210.01 Description. This item shall consist of excavation,
construction of embankment, and disposal or compact ion of all material that is encountered within the limits of t he work not being removed under some other item. The work shall be a ccomplished in reasonably close conformity with the lines, grades, thicknesses, and typical cross sections shown on the plans or establ ished by the Engineer. All excavation will be classified as com mon excavation, rock excavation, or unclassified excavation.
210.02 Quality Control and Acceptance. It is the intent of
these specifications that all embankments, fills, a nd backfills and the top 6" (150 mm) of the roadbed in cut sections shal l be compacted to the specified density at or near the optimum moistu re content. To that end, certain tests for quality control and acc eptance shall be performed as specified herein. If the result of an y test shows that the required minimum density has not been obtained, cor rective action shall be taken. Such corrective action may include , but is not limited to, additional compactive effort; scarifyin g, adjusting moisture content and recompacting; or removal of un suitable material and replacement with suitable material. E xcept for removal and replacement of unsuitable material below finish ed subgrade elevation in cut sections or below natural ground i n fill sections, all corrective actions shall be performed by the Contra ctor at no cost to the Department. 162 When the Engineer determines that the material is s o rocky that it cannot be tested for density by the specified metho ds, acceptance will be as determined by the Engineer.
a.Quality Control. The Contractor shall determine the maximum laboratory density and optimum moisture con tent for each soil type encountered on the project. The maximum laboratory density will be determined according to Subsection 210.10. The Contractor shall furnish the Department split sampl es of each soil used to determine laboratory densities. The Engine er may require additional laboratory densities when significant ch anges in the soils encountered on the project are evident. The Contractor shall furnish all personnel, equipme nt, and facilities necessary to perform the required sampli ng and testing. The Contractor's facilities shall be separate from any Field Laboratory and/or Field Office furnished under the Contract. The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with the oppo rtunity to observe all quality control sampling and testing. Quality control sampling and testing by the Contractor shall be per formed in a qualified laboratory by a certified technician. Re quirements for technician certification and laboratory qualificati on are contained in the Department’s Manual of Field Sampling and Testing Procedures . Test reports shall be signed and copies made ava ilable to the Engineer if requested. In-place densities shall be determined according to Subsection 210.10. When the results of any test show that the minimum required density has not been obtained, corrective actions s hall be taken, followed by a re-test in the same location. The or iginal and re-test reports shall be cross-referenced. Establishing the frequency of sampling and testing for quality control is the Contractor's responsibility, however the Contractor will be required to make certain tests as specified in Subsection 210.02(b).
b.Acceptance Testing. The Contractor shall perform acceptance testing using the same methods specified for quality control testing. Acceptance sampling and testing b y the Contractor shall be performed in a qualified laboratory by a c ertified technician. Requirements for technician certification and labor atory 163 qualification are contained in the Department’s Manual of Field Sampling and Testing Procedures. The item of work being tested shall not be considered complete or accepted until passing test reports are submitted to the Engineer. The minimum frequency of acceptance testing by the Contractor shall be one test for density and moisture content per each 3000 cubic yards (2500 cu m) of embankment placed except that at least one test shall be performed on each layer of embank ment. The location will be randomly selected by the Engineer using AHTD 465. The results of all tests shall be at or above the minimum required density and the moisture content should be near the optimum. If the result of any test does not meet t hese requirements, corrective action shall be taken and a re-test will be taken at the same location. In addition to the required acceptance tests, the E ngineer may require the Contractor to test any location that, b y visual observation, appears to be defective. The Contractor’s acceptance sampling and testing pr ocedures, equipment, and results will be subject to independe nt assurance sampling and testing conducted by the Department. Independent assurance sampling and testing will be conducted at the frequencies indicated in the Department’s Manual of Field Sampling and Testing Procedures . The Contractor shall be required to make changes to the equipment and/or procedures used if the results of the independent assurance tests do not correlate with t he Contractor’s test results. All acceptance testing performed by the Contractor shall be subject to observation by Department personnel. Al l test reports shall be signed and submitted to the Engineer by th e next business day after the tests are performed. The Department will obtain and test a minimum of on e sample, taken at the frequency established in the Departmen t’s Manual of Field Sampling and Testing Procedures , for verification testing in accordance with Subsection 106.11.
c.Measurement and Payment. All work required under this subsection will not be paid for separately, but ful l compensation 164 therefor will be considered included in the contrac t unit prices bid for the various earthwork items included in the Con tract.
210.03 Vacant.
210.04 Vacant.
210.05 Classes of Excavation. (a) Common Excavation .
Common excavation shall consist of all excavation n ot included as rock excavation or excavation that is otherwise cla ssified.
b.Rock Excavation. Rock excavation shall consist of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock that cannot be ex cavated without blasting or the use of rippers, and all bou lders or other detached stones each having a volume of 0.5 cubic yard (0.5 cu m) or more.
c.Unclassified Excavation. Unclassified excavation shall consist of the excavation and disposal of all mater ials of whatever character encountered in the work.
210.06 Borrow. Borrow material shall consist of a soil, or a
mixture of soil and stone or gravel or other accept able material, reasonably free from sod, stumps, logs, roots, or o ther perishable or deleterious matter, and shall be capable of forming a stable embankment when compacted. The stone or gravel sha ll be of such size as not to interfere with compaction requiremen ts specified in Subsection 210.10. Unless otherwise designated in the Contract, the Contractor shall make all arrangements for obtainin g borrow and shall pay all costs involved. Also see the require ments of Sections 106 and 107. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer sufficient ly in advance of opening any borrow areas so that cross section e levations and measurements of the ground surface after stripping may be taken. When requested in writing by the Contractor and app roved by the Engineer, material may be obtained from the right-o f-way and used in lieu of off-site borrow material. When the mate rial is obtained within the limits of the Contract, payment will be made for material obtained from the right-of-way at either: 1) the un it price bid for Borrow, less an agreed royalty, or 2) the applicabl e item of excavation, whichever results in the lower cost to the Department. If the site is located outside the limits of the Contr act, the material will be paid for at the unit price bid for Borrow, less an agreed royalty. 165 For the purposes of this paragraph, the phrase "lim its of the Contract" is defined as the entire right-of-way, in cluding easements, between the beginning and ending stations of the pr oject outside the limits of excavation shown on the plans or as chang ed by the Engineer for any purpose other than obtaining addit ional material. On projects where there are designated exceptions, the beginning and ending stations shall be the beginning and endi ng stations of the exceptions. Included in the planned excavation wil l be any excavation made beyond the beginning and ending sta tions that is made for the purpose of blending the new constructi on to the existing roadway, whether shown on the plans or not .
210.07 Construction Requirements. The excavation and
embankments for the roadway, intersections, and ent rances shall be finished to reasonably smooth and uniform surfaces. No materials shall be wasted unless they are surplus to the need s of the project or are deemed unsuitable by the Engineer, and only wit h the permission of the Engineer. Before beginning excavation, grad ing, and/or embankment operations in any area, all necessary wo rk in that area shall have been performed according to Sections 201 , 202, and 203, except that some removal items in Section 202 (e.g. , curb, culverts, etc.) may be removed simultaneously and in coordina tion with excavation operations, provided such delay in remov al of these items does not adversely affect the proper completion of excavation and construction of embankments. Unless otherwise specified, rock shall be excavated to a minimum depth of 8" (200 mm) and not to exceed a ma ximum depth of 12" (300 mm) below subgrade within the limits of the roadbed, and the excavation backfilled with material designa ted on the plans or approved by the Engineer. Care shall be taken t hat undrained pockets shall not be left in the surface of the roc k. Borrow material should not be placed until after th e roadway excavation has been placed in the fill. If the Con tractor places more borrow than is required and thereby causes a waste of excavation, the amount of such waste will be deducted from the borrow volume as measured in the borrow area. All borrow areas s hall comply with Section 106. Obliteration of old roadways may include excavation and rough grading of the old roadway and/or the addition of b orrow to restore approximately the original contour of the ground or to produce a 166 pleasing appearance by forming natural, rounded slo pes. Roadway obliteration will be paid for as excavation and/or borrow as appropriate. Unless otherwise provided for on the plans or in th e specifications, the removal of any existing base co urse or asphalt pavement necessary for constructing new pavement co nnections, or of asphalt paving in existing island locations or o ther areas not specifically addressed, will be measured and paid f or as unclassified excavation. When the Contractor's excavation operations encount er a restraining condition as defined in Subsection 107. 10, operations shall be temporarily discontinued. Work in the are a shall not resume until the disposition of the restraining condition has been accomplished. Where natural ground conditions or excavation to th e finished grade section results in a subgrade or slopes of un suitable soil, the Engineer may require the Contractor to undercut the unsuitable materials and backfill with approved material to th e elevation designated by the Engineer. The Engineer may desig nate as unsuitable those soils that cannot be stabilized in place through normal drying and compactive efforts when satisfact ory weather and ground conditions exist. Normal drying and compact ive effort shall be considered to be the work required in processing and compacting the natural ground (including the bottom of a cut s ection) to a maximum depth of 12" (300 mm) after the soil is bro ught to near optimum moisture content. Undercut directed by the Engineer will be measured and paid for under the appropriate clas sification of excavation. The Contractor shall conduct construct ion operations so that the Engineer can take the necessary measuremen ts before the backfill is placed. In the construction of embankment, grading operatio ns shall be conducted, as far as practicable, so that the most suitable soil is placed in the top layer of the embankment. To that end, the Engineer may order specific excavated materials, ei ther from the regular roadway section or from borrow pits, placed in stockpiles for future use. Material thus stockpiled shall be meas ured in its original position and paid for at the contract unit price fo r Common Excavation, Unclassified Excavation, or Borrow, as the case may be. All material removed from the stockpile for placeme nt in the 167 embankment shall be measured in the stockpile by th e conventional cross section method and payment for the second han dling in removing from the stockpile and placing in the road way embankment will be paid for at the contract unit pr ice for Common Excavation or Unclassified Excavation, as the case may be. No adjustment will be made for shrinkage or swell. It is intended that the right-of-way be left in a n eat and presentable condition at the completion of the grad ing work, and especially that it be left in a condition that can be economically mowed where terrain will permit. To that end, stum p holes, piles of loose material, and other scars on the surface shal l be dressed by use of a motor patrol or other suitable equipment. No direct payment will be made for this work but it shall be consider ed as a part of the several items of excavation. Particular care and discretion shall be exercised i n the location and use of haul lanes through tree screens in order to preserve existing growth. Haul lanes shall have prior appro val by the Engineer.
210.08 Excavation Operations. All suitable material removed
from the excavation shall be used, as far as practi cable, in the formation of the embankment, in the subgrade, slope s, and shoulders, and at such other places as directed. U nsuitable material removed may be placed on the slopes or other locati ons on the project if designated by the Engineer. No payment will be made for any excavated material that is used for purposes ot her than those designated, except as provided under Subsection 104 .06. All excess or unsuitable excavated material that ca nnot be used in embankments may be placed on the side slopes of the nearest fill in a satisfactory manner and shall be placed so as to maintain a distinct shoulder line by generally keeping all such materia l at least 24" (0.6 m) below the subgrade elevation. Excavated material that cannot be utilized as descr ibed above shall be hauled away and disposed of by the Contrac tor. Selection and procurement of sites for the disposal of materi al removed from the project shall be the responsibility of the Cont ractor. Sites used for the disposal of unused material shall be left i n a neat and presentable condition. The Contractor shall have a written agreement with the property owner, and shall comply with the 168 requirements of Subsection 107.10 and Section 110. Work involved in disposing of the material, including obtaining t he sites, hauling, seeding and stabilization, and complying with Secti on 110, will not be paid for separately, but full compensation there for will be considered included in the contract unit price(s) b id for the appropriate classification(s) of excavation. Except in solid rock or other materials that in the judgment of the Engineer require a modified slope, all slopes shall be trimmed to the slopes shown in the cross section drawings, and car e must be exercised so that no material shall be loosened bel ow the required slopes. All roots, stumps, and other foreign matte r in the sides and bottoms of the ditches or drainage outlets shall be removed or cut to conform to the slope, grade, and shape of the secti on shown. Side ditches shall be excavated reasonably true to lines , grades, and cross sections as shown on the plans or as directed. When excavating in rock, at locations shown on the plans or designated by the Engineer, a presplit or breakline shall be produced along the cut slope, except presplitting will not b e required in cuts less than 6' (2 m) in depth. When blasting rock in cuts less than 6' (2 m) in depth, a reasonably uniform face shall be left, regardless of whether the excavation is carried beyond the specif ied slope. All breakage and slide materials shall be removed by th e Contractor and disposed of as directed. The presplitting or breakline involves a single row of holes drilled along the neat excavation line and the blas ting charge fired before any adjoining main excavation area is blaste d. To establish the breakline, holes for presplitting shall be so s paced and of such diameter that they can be properly loaded and tampe d so as to produce a relatively smooth plane along the designa ted backslope before shooting the interior portion of the cut. T he exact spacing and diameter shall be determined by the Contractor to accomplish the desired finished section and shall be changed i f the pattern of drilling and blasting fails to do so. In the event the cut is too deep for the presplitting to be done in one operation, a n 18" (0.5 m) offset or bench will be allowed for each succeeding line o f drill holes. Presplitting operations shall be discontinued when the rock face is of such character that no apparent advantage is gained . The presplit slope face shall not deviate more than 1' (0.3 m) from a plane passing through adjacent drill holes, except 169 where the character of the rock is such that, as de termined by the Engineer, irregularities are unavoidable. The 1' ( 0.3 m) tolerance shall be measured perpendicular to the plane of the slope. In no case shall any portion of the slope encroach on the road bed. The Contractor's attention is called to the fact th at where traffic must be maintained, all necessary precautions shall be taken to protect the traveling public during blasting operat ions. The Contractor will be required to comply with all Fede ral, State, and local laws and regulations pertaining to the storag e and use of explosives. The Engineer shall, at all times, have the authorit y to prohibit or halt the Contractor's blasting operations if it is apparent that through the methods being employed, the required slopes are not being obtained in a stable condition or the safety and co nvenience of the traveling public is being jeopardized. Boulders and rock fragments not incorporated in emb ankments shall not be left scattered about over the right-of -way but shall be disposed of as directed. Payment will be made for the removal of such material from its original position only. All rock on the cut face that is loose, hanging, or that creates a potentially dangerous situation shall be removed or stabilized, to the Engineer's satisfaction, during or upon completion of the excavation in each lift. Drilling of the next lift will not b e allowed until this work has been completed.
210.09 Embankment Construction. Embankment construction
shall consist of constructing roadway embankments, including preparation of the areas upon which they are to be placed; the construction of dikes within or outside the right-o f-way; the placing and compacting of approved material within roadway areas where unsuitable material has been removed; and the placi ng and compacting of embankment material in holes, pits, a nd other depressions within the roadway area. Only approved materials shall be used in the construction of embankments and back fills. Rocks, broken concrete, or other solid materials sh all not be placed in embankment areas where piling is to be pl aced or driven. When embankment is to be placed and compacted on hi llsides, or when new embankment is to be compacted against exis ting 170 embankments, or when embankment is built ½ widths a t a time, the slopes shall be continuously benched as the work is brought up in layers. Benching shall be of sufficient width to p ermit operations of placing and compacting equipment. Each horizontal cut shall begin at the intersection of the original ground and the vertical sides of the previous cuts. Unless otherwise specified, materia l thus cut out shall be recompacted along with the new embankment materi al at no cost to the Department. If the Engineer directs such ma terial to be wasted or placed in another location, the excavated material will be measured and paid for under the appropriate item of excavation. Unless otherwise shown on the plans, where an emban kment less than 3' (1 m) in height is to be made, all sod and vegetable matter shall be removed from the surface upon which the em bankment is to be constructed and later placed on the completed em bankment slopes. The cleared surface shall then be complete ly broken up by plowing, scarifying, or disking to a minimum depth of 6" (150 mm). The area shall then be recompacted and stabilized a ccording to Subsection 210.10. Whenever a compacted road surface containing asphal t or granular material lies within 3' (1 m) of the subgr ade, such old road surface shall be scarified to a depth of at least 6 " (150 mm). This scarified material shall then be recompacted to a s table condition. If embankment material can be deposited on one side only of abutments, wing walls, piers, or culvert headwalls, care shall be taken that the area immediately adjacent to the str ucture is not compacted to the extent that it will cause overturn ing or excessive pressure against the structure. When noted on the plans, the fill adjacent to the end bent of a bridge shall not be p laced higher than the bottom of the backwall of the bent until the su perstructure is in place. When embankment is to be placed on both sid es of a concrete wall or box type structure, operations shall be con ducted so that the embankment is always at approximately the same elev ation on both sides of the structure. Roadway embankment shall be placed in parallel laye rs not exceeding 10" (250 mm), loose measurement, and shal l be compacted as specified and stable before the next l ayer is placed. Effective spreading equipment shall be used on each lift to obtain uniform thickness before compacting. As the compac tion of each layer progresses, continuous leveling and manipulat ing will 171 be required to assure uniform density. Water shall be added or removed, as necessary, to obtain the required densi ty. Construction equipment shall be routed uniformly over the entire surface of each layer. The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of each layer. The material in each layer will be consider ed stable when it will not rut and/or pump under construction operati ons. When the excavated material consists predominantly of rock fragments of such size that the material cannot be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed, such material may be plac ed in the embankment in layers not exceeding in thickness the approximate size of the larger rocks (30" [750 mm] maximum). R ock or boulders too large to permit placing in 30" (750 mm) layers shall be reduced in size as necessary to permit this placement. The 12" (300 mm) of the embankment immediately below finished subgrade may be placed in one layer with no rock exceeding 10" (250 mm) in its greatest dimension. Each layer shall be constructe d so that rock voids are substantially filled with rock fines and/ or earth. The rock shall be placed and manipulated in uniform layers a nd rock fines and/or earth shall be distributed throughout each e mbankment layer and manipulated as herein indicated. Rock shall no t be end dumped over the edges of the layer being constructed, but shall be deposited on the layer and moved ahead so as to advance the l ayer with a mixture of rock fines and/or earth. The Contractor shall be responsible for the stabili ty of all constructed embankments and shall restore, at no co st to the Department, any portions that have become displaced due to carelessness or negligent work. After the completi on of a section of roadway, it shall be maintained at finished grade a nd cross section by blading when and to the extent directed by the E ngineer. In those portions of embankments that are immediate ly adjacent to structures or are for other reasons inaccessible to the compaction equipment in use, only suitable material shall be u sed and it shall be placed in successive parallel layers of not more th an 6" (150 mm) thickness, loose measurement. Each layer shall be uniformly mixed and compacted to the requirement of the specific it em using mechanical equipment. Hand tamping will not be per mitted. 172 Embankments shall be constructed in sections of not less than 200' (60 m) in length, or the full length of the em bankment if less than 200' (60 m).
210.10 Compaction Requirements. The natural ground surface
on which an embankment less than 3' (1 m) in height is to be constructed, the roadbed through sections in excava tion, and all embankments shall be compacted as described in this subsection. Compaction will not be required in cleared areas wh ere grubbing is not required and it is impractical to work compacti on equipment. All equipment, tools, and machinery used on this wo rk shall be suitable for the soil to be compacted, and shall be maintained in good operating condition. Unless otherwise provide d, compaction of earthwork shall be accomplished by any satisfact ory method or methods that will obtain the density hereinafter sp ecified. The material in each layer of embankment shall be c ompacted to a uniform density of not less than 95% of the maxim um laboratory density. Specified density will not be required imm ediately adjacent to wingwalls of box culverts. Percent coarse particles retained on the #4 (4.75 m m) sieve shall be determined according to AASHTO T 27 and the maxi mum laboratory density determined as follows: % Retained - #4 (4.75 mm) Sieve Test Method 10 Max. AASHTO T 99, Method A 11 - 30 AASHTO T 99, Method C 31 Min. AASHTO T 180, Method D Note: Instead of AASHTO T 224, correction for coarse particles retained on the 3/4" (19.0 mm) sieve shal l be determined by replacing with an equal mass of mater ial passing the 3/4" (19.0 mm) sieve and retained on th e #4 (4.75 mm) sieve. The in-place density shall be determined by using A ASHTO T 310, Direct Transmission. The moisture content s hall be determined by AASHTO T 310 or AHTD Test Method 347 or 348. The moisture content of the material being compacte d through out each entire layer shall be substantially that o f optimum moisture of the particular soil type. It shall be the respo nsibility of the Contractor to bring the moisture content throughout each layer of the 173 embankment to be compacted to substantially that of optimum moisture by the addition of water or by aeration as may be necessary to increase or decrease moisture under the conditio ns encountered. The density of the embankment shall be obtained and maintained or restored before placing a subsequent layer of em bankment, base course, or surfacing. The following procedures are to be followed in secu ring the required compaction: The embankment shall be constructed to grade over t he full width in uniform layers parallel to the finished surface and not more than 10" (250 mm) in thickness, loose measure. Each lay er shall have the moisture content and be compacted to meet the requi rements herein before provided. The maximum depth of layer as spe cified may be modified by the Engineer as particular conditions j ustify, such as the placing of the first layer over marshy area, or on slopes too steep for the operation of equipment. In such areas the emba nkment may be constructed in one layer to the minimum elevation a t which equipment can be operated and above such elevation the layers shall not exceed the specified maximum thickness of 10" ( 250 mm), loose measure. Density requirements will not apply to portions of embankment constructed of material so rocky that it cannot be satisfactorily tested according to the above requirements. In such cases , the extent of compactive effort by rolling will be determined by the Engineer based upon the amount of breakage and consolidation that can be accomplished. When the nature of the material is s uch that consolidation by rolling is impractical, rolling wi ll not be required. After the roadbed has been excavated to line and gr ade, the surface shall be loosened to a minimum depth of 6" (150 mm) below the finished elevation, the entire area within the limits of the roadbed section processed, the material brought within the range of optimum moisture content, compacted, and stabilized to meet the requirements of these specifications. The section shall be reshaped to conform to the typical section during the compac tion operation. When the roadbed is excavated from solid rock and b ackfilled with material conforming to the definition for Comm on Excavation 174 or Unclassified Excavation, or with Borrow, the bac kfill shall be compacted as provided above. Work involved in compaction as required by this sub section will not be paid for separately, but full compensation t herefor will be considered included in the contract unit prices bid for the various classes of excavation and/or borrow.
210.11 Compacted Embankment. When the item "Compacted
Embankment" is included in the Contract, the follow ing provisions shall apply. All excavation and embankment shall be constructed to reasonably close conformity with the lines, grades, thicknesses, and typical cross sections shown on the plans or establ ished by the Engineer. All suitable excavated material may be used in part or in total to construct the embankments within the areas of Compa cted Embankment or it may be removed from the project an d the embankments constructed with new material meeting t he requirements of Borrow. Embankment shall be constructed and compacted accor ding to Subsections 210.09 and 210.10. Where excavation to the finished grade section resu lts in a subgrade or slopes of unsuitable material, the Engi neer may require the Contractor to undercut the unsuitable material and backfill to the finished grade section with approved material. The excavation of unsuitable material will be measured and paid for u nder the appropriate classification of excavation and the ba ckfill will be paid for as Compacted Embankment using the same measurem ents. Material used to replace that removed by scalping a reas of vegetation and/or mulch cover, resulting from work required by Section 110, will be paid for as Compacted Embankme nt. The Engineer may determine the volume by the average en d area method or by measuring the average length, width, and dept h of removal. Borrow will not be paid for separately, but full co mpensation therefor will be considered included in the contrac t unit prices bid for Compacted Embankment and/or the appropriate cla ssification of excavation. All work involved in excavation and co nstruction of embankments will be measured and paid for as provid ed for in 175 Subsections 210.12 and 210.13 under the appropriate items of excavation, presplitting, and compacted embankment. Excavation or embankment constructed outside the plan limits w ithout the specific approval of the Engineer will not be inclu ded in the measurement of excavation or embankment and will no t be paid for.
210.12 Method of Measurement. (a) All accepted excavation
and borrow will be measured in its original positio n by the cross section method or survey break line method, field c ollected or by using photogrammetric procedures. Volumes shall be computed by the average end area method to determine the amount of material removed. Measurements will include overbreakage or slides not attributable to carelessness of the Contractor, aut horized excavation of solid rock below grade, and unsuitable materials below grade (undercut). When measuring quantities of undercut below subgrade, the Engineer may determine the volume of the excava tion by measuring the average length, width, and depth of t he excavation. On projects with small quantities of borrow, and wh en approved in writing by the Engineer, borrow may be measured in vehicles according to Subsection 209.03, Method 2. All quantities will be determined to the nearest wh ole cubic yard (cubic meter).
b.Presplitting will be measured by the square yard (s quare meter) of plane surface of the final presplit cut f ace. The measurement will be subject to reduction because of avoidable overbreakage resulting from excessive blasting.
c.Compacted Embankment when included in the Proposal will include all approved fill within the right-of-way o r construction easement limits and will be measured in its final p osition by the cross section method or survey break line method, e ither field collected or by using photogrammetric procedures, a nd computed by the average end area method to determine the amount of fill volume required to complete the work according to the plan s or as directed by the Engineer.
d.When any pay item under this Section is shown on t he plans, contract, or otherwise specified as plan quantity, the quantities for such items shall be considered as final quantities and no further measurement will be made except for undercutting of unsuitable material and backfilling with appropriate material. These final quantities will be revised if, in the opinion of th e Engineer or upon 176 evidence furnished by the Contractor, substantial v ariations exist between the quantities shown on the plans and the a ctual quantities due to changes in alignment, grade, typical section , or apparent errors. If field measurement of quantities designa ted on the plans as plan quantity is deemed necessary, the change in th e method of measurement will be documented by an approved chang e order and the Contractor shall allow the Engineer sufficient time to collect the necessary original field data, if required, before any earthwork is begun.
e.Hauling of excavation material for placement in em bankments or waste areas will not be paid for separately, but full compensation therefor will be considered included in the contrac t unit price(s) bid for the various classifications of excavation. Hau ling of Borrow will not be paid for separately, but full compensation t herefor will be considered included in the contract unit price bid for Borrow.
f.For all earthwork to be measured, the Engineer sha ll have the following options: • to obtain original and/or final cross sections in the field or by photogrammetric methods, • to use as original cross sections the preliminary cross sections used in the design of the project, • to use templated final cross sections in lieu of c ross sections taken in the field, • to use an electronic computer program to compute q uantities from terrain models developed from field and/or photogrammetric data.
210.13 Basis of Payment. (a) The quantities of the various
classes of excavation and for Borrow completed and accepted and measured as provided above will be paid for at the Contract unit price bid per cubic yard (cubic meter) for Common E xcavation, Rock Excavation, Unclassified Excavation, or Borrow , as the case may be, which price shall be full compensation for excavation; for drilling and blasting; for formation of embankment; for compaction of earthwork; for performing quality control and ac ceptance sampling and testing; for furnishing and applying w ater and aerating of soils; for trimming of slopes; for disposal of s urplus material; for hauling; for preparation and completion of subgrade s and shoulders or roadway; for final cleaning up of the right-of-w ay; and for all labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the 177 work. The Contract unit price bid for Borrow used in the planned embankment shall also be compensation for furnishin g material, including royalties; for clearing and grubbing; for stripping and replacing topsoil; for excavating, sloping, trimmin g, loading and hauling; for performing quality control and accepta nce sampling and testing; for confining live stock; for fence moved and replaced as required; for constructing, maintaining, and oblite rating haul roads; for seeding and restoration as required; and for co mplying with Section 110 and Subsections 106.02 and 107.10.
b.Presplitting completed and accepted and measured as provided above will be paid for at the contract uni t price bid per square yard (square meter) for Presplitting, which price shall be full compensation for drilling and blasting; and for fur nishing all labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to comp lete the work.
c.Compacted Embankment completed and accepted and measured as provided above will be paid for at the contract unit price bid per cubic yard (cubic meter) for Compacte d Embankment, which price shall be full compensation for all cost s involved in furnishing and placing borrow; for hauling and plac ing excavation; for constructing the embankment according to Subsec tion 210.11; for performing quality control and acceptance sampl ing and testing; and for all labor, equipment, tools, and incidental s necessary to complete the work. Payment will be made under: Pay Item Pay Unit Common Excavation Cubic Yard(Cubic Meter) Rock Excavation Cubic Yard(Cubic Meter) Unclassified Excavation Cubic Yard(Cubic Meter) Borrow Cubic Yard(Cubic Meter) Presplitting Square Yard(Square Meter) Compacted Embankment Cubic Yard(Cubic Meter) SECTION 211 VACANT 178 SECTION 212 SUBGRADE
212.01 Description. This item shall consist of shaping,
compacting, and otherwise preparing the completed r oadbed for the placing of base and surface courses and pavements a ccording to these specifications and in substantial conformity with the lines, grades, and cross sections shown on the plans.
212.02 Construction Requirements. (a) General. The subgrade
shall be prepared in such a manner as to ensure tha t the base, surface course, or pavement will be placed on a firm founda tion that is stable and reasonably free from dust pockets, wheel ruts, or other defects. The subgrade area shall be scarified as necessary f or shaping, and shaped and compacted to the required grade and sect ion. A maximum deviation of ½” (13 mm), plus or minus, fro m the required grade will be permitted on the surface of the finished subgrade. Quality control and acceptance testing s hall be according to Section 210 except that the minimum frequency of acceptance testing for density and moisture shall be one test per each 12,000 square yards (10,000 sq m) of subgrade area. The m inimum depth of testing shall be 8" (200 mm) with the gauge in t he direct transmission mode. The in-place density shall not be less than 95% of the maximum laboratory density. The maximum laboratory density will be determined according to Subsection 210.10. In-plac e densities shall be determined according to Subsection 210.10. Compaction shall be accomplished by any satisfactor y method or methods that will obtain the density. The Contracto r shall bring the moisture content of the material to be compacted to substantially that of optimum moisture by the addition of water o r by manipulation and aeration as necessary to increase or decrease the moisture content under the conditions encountered. When the subgrade is to be stabilized with lime or portland cement, the top 8" (200 mm) shall be compacted befo re treatment to the extent necessary to prevent rutting under norma l operation of construction equipment. Compaction operations may be omitted when an old st one or 179 gravel roadbed is used as a foundation or subgrade for a base course or pavement where scarifying for shaping is unneces sary and its stability is approved by the Engineer. Existing asphalt surface course in place shall be s carified and the material broken down to a maximum size of 2" (50 mm ) and shaped and compacted to a stable condition and to the requ ired grade and section after being thoroughly mixed with any base course material that may be in place unless the Engineer considers the existing surface suitable for retention. All soft and yielding material and other portions o f the subgrade that will not compact readily when rolled or tamped shall be removed. Holes or depressions made by the removal of unsuitable material as directed above shall be filled with app roved material and the entire subgrade brought to the lines, grade, an d cross section shown on the plans and compacted to the required de nsity. If the succeeding course is not placed immediately after the subgrade has been prepared and the subgrade becomes cut up, rough, or unstable, it shall again be shaped and recompact ed according to the above requirements.
b.Subgrade for Portland Cement Concrete Base or Pavement (Forms) . Portions of the subgrade composed of unsuitable materials shall be removed as directed, backfilled with approved material, and the entire subgrade brought to line and grade and compacted as specified above. The subgrade shall be prepared for the paving by sh aping and compacting to the full width according to the typic al section shown on the plans. The material obtained in excess of t hat required for shaping due to variations in elevation shall be use d to complete the shoulders, widen the roadbed, flatten the slopes, o r be disposed of as shown on the plans or directed by the Engineer. Af ter shaping, the entire area within the form lines shall be compacte d to the required density. Any portion of the subgrade that is not a ccessible to normal compaction equipment shall be thoroughly compacted with manually operated mechanical tampers. After the subgrade has been prepared and consolidat ed and the forms set and accepted, the surface of the subgrade shall be tested for crown and elevation using an approved scratch t emplate held in a vertical position and moved backward and forward on the side 180 forms. The scratch template shall be so designed t hat the ends of the prongs will indicate the true position of the subgr ade when the template is riding on the forms. Excess material i ndicated by the scratch template shall be removed. The use of a sc ratch template will not be required on subgrades or subbases const ructed of materials other than earth or sand, but the require d degree of accuracy on the subgrade or subbase surface shall b e obtained by other approved methods. To bring low areas up to the correct subgrade eleva tion, approved material shall be furnished and tamped or rolled un til the filled material is as thoroughly compacted as the surround ing subgrade on which no additional material has been placed. The surface of low areas may require scarifying before adding and comp acting the additional fill material, Ruts and depressions cau sed by hauling shall be filled and consolidated as they develop. As a final check of subgrade conditions, a template or planer shaped to the true cross section of the bottom of the pavement shall be draw n on the forms immediately ahead of concrete operations and any ex cess material shall be removed before the concrete is placed. Lo w places in the subgrade, as indicated by the final check, shall be filled with concrete and no additional compensation will be all owed for the extra quantities of concrete involved, or shall be filled with approved material and compacted to required density. If the succeeding course is not placed immediately after the subgrade has been prepared and the subgrade becomes cut up, rough, or unstable, it shall again be shaped and recompact ed according to the above requirements.
212.03 Method of Measurement and Basis of Payment. On
paving or surfacing projects that include the const ruction of the roadbed, the scarifying, blading, shaping, compacti ng, and other work necessary to bring the roadbed to the requirem ents of these specifications will not be paid for separately, but full compensation therefor will be considered included in the contrac t unit prices bid for the various classes of excavation or the placin g of the base course, surface course, pavement, or shoulders as a pplicable. Replacement of material removed by scalping areas o f vegetation and/or mulch cover, resulting from work required by Section 110, will be paid for under the appropriate item as prov ided in the plans or in the Contract. 181 On paving or surfacing projects that do not include the construction of the roadbed, the removal and dispos al of unsatisfactory material and additional material hau led in as required to fill holes or depressions in the roadway or othe rwise correct deficiencies in grade or typical section will be me asured and paid for under the appropriate item as provided on the plans or in the Contract. When only small quantities of additional material are required, measurement thereof may be made in vehicl es according to Subsection 209.03, Method 2.
Source: , Edition.