1014.01 STRUCTURAL TIMBER AND LUMBER. Structural timber
and lumber shall be qualified products as determined by the Construction Fabrication Unit. For species and grade of structural timber and lumber comply with AASHTO M 168 and the following requirements.
1014.01.1 Southern Pine. For Southern Pine lumber, comply with
the latest version of the Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber published by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB). Use the appropriate grade of lumber as designated in the plans or specifications.
1.Caps, stringers, decking, and bridge rails shall be Grade No. 1 Dense Timbers.
2.Items other than caps, s tringers, decking, and bridge rail shall be Grade No. 1 Timbers.
1014.01.2 Douglas Fir. For Douglas Fir lumber, comply with the
latest version of the Standard Grading Rules for Western Lumber published by the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLB) or Western Lumber Grading Rules published by Western Wood Products Association (WWPA). Use the appropriate grade of lumber as designated in the plans or specifications. Comply with the following:
1.Caps, stringers, decking, and bridge rail shall be composed of “Select Structural” members.
2.Items other than caps, stringers, decking, and bridge rail shall be composed of Grade 1 members.
1014.01.3 Structural Glued Laminated Timber (GLULAM).
Structural glued laminated timber (glulam) shall be qualified products as determined by the DOTD Construction Fabrication Unit. Glulam shall comply with AASHTO M-168 and meet the requirements of ANSI A190.1
1014.02 Timber Piles, Poles, Posts, and Braces.
1014.02.1 Timber Piles: Timber piles shall be Class B Southern
Yellow Pine or Douglas Fir and shall comply with ASTM D25.
1014.02.2 Timber Poles: For timber poles, use Southern Pine or
Douglas Fir and comply with ANSI 05.1.
1014.02.3 Timber Posts and Braces: Posts and braces shall be
cut from sound trees (not limbs) and shall not contain any unsound knots. Sound knots will be permitted if the diameter of the knot does not exceed 1/3 the diameter of the piece at the point where it occurs. Posts and braces shall be free from decayed wood, rot, and red heart. Ring shakes and season checks which penetrate more than 1/4 inch will be cause for rejection. Posts and braces shall show at least four annular rings per inch and at least 1/3 summer wood, “dark bands.” Fence posts shall be peeled for their full length; all outer and inner bark shall be removed. Knots shall be trimmed close to the surface of the post before treatment. A line drawn from center of top to center of butt shall neither fall outside the body of the posts nor at any point exceed more than 1 inch from the geometric center of the post. Posts and braces shall b e free from short or reverse crook. Excessive bow, camber, twist, or other such defects in posts and brace will be cause for rejection. Ends shall be sawn square. Guard rail posts and blockouts shall be treated timber of Southern Pine Grade No. 1 or Doug las Fir Dense No. 1. Posts and blockouts shall be fabricated before treatment. When round timber posts are specified or shown in the plans for guard rail, the posts shall be 7 1/4 inches in diameter plus or minus 1/8 inch at any point, as determined by a circumference-diameter tape. The length shall not vary more than 1 inch from plan length. The round timber post top shall be domed approximately hemispherical in shape and the radius of the dome shall be 4 inches. The dome shall be smooth, and the distan ce from the top of the dome to the base of the dome shall not vary more than 3/4 inch at any location. All round timber posts shall be smooth shaved by machine and no “ringing” will be permitted. All outer and inner bark shall be removed during the shaving process. All knots and knobs shall be trimmed smooth and flush with the surface of the post. Each post shall have minimum sapwood depth of 1 inch measured at any location within the circumference. The maximum diameter of any single knot shall not exce ed 3 inches. The sum of the diameters of all knots greater than 0.5 inch in any 1 -foot section shall not exceed 8 inches. A straight line drawn from the center of the top to the center of the butt of any post shall not deviate from the centerline of the post more than 1/4 inch at any point. Splits or ring shakes are not permitted in the top for round post. Splits are not permitted in the butt. A single shake is permitted in the butt, provided it is not wider than one half the butt diameter. Guard rail timber species (blockouts/braces) shall be the same as those furnished for the timber posts. The actual finished size of blockouts for round timber posts shall be 5 3/4 inch square, with a tolerance of 1/8 inch plus or minus. Each of the four corners of e ach block shall be machined down to provide a flat 1 inch surface the entire length of the block with a tolerance of 1/4 inch plus or minus. Each block shall be machine concaved to a radius of 3 5/8 inches, and to a depth of 3/4 inch. The size and hole l ocation shall be as shown on the plans. Blockouts shall be of medium grain, at least 4 rings per inch, and free from splits, shakes, compression wood or decay in any form. Individual knots, knot clusters or knots in the same cross section of a face are p ermitted, provided they are sound or firm, and are limited in cumulative width (when measured between lines paralleled to the edges) to no more than one third the width of the face. Grain deviation is limited to 1 inch in 6 inches. The material may be sawn or surfaced.
1014.02.4 Glulam Poles, Posts, and Braces. Glulam poles shall
comply with ANSI 05.2. Glulam posts and braces shall comply with ANSI 05.3. Glulam is not to be used for pile applications.
1014.03 TIMBER PRESERVATIVES. The type preservatives to be
used are as follows:
1014.03.1 Creosote (CR): For creosote used for land and fresh and
coastal water applications, comply with AWPA P1/P13.
1014.03.2 Creosote Solutions (CR-S): For creosote solutions for
fresh and coastal water applications, comply with AWPA P2.
1014.03.3 Pentachlorophenol-Petroleum Solution (Penta):
Comply with AWPA P35.
1014.03.4 Copper Naphthenate (CuN): Comply with AWPA
P8/P9.
1014.03.5 Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA): Comply with
AWPA P23, Type C.
1014.03.6 Ammoniacal Copper Zinc Arsenate (ACZA):
Comply with AWPA P22.
1014.03.7 Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ): Comply with AWPA
P26 for Type A (ACQ-A). Comply with AWPA P27 for Type B (ACQ-B). Comply with P28 for Type C (ACQ-C).
1014.03.8 Copper Azole (CA): Comply with AWPA P32 for Type
B (CA-B). Comply with AWPA P48 for Type C (CA-C).
1014.03.9 Field Repairs: Comply with AWPA M4 and product
manufacturer’s recommendations. Repair any surface that is exposed by damage or field fabrication by treating with copper naphthenate containing a minimum of 2.0 percent copper metal. Apply solution to these exposed surfaces until absorption stops. Remove excess preservative. Bored holes for connectors or bolts may be treated by pumping coal-tar roofing cement meeting ASTM D5643 into holes using a grease gun or similar device.
1014.04 Treatment.
1014.04.1 General: Materials shall be treated according to current
AWPA U1 Standard Specifications for Preservative Treatment and used in the appropriate application.
1014.04.2 Amount of Preservative: The amount of preservative
shall be the minimum specified in Table 1014-2 herein determined by assay. The assay zone shall be as specified in AWPA T1 Standards. All sample holes shall be filled with a tightly-fitted pressure-treated plug. All treated wood products shall meet all penetration requirements of AWPA Standards. The treating plant shall provide treating reports to the Department's inspector upon request. At the Department's discretion the treating reports may be used for acceptance of small miscellaneous charges of material.
1014.04.3 Painting: When painting of treated material is required,
use a paint system that is compatible with the wood treatment process, and in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations
1014.05 TIMBER CONNECTORS. Connectors for treated timber
structures, except those of malleable iron, shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A123.
1014.05.1 Split Ring Connectors: Split rings of 2 1/2 inches, 4
inches and 6 inches inside diameter shall be manufactured from hot-rolled, low-carbon steel conforming to ASTM A711, Grade 1015. Each ring shall form a closed true circle with an outside cylindrical surface parallel to the axis of the ring. The inside surface, except for the 6-inch ring, shall be beveled from the median line toward the edges. It shall be cut through in one place in its circumference to form a tongue and slot. Connector grooves in timber shall be cut concentric with the bolt hole and have the dimensions shown in Table 1014-1. Table 1014-1 Split Ring Timber Connector Dimensions, Inches Nominal Ring Size Inside Diameter Groove Width Groove Depth 2 1/2 2.56 4.08 6.12 0.18 0.21 0.27 0.37 0.50 0.62
1014.05.2 Toothed-Ring Connectors: Toothed-ring connectors
shall meet the following requirements:
1.Stamp cold from 0.060 inch thick rolled sheet steel.
2.Comply with ASTM A711, Grade 1015.
3.Bend cold to form a circular, corrugated, sharp -toothed band and circle.
4.Be parallel to the axis of the ring.
5.The central band shall be welded to fully develop the strength of the band.
6.All sizes shall have an overall depth of 0.94 inch and depth of fillet of 0.25 inch.
1014.05.3 Shear Plate Connectors: Shear plate connectors shall
be of the following types:
1014.05.3 1 Pressed Steel Type: Pressed steel shear plates of
2 5/8 inches in diameter shall be manufactured from steel complying with ASTM A711, Grade 1015. Each plate shall be a true circle with a flange around the edge, extending at right angles to the face of the plate and extending from one face only. The plate portion shall have a central bolt hole and two small perforations on opposite sides of the hole and midway from the center and circumference.
1014.05.3 2 Malleable Iron Type: Malleable iron shear plates
of 4-inch diameter shall be manufactured according to ASTM A47, Grade 32510. Each casting shall consist of a perforated round plate with a flange around the edge extending at right angles to the face of the plate and projecting from one face only. The plate portion shall have a central bolt hole reamed to size with an integral hub concentric to the bolt hole and extending from the same face as the flange.
1014.05.4 Claw-Plate Connectors: Claw-plate connectors of 2
5/8 inches, 3 1/8 inches, and 4 inches in diameter shall be malleable iron, manufactured according to ASTM A47, Grade 32510. Each claw-plate shall consist of a perforated circular flanged plate with three-sided teeth arranged about the perimeter of one face. The male plate shall have integral cylindrical hubs on both faces concentric to a bolt hole through the center of the plate. The female plate shall be flat on the side opposite the teeth, but shall have an integral cylindrical hub concentric to the central bolt hole and on the face with the teeth.
1014.05.5 Spike-Grid Connectors: Spike-grid connectors shall be
manufactured according to ASTM A47, Grade 32510. They shall consist of four rows of opposing spikes forming a 4 1/8 inch square grid with 16 teeth held in place by fillets. Fillets for the flat grid in cross section shall be diamond shaped. Fillets for single and double curve grids shall be increased in depth to allow for curvature and shall maintain a thickness between sloping faces on fillets equal to the width of the fillet.
1014.06 HARDWARE AND STRUCTURAL SHAPES. Washers
shall be cast ogee gray iron or malleable castings. Use a standard washer under heads of lag screws. Nails shall be cut or round wire of standard form. Spikes shall be cut wire or boat spikes. Structural shapes shall comply with Section 1013 for the type of metal used.
1014.07 QUALITY ASSURANCE. Inspection shall be in accordance
with AWPA M2. Quality control shall be in accordance with AWPA M3. Care of the treated wood products shall be in accordance with AWPA M4. Treated timber and piles to be supplied from a DOTD certified plant and inspected and stamped by DOTD Construction prior to shipment. Notify DOTD Construction prior to treatment. Table 1014-2 Minimum Retention of Preservative (Pounds per Cubic Foot of Wood) CR1 CR-S Penta CuN (Cu as Metal) CCA2 and ACZA ACQ-B ACQ-C ACQ-D CA-B CA-C MCA4 Timber & Lumber Above Ground: (UC3B) SP SP 8.0 SP 8.0 SP 0.40 SP 0.04 SP 0.25 SP 0.25 B,C 0.15 D SP 0.10 B 0.06 C SP 0.06 Land & Fresh Water (UC4C) SP DF SP/DF 12.0 SP/DF 12.0 SP/DF 0.50 SP/DF 0.075 SP/DF 0.60 SP/DF 0.60 SP/DF .031 SP/DF 0.23 Coastal Water (UC5C) SP DF SP/DF 25.0 SP/DF 25.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Piles Non-Foundation3 Land & Fresh (UC4C) SP DF SP 19.0 DF 12.0 N/A SP 0.45 DF 0.60 N/A SP 0.60 DF 0.60 N/A SP 0.31 DF N/A SP 0.23 DF N/A Coastal Water (UC5C) SP DF SP/DF 16.0 SP/DF 16.0 N/A N/A SP/DF 1.5 outer 0.9 inner N/A N/A N/A Piles Foundation3 Land & Fresh Water (UC4C) SP DF N/A N/A N/A SP 0.10 DF.14 SP 0.80 DF N/A SP 0.80 C DF N/A SP 0.41 DF N/A N/A Coastal Water (UC5C) SP DF SP/DF 25.0 SP/DF 25.0 N/A N/A SP/DF 1.5 inner N/A N/A N/A Poles (UC4C) SP DF SP 9.0 DF 12.0 outer 6.0 inner N/A SP 0.45 DF 0.60 outer 0.30 inner SP 0.13 DF 0.150 outer 0.175 inner SP N/A DF 0.60 SP/DF 0.60 B SP 0.31 DF N/A N/A Fence (UC4A) Gate Posts/Braces N/A N/A N/A 0.055 N/A 0.40 0.21 B 0.15 C 0.15 Guard Rail Posts/Blockouts (UC4B) 10.0 10.0 0.50 0.069 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.23 Bridge Rails, Dead End Road Installations, Pedestrian Bridges: Rails & Posts Above Ground (UC3B) SP DF N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.25 B, C 0.5 D 0.10 B 0.06 C 0.06 Land & Fresh Water (UC4C) SP DF N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.60 0.31 0.23 1Timber, blockouts, poles and dead end road installations treated with creosote shall be steam flashed for a minimum of 1 hour at 240ºF after treatment .2Material treated with CCA shall be conditioned by kiln drying prior to treatment. 3A building foundation pile is embedded in the ground and capped with concrete. A structure foundation pile is a fender system pile or any structure pile, except for those used for pile-supported approach slabs. Pile supported approach slab piles are classified as non-foundation. 4Micronized copper azole.
Referenced in this section
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Source: Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridges, 2016 Edition. Pages 1070–1076 of 1,145. View official source ↗