415-1 Description.
Furnish and place steel and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcing of the quality, type, size, and quantity designated. Obtain all FRP reinforcing bars from a producer on the Department’s Production Facility Listing.
415-2 Materials.
Meet the following requirements: Steel Bar Reinforcement ................................ ........... 931-1.1 Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement ........................... 931-1.2 FRP Bar Reinforcement ................................ ............... 932-3
415-3 Protection of Material.
415-3.1 Steel Reinforcing: Store steel reinforcement above the surface of the ground,
upon platforms, skids, or other supports, and protect it from mechanical injury and surface deterioration . Ensure that the steel reinforcement is free from loose rust, scale, dirt, paint, oil, and other foreign material prior to incorporation into the work.
415-3.2 Fiber Reinforcing Polymer (FRP) Reinforcing : Store FRP reinforcement
above the surface of the ground, in boxes or upon platforms, skids, or other supports, and protect it from mechanical inju ry and direct exposure to UV light. Ensure that the FRP reinforcement is free from dirt, paint, oil, and other foreign material prior to incorporation into the work.
415-4 Bending, Splicing, and Cutting.
415-4.1 Steel Reinforcing: Fabricate reinforcing bars as prescribed in the CRSI Manual
of Standard Practice. Shop bend the reinforcement cold to the shapes indicated in the Plans. Do not bend the reinforcement to shape in the field. Minor bending adjustmen ts may be performed in the field with the approval of the Engineer. Do not hot bend or straighten, weld, or thermal cut reinforcing steel.
415-4.2 Fiber Reinforcing Polymer (FRP) Reinforcing : No field fabrication of FRP
reinforcing bars is permitted exc ept tying and field cutting per ACI 440.5. Do not bend or straighten, couple, thermal cut, or shear cut FRP reinforcing bars.
415-5 Placing and Fastening.
415-5.1 General: Unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents , the tolerance
for bar spacing is plus or minus 1 inch from the plan position and the tolerance for concrete cover is minus 1/4 inch or plus 1/2 inch from the plan dimensions. Construct all tie patterns referenced by this Section in accordance with the CR SI Manual of Standard Practice.
415-5.2 Concrete Blocks for Spacing: Use precast concrete blocks to space and support
the reinforcing bars. Use concrete blocks with a strength equal to or greater than the concrete in which they are to be placed and have w ires cast into them for fastening to the reinforcing bars . Moist-cure the blocks for at least three days. Submit a certification verifying the class of concrete used to fabricate the concrete blocks, and identifying the batch and load of concrete from wh ich the concrete blocks were cast. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents
415-5.3 Tying:
415-5.3 1 Steel Reinforcing: Tie steel reinforcing using pliable steel wire that
readily bends and twists without breaking and that provides a tie of sufficient strength to hold the steel reinforcing i n its proper position. Tie stainless reinforcing steel using plastic coated pliable steel wire; or stainless steel wire meeting the requirements of ASTM A276, UNS S31600. Non-metallic fasteners for steel reinforcing may be used in precast concrete products upon approval by the appropriate District Materials Office (DMO).
415-5.3 2 Fiber Reinforcing Polymer (FRP) Reinforcing : Tie FRP reinforcing
using self-locking plastic straps; or plastic coated pliable steel wire that readily bends and twists without breaking and that provides a tie of sufficient strength to hold the FRP reinforcing in its proper position.
415-5.4 Splices: Where splices are authorized, rigidly clamp the bars or tie them in a
manner meeting the Engineer’s approval. Use the lap splice length as shown on the Plans.
415-5.4 1 Steel Reinforcing: Do not use welded splices for steel reinforcing
except as specifically authorized by the Engineer and meeting the requirements of AWS D 1.4 Structural W elding Code - Reinforcing Steel . Use mechanical couplers or splice devices for steel reinforcing that are listed on the Department ’s Approved Product List (APL).
415-5.4 2 Fiber Reinforcing Polymer (FRP) Reinforcing: Do not use
mechanical couplers for FRP reinforcing. Use lap splices only.
415-5.5 Footings :
415-5.5 1 Supports: Support footing mat reinforcing with concrete blocks having
dimensions not greater than 4 by 4 inches by plan clearance. Fasten concrete blocks to the steel using the cast -in wires.
415-5.5 2 Tolerances: Place footing mat reinforcing within 1/2 inch vertically
from the plan bottom cle arance and within 1 inch from the plan side clearance.
415-5.5 3 Tying: Tie footing mat reinforcing with a double -strand single tie at all
intersections on the periphery and at alternate intersections within the mat.
415-5.6 Dowel Bars for Columns and W alls:
415-5.6 1 Supports and Positioning: Position dowel bars projecting into
columns and walls so as to allow splicing of the vertical bars to the dowels and to tie the dowel bars in their plan position. Support the dowel bars by a rigid template such t hat concrete placement does not disturb their position. Support the reinforcing prior to placement of the footing concrete and do not insert dowel bars into the plastic concrete.
415-5.6 2 Tolerances: Place the dowels within 1/2 inch of their plan position and
with a side clearance tolerance not exceeding 1/4 inch.
415-5.7 Verticals and Hoops for Columns :
415-5.7 1 Spacing -off from Side Forms: Space column reinforcing bars from the
side forms by concrete blocks of dimensions not exceeding 2 inches by 2 inches by clearance dimension. Securely fasten each block to the reinforcing.
415-5.7 2 Tolerances and Clearance:
1.Column Verticals: Place column verticals within 1/2 inch of their plan position. Ensure that the side form clearance is within 1/4 inch of the specified clearance.
2.Column Hoops: Place every hoop within 1 inch of the plan position for the specific ho op, with no accumulation of such tolerance caused by the spacing between any FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents two hoops. Ensure that side form clearance for any hoop is within 1/2 inch of its specified clearance.
415-5.7 3 Tying: Tie the column hoops to the column verticals at each
intersection, by a cross tie or figure 8 tie.
415-5.8 Wall Reinforcing (Not Including Dowel Bars):
415-5.8 1 Supports: Space wall reinforcing bars from the side forms by concrete
blocks of dimensions not greater than 2 inches by 2 inches by clearance dimens ions. Fix the spacing between wall mats by means satisfactory to the Engineer.
415-5.8 2 Tolerance: Except whe n necessary to clear a fixture, place reinforcing
bars within 1 inch of plan position. Ensure that the number of bars in any affected unit is as specified, and place the remainder of the bars (not thus affected) within 1 inch of plan location .
415-5.8 3 Tying: Tie retaining wall reinforcing bars with a cross tie or figure 8 tie
at each intersection on the periphery and at every third intersectio n within the mat. If workmen use the reinforcing as a ladder, provide additional ties as directed by the Engineer . Tie noise and perimeter wall reinforcing bars with a single tie at each intersection on the periphery and at every third intersection within the mat .
415-5.9 Beams and Caps :
415-5.9 1 Supports: Maintain bottom clearances by approved heavy beam
bolsters. Support additional layers of main longitudinal reinforcing bar s from the lower layers by heavy upper -beam bolsters, placed directly over low supports. Begin the spacing of beam bolsters at not more than 2 feet from the end of the beams or caps and space the additionally required bolsters at not more than 4 feet. Use concrete blocks, having dimensions not greater than 2 inches by 2 inches by specified clearance, fastened to the reinforcing bars by the cast -in wires, for spacing the upper main longitudinal bars below the top bars. Maintain the side clearance by concrete blocks, having dimensions not greater than 2 inches by 2 inches by required clearance, fastened to the reinforcing bars by the cast -in wires.
415-5.9 2 Tolerances: Place the main longitudinal reinforcing bars so as to
provide a bottom and top clea rance within 1/4 inch of the plan vertical dimensions for all layers. Space the bars from side forms within 1/2 inch of the specified spacing. Place stirrups within 1 inch of the plan position for each individual stirrup and do not allow the tolerance t o accumulate.
415-5.9 3 Tying: Tie all intersecting bars with a double -strand single tie.
415-5.10 Deck Slabs :
415-5.10 1 Supports :
1.Bottom Mats: Support the bottom mat of reinforcing bars using slab bolsters or concrete blocks. Use one row of slab bolsters placed 6 inches from the edge of the slab and two rows down each deck section between beams. Do not allow the spacing between rows to exceed 4 feet, measured center to center. Use concrete blocks 2 inches by 2 inches by clearan ce dimensions. Space concrete blocks 4 feet on center as a maximum.
2.Top Mats: Support the top mats of reinforcing bars by either continuous or individual high chairs. Provide high chairs along both sides of each beam and approximately 6 inches back from the edge of the beam. Place the outside row of high chairs 6 inches from the edge of the slab. If using individual high chairs, do not allow the longitudinal spacing to be greater than 4 feet. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents As an alternate to the above, on prestress ed beam const ruction, the Contractor may support the top mat of reinforcing bars on the shear connectors bent to the proper elevation with one line of high chairs centered between the beams.
3.Truss Bars: Support truss bars at each end of the top bends by continuou s high chairs or by individual high chairs spaced longitudinally at not more than 4 feet.
415-5.10 2 Tolerances: Ensure that top and bottom clearances are within 1/4 inch
from those shown in the Plans. Ensure that end and bottom clearances are within 1/4 inch from those shown in the Plans. Ensure that end and edge clearances are within 1/4 inch of the clearance specified. Place curb bars within 1/4 inch in any direction of the plan position.
415-5.10 3 Tying: Tie all reinforcing bars in each layer with a double -strand
single tie at every intersection on the periphery and at every third intersection in the interior area. Alternatively, at the Contractor’s option, tie all reinforcing bars in each layer with a si ngle-strand single tie at every intersection on the periphery and at every other intersection within the interior area. If encountering difficulty in maintaining the reinforcing bars in position during the placing of concrete, tie additional intersections as necessary to hold the reinforcing bars secure.
415-5.11 Box Culverts :
415-5.11 1 Supports :
1.Bottom Slabs: In the bottom slabs of box culverts, provide supports for single-mat reinforcing bars and for bottom -mat reinforcing bars , including placement and spacing, as specified for footing mat steel in 415 -5.5. In addition, where the Plans call for more than one mat of reinforcing bars in the bottom slab of the culvert, support the top mat away from the bottom mat, either by upper beam bolsters or by other means satisfactory to the Engineer.
2.Walls: Place, space and support the reinforcing bars in walls of box culverts in accordance with the requirements of 415 -5.8.
3.Top Slabs: In the top slabs of box culverts, support the bottom mats of reinforcing bars by a row of slab bolsters 12 inches from the inside face of the walls and with additional rows of bolsters at spacings not exceeding 4 feet, center to center. As an exception, unless the Engineer deems the use of the slab bolsters as necessary to obtain proper support, the Contractor may use concrete blocks as the supporting device. Use block s of dimensions not greater than 2 inches by 2 inches by the required clearance, with spacings not exceeding 4 feet in any direction. Fasten blocks to the reinforcing steel by the cast -in wires.
4.Truss Bars: Support truss bars as specified in 415 -5.10.
415-5.11 2 Tolerances: Use tolerances in placing the reinforcing bars in box
culvert slabs as specified for deck slabs in 415 -5.10. Use tolerances for placing bars in walls as specified in 415 -5.8.
415-5.11 3 Tying: Tie reinforcing bars in box culver ts as specified for deck slabs
in 415-5.10.
415-5.12 Cleaning: Before placing any concrete, clean all mortar from the
reinforcement.
415-5.13 Bar Supports:
415-5.13 1 General: Provide reinforcing bar supports manufactured in
accordance with all requirements of the CRSI Manual of Standard Practice. Use bar supports of FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents adequate strength to withstand a 300 pound concentrated load without permanent deformation or breakage, with deflection less than 5% of the support height. Ensure that no more than 5% of the reinforcing bar supports exhibit unsatisfactory performance, breakage, or permanent deformation during bar tying and/or concrete placement operations. If a bar support does n ot achieve this level of performance, reduce the average spacing between bar supports by 15%, or remove that product from use on the job. Ensure that bar supports do not move during concrete placing operations. To prevent movement, tie supports to the r einforcing bars. When using bar supports on corrugated metal stay -in-place forms, use supports specifically designed for the form being used. For structural elements located in extremely aggressive environments, do not use metal bar supports in conta ct with removable forms or floor surfaces to support reinforcing bars.
415-5.13 2 Metal Bar Supports: For metal bar supports in contact with
removable forms, provide supports constructed with molded plastic legs or plastic protected metal legs or bolster rails. Do not allow any portion of the bar support other than the molded plastic leg or plastic protected portion of the metal leg or bolster rail to be closer than 1/2 inch from the removable form surface for concrete to be cast. Submit certification verifying that all metal bar supports meet the following requirements:
1.That they are manufactured from cold drawn steel wire in accordance with the wire sizes and geometrical dimensions shown in the CRSI Manual of Standard Practice, Chapter 3.
2.That the plastic used for protection of the steel legs or bolster rails has a thickness of 3/32 inch or greater at points of contact with the form work. Provide plastic protection by a dipping operation, by adding premolded plastic tips to the legs of the support or by molding plastic to the top wire of the support. Ensure that the plastic material used for protection of steel legs does not chip, crack, deform, or peel during use . Do not use metal bar supports to support FRP reinforcing bars.
415-5.13 3 Plastic Bar Supports and Spacers: Use non-stackable plastic bar
supports and spacers. Bar supports shall be able to meet the concentrated load requirements of
415-5.13 within a working temperature range of 20 to 150 °F. Spacers shall be able to provi de
sufficient strength to support reinforcing steel in the required position without deformation and relaxation under job conditions. For drilled shafts, use wheel spacers with a smooth perimeter surface. Submit protection from sunlight until placed in the form and mold in a configuration which does not restrict concrete flow and consolidation. All plastic bar supports and spacers shall have a maximum water absorption of 0.5% at 7 days as per ASTM D570. Plastic bar supports and spacers made of recycled plastic products must meet the additional requirements of Section 972. Submit to the Engineer independent lab test data and certification verifying that the plastic spacers meet the requirements specified herein. Use plastic bar supports listed on the Department’s APL. Provide each individual bar support with an identification number unique to the particular model permanently FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents marked on the surface as included in the APL. Manufacturers seeking evaluation of products for inclusion on the APL must submit an application in accordance with Section 6 and include certified test reports from an independent laboratory showing that the plastic bar supports meet all the requirements specified herein.
415-6 Welded Deformed Steel Wire Reinforcement.
415-6.1 General: Provide welded deformed steel wire reinforcement as shown in the
Plans or as a substitute for deformed bar reinforcement when approved on the shop drawings. Propose substitutions of welded deformed steel wire reinforcement in a manner that provides a cross-sectional area per foot of welded deformed steel wire equal to that provided in the Plans for deformed bar reinforcement. Orient the deformed wires of welded deformed steel wire reinforcement in the sam e position as bar reinforcement detailed in the Plans. Cross wires of welded deformed steel wire reinforcement may be deformed or smooth and must have a cross - sectional area at least 35% greater than the area of the deformed wire.
415-6.2 Design: When wel ded deformed steel wire reinforcement is substituted for
deformed bar reinforcement, ensure that the development length, splices, shear reinforcement, and distribution meet the requirements of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
415-7 Method of M easurement.
415-7.1 Reinforcing Steel : The quantity to be paid for will be the plan quantity , in
pounds, of reinforcing steel , stainless reinforcing steel, or low carbon chromium reinforcing steel incorporated into the completed work and accepted , subject to any changes approved by the Engineer. The quantity will not include the reinforcing steel (all types) in any item of work for which the basis of payment already includes the steel reinforcement. No additional payment will be made for substituti ons of welded deformed wire reinforcement proposed by the Contractor. No separate payment will be made for reinforcing steel (all types) in pipe endwalls. No deduction will be made from reinforcing steel (all types) quantities for encroachment of inlets and pipes in box culverts. The lengths to be used in the calculation will be the detailed lengths of bars as shown in the Plans.
415-7.2 Unit Weights of Steel Bars: The unit weights used will be CRSI Standard
Reinforcing Steel Bar Weights.
415-7.3 Welded W ire Reinforcement: Where welded wire reinforcement is to be paid
for by weight, the quantity to be paid for will be the product of the area, in square feet, of the welded wire reinforcement incorporated in to the completed work and accepted, multiplied by the manufacturer’s standard weight per square foot. When welded deformed steel wire reinforcement is substituted for deformed bar reinforcement, the quantity to be paid for will be the quantity which would be paid for if bar reinforcement as detailed in t he Plans were utilized, based on plan quantity.
415-7.4 Fiber Reinforcing Polymer (FRP) Reinforc ing: The quantity to be paid for
will be the plan quantity, in linear feet, of bar incorporated into the completed work and accepted, subject to any changes ap proved by the Engineer. The quantity will not include the FRP bar in any item of work for which the basis of payment already includes the FRP bars. The lengths to be used in the calculation will be the detailed lengths of bars as shown in the Plans. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents
415-8 Basis of Payment.
Price and payment will be full compensation for all work specified in this Section, including all welding, all clips, spacers, ties, mechanical couplers, etc., and wire or other material used for fastening the reinforcement in place. If spliced bars are used when full length bars might reasonably be required, the quantity paid for will be only that which would be obtained if full length bars were used, with no allowance for lap. Payment will be made under: Item No. 415 - 1- Reinforcing Steel - per pound. Item No. 415 - 2- Stainless Reinforcing Steel - per pound. Item No. 415 - 3- Low Carbon Chromium Reinforcing Steel - per pound. Item No. 415 - 10- Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bar - per linear foot. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents SECTION 416 INSTALLATION OF POST -INSTALLED ANCHOR SYSTEMS AND DOWELS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS IN CONCRETE ELEMENTS
416-1 Description.
Prepare and install post -installed anchor systems and dowels in hardened concrete as indicated in the Plans, as directed by the Engineer, and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and this Section. Post-installed anchors and dowels in this Se ction are intended for use in structural applications where designated in the Plans.
416-2 Materials.
416-2.1 Adhesive Bonded Anchors and Dowels: Use adhesive bonding material
systems which meet the requirements of Section 937 and are included on the Approved Product List (APL). Use anchors and dowels installed in positions ranging from vertically downward to horizontal.
416-2.1 1 Type HV Adhesives: Use Type HV adhesive bonding materials for all
installations other than constructing doweled pile splices. Do not use Type HV adhesives as a substitute for Type HSHV adhesives.
416-2.1 2 Type HSHV Adhesives: Use higher strength Type HSHV adhesive
bonding materials for installation of traffic railing reinforcement and anchor bolts into existing concrete bridg e decks and approach slabs. Type HSHV adhesives may be used as a substitute for Type HV adhesives provided the length and diameter of the anchor bolt and drilled hole remain as designed for the Type HV adhesive.
416-2.1 3 Storage of Materials: Store mate rials delivered to the job site in the
original unopened containers within an appropriate facility capable of maintaining storage conditions consistent with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
416-3 Equipment.
Install adhesive -bonded anchor systems with e quipment conforming to the manufacturer’s recommendation for the type of system installed.
416-4 Preparing of Concrete Members.
416-4.1 Adhesive -Bonded Anchors and Dowels: Ensure that concrete members
receiving adhesive -bonded anchors or dowels are struct urally sound and free of cracks in the vicinity of the anchor or dowel to be installed. Unless other equipment is recommended by the adhesive manufacturer, drill holes to the diameter required by the manufacturer, but as a minimum, not less than 105% of th e diameter including deformations, nor more than 150% of the nominal diameter of the steel bar anchor or dowel, using a rotary hammer drill and bit. Use a metal detector specifically designed for locating steel in concrete to avoid conflicts with existin g steel reinforcement whenever placement tolerances and edge clearances permit. Perform core drilling through existing steel reinforcement only when approved by the Engineer. Dry the drilled holes completely prior to cleaning and installing the anchors or dowels. Clean and prepare drilled holes in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, but as a minimum, use oil free compressed air to remove loose particles from drilling, brush inside surface to free loose particles trapped in pores, then use compressed air FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents
Source: Florida Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2024 Edition. Pages 456–462 of 1,299.