load Transfer Device. A mechanical means designed to carry loads across a joint.

101.01 Definitions.

Local Road or Street. A street or road primarily for access to residence, business, or other abutting property. Longitudinal Joint. A joint normally placed between traffic lanes to control longitudinal cracking. Lot. A uniquely defined quantit y of material from a single source, or homogeneous segment of construction, on which decision is made for acceptance. Major Highway. An arterial highway with intersections at grade and direct access to abutting property, and on which geometric design and traffic control measures are used to expedite the safe movement of through traffic. Major Item. Any item having an original contract value in excess of 10 percent of the total contract bid price. Major Street. An arterial highway with intersections at gr ade and direct access to abutting property, and on which geometric design and traffic control measures are used to expedite the safe movement of through traffic. Materials. Any substances specified for use in the construction of the project and its appurt enances. Materials and Tests Engineer. The representative of the Chief Engineer of the Department that is responsible for the selection and control of all materials used in the construction the Department's transportation structures. Material Vendor. A corporation, firm or individual who sells or rents supplies, equipment, or materials to a Contractor or Subcontractor or whose materials are prepared away from the construction premises and are delivered in final form to the construction site; su ch delivery being merely incidental to the sale. Material vendor must be a separate legal entity with independent investment in facilities and equipment and an independent business organization and operation, exercising a prerequisite degree of independent initiative, judgment, and foresight. A corporation, firm or individual which establishes a temporary plant or facility of any kind on or near a project for the purpose of furnishing material for that project only will not be considered a "material vendor" but will be considered a "Subcontractor" as defined in these specifications. Median. That portion of a divided highway separating the traveled ways for traffic in opposite directions. Median Lane. A speed -change lane within the median to accommodate lef t-turning vehicles. Navigable Stream. A stream classed by the U.S. Coast Guard and/or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as navigable. Notice to Contractors. See "Advertisement for Bids." Notice to Proceed (Work Order). Written notice to the Contractor in forming him of approval of his contract and notifying him to proceed with the contract work, including, when applicable, the date of beginning of contract time. Original Ground. The ground surface just prior to the initiation of the proposed work. Parkin g Lane. An auxiliary lane primarily for the parking of vehicles. Pavement Structure. The combination of subbase, base, and surface placed on a subgrade to support the traffic load and distribute it to the roadbed.

101.01 Definitions.

Pay Item. See "Contract Item". Plans. The contract drawings, which show the location, character, dimensions, and details of the prescribed work, including layouts, profiles, cross sections, and other details or reproductions thereof. Prime Coat. An application of a low viscosity liquid bituminous material to coat and bind mineral particles preparatory to placing a base or surface course. Professional Service. An individual or firm who provides highly specialized technical or unique functions in areas such as engineering, surveying, testing, inspection, certification, and environmental remediation. These services may or may not require professional licensure. Profile Grade. The trace of a vertical plane intersecting the top surface of the proposed wearing surface, usually along the longitudinal centerline of the roadbed. Profile grade means either elevation or gradient of such trace according to the contract. Project. The specified section of the highway together with all appurtenances and construction to be performed thereon under the contract. Project Manager. The Department’s on -site representative who is in responsible charge of monitoring the Contractor’s daily a ctivities including the inspection of the work and the estimation of payment quantities. Project Number. A number assigned for convenience to identify the work covered in a project. Project -Specific Special Provisions. See “Special Provisions”. Proposal . The offer of a bidder, on the prescribed form, to perform the stated construction work at the prices quoted. Proposal Form. The prescribed form on which the offer of a bidder is to be submitted. Proposal Guaranty. The cashier’s check or bid bond furnis hed with a bid to assure that the bidder will enter into the contract if his offer is accepted. Questionnaire. The specified forms on which the Contractor shall furnish required information as to his ability to perform and finance the work. Ramp. A conne cting roadway between two intersecting highways, generally at a highway separation, or a sloping driveway giving access to a highway. Random Sample . A small part of a lot which is used to represent the whole, so chosen that each portion of the lot has an equal probability of being selected. Record Plans. Reproductions of plans issued to bidders as noted in Article 105.02. Recovery Time. Recovery time is defined as the time required, after the controlling item or items of work have been substantially damaged as a result of conditions and causes beyond the control of the Contractor and not due to his negligence or fault, to restore the work to the condition existing prior to such damage so that normal operations can be resumed on the contract pay items. Rec overy time shall be the number of days required by the Contractor, working with normal forces, to restore the work as described above. Region. A geographic subdivision of the State for the purpose of executing the Department’s construction, maintenance , and administrative activities. There are five regions within the State. Each Region is further subdivided into two Areas.

101.01 Definitions.

Region Engineer. The engineer in charge of one of the five Regions of the State. Reinforcement. Steel embedded in a rigid pavement slab and in concrete structures to resist tensile stresses and detrimental opening of cracks. Repetition, Avoidance of. See Article 101.01(c). Reprocessing. The renewal of an existing surface by scarifying, remixing with or without additional material, and relaying. Resurfacing . The placing of one or more new courses on an existing surface. Retainage. The Department will not withhold retainage. Retainage is the money belonging to the Contractor which was held by the D epartment conditioned on final completion and acceptance of all work in connection with a project or projects by the Contractor. Right of Way. A general term denoting land, property or interest therein, usually in a strip, acquired for or devoted to trans portation purposes. Rigid Pavement. A pavement structure which distributes loads to the subgrade having as one course a Portland cement concrete slab of relatively high bending resistance. Rigid Slab. A section of Portland cement concrete pavement bounded by joints and edges, designed for continuity of tensile stress. Road. A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel including the entire area within the right of way. Roadbed. The graded portion of a highway within top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder. The top surface of the roadbed is the subgrade. Roadbed Material. The material below the subgrade in cuts and embankments, and in embankment foundations extending to such depth as a ffects the support of the pavement structure. Roadside. A general term denoting the area adjoining the outer edge of the roadway. Extensive areas between the roadways of a divided highway may also be considered roadside. Roadside Improvement or Developme nt. Those items necessary to the complete highway which provide for the preservation of landscape materials and features; the rehabilitation and protection against erosion of all areas disturbed by construction through seeding, sodding, mulching and the pl acing of other ground covers; such suitable planting and other improvements as may increase the effectiveness and enhance the appearance of the highway. Roadway. The portion of the highway within the limits of construction. A highway may have more than one roadway. Seal Coat. A thin treatment consisting of bituminous material, usually with cover aggregate, applied to a surface course. The term includes, but is not limited to, sand- seal, chip -seal, slurry seal, contrast seal and fog seal. Shop Drawings. Fabrication plans for any part of the work including, but not limited to, precast concrete items, structural steel items, or other metal items, and connections thereof, which the Contractor is required to submit to the Engineer. Sidewalk. That p ortion of the roadway primarily constructed for the use of pedestrians.

101.01 Definitions.

Skew Angle - Skew. The complement of the acute angle between two centerlines which cross; for a structure centerline, skew right means the right side of the structure is ahead; skew l eft means the left side of the structure is ahead. Soil Survey. The exploration of the site of the proposed improvements by borings and tests or other methods and the preparations of soil profiles showing the significant layers, bedrock, water table, and other features. Special Provisions. Additions and revisions to the Standard Specifications applicable to an individual project. Special Provisions include General Application Special Provisions and Project -Specific Special Provisions . General Application Special Provisions . Additions and revisions to the Standard Specifications applicable to multiple projects. General Application Special Provisions shall prevail over Standard Specifications and plans. Project -Specific Special Provisions. Additi ons and revisions to the Standard Specifications applicable to an individual project. Project Specific Special Provisions shall prevail over General Application Special Provisions, Standard Specifications, and plans. Specifications. The compilation of pro visions and requirements of prescribed work. Specified Completion Date. The date on which the contract work is specified to be completed. Speed Change Lane. An auxiliary lane, including tapered areas, primarily for the acceleration or deceleration of veh icles entering or leaving the through traffic lanes. Stabilization. Modification of soils or aggregates by incorporating materials that will increase load bearing capacity, firmness, and resistance to weathering or displacement. Standard Drawings. Drawin gs approved for repetitive use, showing details to be used where appropriate. Standard Specifications . A book of specifications approved for general application and repetitive use. State. The State of Alabama, the party of the first part to the contract, acting by and through the Transportation Director. Station. One hundred feet {one hundred meters} measured horizontally. Street. A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right of way applicable to travel ways in urban areas. Structures. Bridges, culverts, basins, drop inlets, retaining walls, cribbing, manholes, en dwalls, buildings, sewers, service pipes, underdrains, foundation drains and other features which may be encountered in the work and not otherwise classed herein. Subbase. A layer or layers of specified or selected material or designed thickness placed on a subgrade to support a base or rigid pavement. Subcontractor. An individual, partnership, firm, corporation or any acceptable combination thereof who has or have, with the written approval of the Department, contracted with the Contractor to execute and perform in his stead any part of the contract, as permitted by Article 108.01 of these Specifications. Material vendors as defined herein are not Subcontractors.

101.01 Definitions.

Subgrade. The top surface of the roadbed, upon which the pavement structure and shoulders ar e constructed. Subgrade Treatment . Modification of roadbed material by stabilization. Substructure. All of that part of the structure below the bearings of simple and continuous spans, skewbacks of arches and tops of footings of rigid frames; including backwalls, wingwalls, and wing protection railings. Superintendent. The Contractor's authorized representative in responsible charge of the work. Superstructure. All that part of a structure above, and including, the bearings of simple and continuous spans, skewbacks of arches and top of footings of rigid frames; excluding backwalls, wingwalls, and wing protection railings. Supplemental Agreement . A written agreement with the Contractor covering changes in the plans, specifications, or quantities or any c ombination thereof, within the scope of the contract and establishing the basis of payment and time adjustments for the work affected by the changes . Surety. The corporation, partnership or individual other than the Contractor executing a bond furnished by the Contractor, licensed under the laws of Alabama. Surface. One or more layers of a material designed to accommodate the traffic load, the top layer of which resists skidding, traffic abrasion and the disintegrating effects of climate. The top layer is generally called the wearing layer and the lower layer the binder layer. Surface Treatment. One or more applications of bituminous material and cover aggregate or thin plant mix on an old pavement or any element of a new pavement structure. Tack Coat. An application of bituminous material to an existing surface to provide bond with a superimposed course. Temporary Structure . Any structure required to maintain traffic during construction of the work, which will be dismantled if required when the work is completed. Through Highway. Every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is given preferential right of way, and at the entrances to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is required by law to yield right of way to vehicles on such through highway in obedience to either a stop sign or a yield sign, when such signs are erected. Through Street. Every street or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is given preferential right of way, and at the entrances to which vehicular traffic from intersecting streets is required by law to yield right of way to vehicles on such through highway in obedience to either a stop sign or a yield sign, when such signs are erected. Tie Bar. A deformed steel bar or connector imbedded in the concrete across a joint to prevent separation of abutting slabs. Traffic Lane. The portion of a traveled way for movement of a sin gle line of vehicles. Transportation Director. See "Director". Traveled Way. The portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders and auxiliary lanes.

102.01 Notice to Contractors (Advertisement).

Typical Section. That cross section established by the plans which represen ts in general the lines to which the Contractor shall work in the execution of his contract. Work (The Work). Work shall mean the furnishing of all labor, materials, equipment, and other incidentals necessary or convenient to the successful completion of the project and the carrying out of all duties and obligations imposed by the contract. Working Day (Daytime Work). Any Calendar Day from midnight to midnight, exclusive of Saturdays and Legal Holidays (as defined herein), on which the Contractor could pr oceed with construction operations for a period of six hours or more with the normal working forces engaged in performing work on the controlling item or items of work, which normally would be in progress at that time, will be classified as a working day. Saturdays and Legal Holidays on which the Contractor elects to work for a period of four hours or more will be classified as a working day. Working Day (Nighttime Work). (Where nighttime work is required, or allowed by the Engineer.) Any 24 hour period fr om noon to noon, on which the Contractor could proceed with nighttime construction operations for a period of six hours or more with the normal working forces engaged in performing work on the controlling item or items of work, which normally would be in p rogress at that time, will be classified as a working day. Saturdays and Legal Holidays on which the Contractor elects to work for a period of four hours or more will be classified as a working day. Working Drawings. Erection plans, falsework plans, framework plans, cofferdam plans, or any other supplementary plans or similar data which the Contractor is required to submit to the Engineer.

102.01 Notice to C ontractors (Advertisement).