159 SECTION 402 DESCRIPTION
402.01.01 General. This work consists of constructing one or more courses of dense-graded bituminous
pavement on a prepared base. MATERIALS
402.02.01 General. Material shall conform to the following Subsections:
General ................................................................................................................................................................... Subsection 401.02.01 Composition of Mixtures .......................................................................................................................................... Subsection 401.02.02
402.02.02 Recycled Asphalt Pavement. Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) may replace 5 to 15%, by mass,
of the total aggregate in Type 2 or Type 2C plantmix bituminous mixtures. Individual bin percentages of RAP shall be 5% minimum. After the initial selection of the percentage of RAP to be used, changes to the percentage of RAP material will not be allowed without a new mix design. The RAP material shall not be contaminated with concrete, aggregate base, soil, or other objectionable material. The Department will evaluate the RAP and determine if the material will be allowed for use. Crush and process RAP in a manner that produces one or more stockpiles of uniform material that are 100% passing the 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) sieve. The RAP material will not require marination. Stockpile the RAP to be used in the production of bituminous plantmix for the Department separate from other RAP and virgin aggregate stockpiles. Take one informational sample of the RAP material for every 500 tons that is stockpiled. For each informational sample, test the RAP material for gradation, bitumen ratio, and extracted aggregate gradation. Recover aggregates from the RAP material by test method AASHTO T164. The results for bitumen ratio shall not vary more than 2% between any two results. Analyze the aggregate extracted from the RAP material for gradation by test method AASHTO T30. Submit the test results of the informational samples prior to sampling for a mix design. The results of the informational samples will be reviewed by the Department and will be used to accept the RAP submitted for the mix design. Testing personnel are required to be qualified in the Nevada Alliance of Quality Transportation Construction (NAQTC) Asphalt Extended Module which includes AASHTO T164 and AASHTO T30. Calibrate and interlock the system used to deliver the RAP to the mixer in accordance with Subsection
401.03 01.
If RAP is used, for test methods that require the material to be dried, allow an additional 24 hours for the completion of testing. If utilizing RAP, furnish samples of asphalt cement, aggregates, and RAP not less than 30 working days before starting paving operations. CONSTRUCTION
402.03.01 General. The construction requirements shall conform to Subsections 401.03.01 through 401.03.14,
inclusive, with the exceptions contained in the following Subsections.
402.03.02 Rollers. Use approved equipment for compaction of plantmix bituminous surface. Size rollers to
achieve the required results. Use at least two rollers, one steel wheeled and one pneumatic tired with each paver. Provide pneumatic tired rollers conforming to Subsection 401.03.04 (b). 402 PLANTMIX BITUMINOUS SURFACE 160 402.03.03 Equipment. Furnish and operate a pavement core drilling machine for coring samples of compacted bituminous mixtures for density testing. Bring the pavement core drilling machine on the job -site 5 working days before paving operations. The core drilling machine shall conform to the following requi rements:
a.Trailer mounted (equip trailer with leveling devices).
b.Sliding base to allow for minor location changes.
c.Core size shall be 100 mm (4 in.).
d.Capable of producing a non -distorted core.
e.Pressurized water system.
f.Include diamond circular bits. Furnish and operate a California type profilograph for checking riding tolerances at the time and date ordered. Equip the profilograph with a 7.6 m (25 ft) wheel base and the following features:
a.3-Unit Frame Assembly.
1.All w elded construction of light weight aluminum square tubing.
2.Index frame connections by 4 steel locating pins and secured by 4 quick acting clamps rated at 3.6 kN (800 lb) each.
b.Multiple Wheel Assemblies.
1.Wheel supports of square steel tubing an d all welded construction.
2.Secure connections by quick acting clamps.
3.Wheels with cast aluminum hubs, ball bearings, and cushion rubber tires.
4.Bearing support caster wheel assemblies.
5.Steerable front wheels from the center of the machine.
6.Rear wheels with a quick setting manual adjustment for turning in a short radius, moving sideways, and to prevent rear end crabbing on superelevations.
c.Recording Wheel Assembly.
1.Frame of all welded construction of light weight rectangular alumi num tubing.
2.Light weight 600 mm (24 in.) minimum diameter recording wheel with heavy duty spokes for maximum rigidity, with a pneumatic tire maintained at 170 kPa (25 psi) air pressure unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.
d.Recorders (com puterized required).
1.A high resolution printer capable of printing the profile trace to the specified scale and automatic positioning and marking of the specified “blanking band” and “must grind” bumps. It shall also be capable of printing station numb ers, distances, and comments entered by the operator via keypad while measuring the profiles.
2.It shall also calculate the profile index in mm per km (in. per mi) per each 0.1 km (0.1 mi) section without hand calculations or data reduction.
3.A displa y screen for instant visual observation of the road profile and “must grind” areas while measurements are being taken. PLANTMIX BITUMINOUS SURFACE 402 161 4. The horizontal chart scale shall be 25 mm (1 in.) equals 7.6 m (25 ft) and the vertical scale shall be 25 mm (1 in.) equals 25 mm (1 in.). The recorder shall have an adjustment feature to calibrate the scales to these parameters. Calibrate the profilograph before usage to be accurate within 0.1 m in 100 m (0.5 ft in 500 ft) longitudinally.
5.Battery backed up memory shall retain contr ol parameters when the system is powered down.
6.Capable of accurate operation in ambient temperatures from 7 °C to 49 °C (45 °F to 120 °F). Alternative equipment may be allowed upon approval. As part of the approval process, provide all calibration information for review. Refer to Test Method No. Nev. T446 for calibration procedure.
402.03.04 Spreading and Finishing. Place bituminous plantmix surface in courses not exceeding 75 mm
(3 in.) in compacted thickness. Place more than one course in equal thic knesses. Spread bituminous plantmix surface having a width of 2.4 m (8 ft) or more as specified in Subsection 401.03.10. When the areas are less than 2.4 m (8 ft) in width, the material may be deposited and spread by other mechanical means that will provi de a uniform smoothness and texture.
402.03.05 Surface Tolerances. Produce completed surfacing which is smooth and free from ruts, humps,
depressions, or irregularities. Eliminate ridges, indentations, or other objectionable marks left in the surface by rolling or other means. Discontinue use of equipment that leaves ridges, indentations, or other objectionable marks in the bituminous surface, or does not consistently produce a surface meeting the profile index requirements. After final rolling, the smoothness of the final dense -graded surface course shall meet the straightedge measurement and profilograph measurement. Furnish the specified profilograph and perform the profilograph measurement.
a.Straightedge Measurement. T he Engineer will perform this measurement. When a straightedge 3.6 m (12 ft) long is laid on the finished surface and parallel with the centerline of the highway, the surface shall not vary more than 7.5 mm ( 0.3 in.) from the lower edge of the straightedge . When a straightedge 3.6 m (12 ft) long is laid on the finished surface and at right angles with the centerline, the surface shall not vary more than 7.5 mm ( 0.3 in.) from the lower edge of the straightedge. Correct defective areas by approved methods.
b.Profilograph Measurement. Measure profiles within each traffic lane at 1 m (3 ft) from and parallel to the right traffic lane line. Measure profiles for the entire length of each traffic lane within 48 hours after each day’s placement of plantmix bitum inous mixture. Perform the profilograph measurement in the direction of traffic. Mark the pavement surface with paint at least every 0.2 km (0.2 mi). Mark excessive high points, as defined below, with paint during the initial run of the profilograph. Do not measure pavement on horizontal curves having centerline radius less than 300 m (1,000 ft). Do not measure pavement within 10 m (30 ft) of a concrete bridge deck (including approach slabs) unless the bridge deck also is to be overlayed with plantmix bituminous surface. Operate the California type profilograph at a speed of 5 km/h r (3 mph) or less. Towing the profilograph while measuring profiles may be allowed if given approval. Do not ride on the California type profilograph. Complete initial ru ns of the profilograph before opening the new pavement to public traffic whenever practical. Only flagging costs for traffic control required for the initial running of the profilograph will be paid for according to Section 624. Submit the profile graphs immediately thereafter for evaluation. Label profile graphs as directed. A profile index will be calculated for each 0.1 km (0.1 mi) of traffic lane measured according to Test Method No. Nev. T446. 402 PLANTMIX BITUMINOUS SURFACE 162 The pavement smoothness type (Type A, B, or C) will be sp ecified in the Special Provisions. The maximum allowable profile index for each km (mi) section and 0.1 km (0.1 mi) section for the specified pavement type shall be as follows: PROFILE INDEX Pavement Smoothness Type mm/km (in./mi) mm/0.1 km (in./0.1 mi) Type A ................................ ................. 80 (5) ................................ ................. 8 (0.5) Type B ................................ ................ 110 (7) ................................ ............... 11 (0.7) Type C ................................ ............... 160 (10) ................................ .............. 16 (1.0) Pavement on horizontal curves having a centerline radius of 300 m (1,000 ft) or more, but less than 600 m (2,000 ft), and within the superelevation transition of such curves will be evaluated as pavement smoothness Type C. Grind areas exceeding the profile index requirements and areas representing high points on the profiles having deviations in excess of 7.5 mm (0.3 in.) as measured according to Te st Method No. Nev. T446. Remeasure ground areas for conformance with the profile index and for no high points in excess of 7.5 mm (0.3 in.). Perform additional grinding as necessary to extend the ground area laterally to the nearest lane line or edge of pavement and longitudinally to lines normal to the pavement centerline. Correct deviations in excess of 7.5 mm (0.3 in.) that cannot be brought into specified surface tolerances by abrasive grinding, by removal and replacement, or by placing an overlay of hot mix asphalt. Obtain approval of the exact method of correction. Apply seal coat to ground areas after the surface tolerance specifications have been met. Apply the seal coat according to Section 407. The grinding machine for correcting pavement excee ding the profile requirements shall be power driven, self-propelled and specifically designed to remove, profile, smooth, and texture hot mix asphalt. Use grinding machine with a wheel base of not less than 3.6 m (12 ft), equipped with a rotating powered mandrel drum studded with diamond blades with a cutting head not less than 0.9 m (3 ft) wide. Equip the grinding machine with an effective means for controlling dust and other particulate matter. Do not cause strain or damage to the underlying surface of the pavement with the grinding machine. Do not use grinding and texturing equipment that causes ravels, aggregate fractures, spalls, or disturbance of joints. Perform grinding in a longitudinal direction. Satisfactorily grind to produce a uniform textured surface over the surface areas designated for grinding. The surface of the ground pavement shall have parallel corduroy -type texture consisting of grooves between 2.3 mm (0.09 in.) and 3.3 mm (0.13 in.) wide. The peaks of the ridges shall be approximatel y 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) higher than the bottom of the grooves with approximately 170 to 190 evenly spaced grooves per meter (52 to 57 grooves per foot). Pick up and dispose of grinding materials, including water used for the grinding operation, outside the ri ght of way according to Subsection 107.14.
402.03.06 Compaction. Perform compaction according to one of the following methods of compaction. The
required method of compaction will be specified in the Special Provisions.
a.Standard Rolling Pattern (Method A). Use rollers conforming to Subsection 401.03.04. Perform initial or breakdown rolling with 2 complete coverage s of the mat with a steel wheel roller. Follow the initial rolling by intermediate rolling with a minimum of 3 complete coverages wit h a pneumatic tired roller. A complete coverage is defined as a roller pass forward and back within a given area. Perform finish rolling with a 2 axle tandem steel wheel roller. Modify rolling pattern as directed. PLANTMIX BITUMINOUS SURFACE 402 163 (b) Test Section (Method B). Use roller s conforming to Subsection 402.03.02. Compaction of the bituminous mixture will be evaluated by means of test sections as hereinafter described. Each lift of each course of bituminous material will be divided into “Test Sections.” Each test section shall have an area not to exceed 5,500 m2 (6,600 yd2). After 2 days of production , the test section size may be increased to a maximum of 11,000 m2 (13,000 yd2), if specified densities are being obtained. If any test section fails the density requirements, the 5,500 m2 (6,600 yd2) maximum shall again be used.
1.Compaction Requirements of Test Sections. The density of each test section will be evaluated based on the results of 5 nuclear tests taken at randomly selected locations within the sections as described in Test Method No. Nev. T335. The mean density of the 5 nuclear tests shall not be below 92% nor above 96% (with no single test below 90% nor above 97%) of the “Target” density achieved in the Department’s Field Laboratory using Test Method No. Nev. T324. Joint compactions will be taken adjacent to the randomly selected density locations specified herein. Construct longitudinal joints with a minimum density of 90% of the target density. Upon completion of the first test section and after the material ha s cooled sufficiently, drill a core from each of the 5 locations where the nuclear tests were taken. The density of these cores will be determined by Test Method No. Nev. T336. The average of these 5 core densities will be correlated to the average of the 5 nuclear densities according to Test Method No. Nev. T335. Once this correlation procedure has been completed, the nuclear testing device (described in Test Method No. Nev. T335) will be used to determine densities of subsequent test sections. If the cor relation between the nuclear device and the cores has changed, the correlation procedure may be repeated. Drill cores for each successive lift on the first day of each lift and provide to the Engineer for correlating the Nuclear Testing Device. If the mean density of the test section or any individual test density falls below the foregoing requirements, remove failing section and take action to correct procedures. Limit paving operations to 4 hours per day until suitable procedures indicate that the den sity specification is being obtained. If procedures are no longer achieving acceptable results, a change in the compaction equipment and/or methods may be requested.
2.Compaction Requirements for Small Sized Areas. In cases where the test section size c annot be as specified above, the compaction will be accepted on the basis of a single test for every 1,000 m2 (1,000 yd2) of area or fraction thereof. The individual test density shall be at least 90% of the target density.
c.Control Strip (Method C). Use rollers conforming to Subsection 402.03.02. Each lift of each course of bituminous material will be divided into “Control Strips” and “Test Sections.” Each control strip shall have an area of at least 350 m2 (400 yd2), and shall be of the same depth t o be used in the test sections. Each test section shall have an area not to exceed 5,500 m2 (6,600 yd2). After two days of production the test section size may be increased to a maximum of 11,000 m2 (13,000 yd2), if specified densities are being obtained. If any test section fails the density requirements, the 5,500 m2 (6,600 yd2) maximum shall again be used.
1.Construction of Control Strips. Construct control strips using the same procedures and on the same base material to be used in the construction of the remainder of the work. Use the same type, mass, and sequence of rollers on the control strips as will be used to compact the test sections. Construct one control strip at the beginning of work on each lift of each roadway course. Construct an additio nal control strip when a change is made in the type or source of material or whenever a significant change occurs in the composition of the material (including any significant change in mix design such as bitumen ratio , gradation , void content, etc.) A new control strip will be required when 10 test sections have been constructed without establishment of a new control strip. Compact the control strip. Continue rolling until no appreciable increase in density is obtained by additional roller coverages. 402 PLANTMIX BITUMINOUS SURFACE 164 Upon completion of the rolling, the mean density of the control strip will be determined by taking 10 tests at randomly selected locations within the control strip area as described in Test Method No. Nev. T750. Compaction of successive test sections shall be governed by the mean density obtained in the control strip. Approved control strips are to remain in place and become a section of the completed roadway. Control strips shall be subject to the same surface tolerance requirements as the remainder of the w ork.
2.Compaction Requirements of Test Sections. The density of each test section will be evaluated based on the results of 5 tests, performed at randomly selected locations within the test section as described in Test Method No. Nev. T750. The mean dens ity obtained for the 5 tests shall be at least 98% of the mean density obtained in the approved control strip. Each individual test value obtained shall be at least 95% of the mean density obtained in the approved control strip. If the mean density of a t est section does not conform to the 98% requirement , continue the compactive effort on the entire test section until the required mean density is obtained. If an individual test value does not conform to the 95% requirement, continue the compactive effort on the area represented by that test until the required density is obtained.
3.Compaction Requirements for Small Sized Areas. In cases where the test section size cannot be as specified above, the compaction will be accepted on the basis of a single test for every 1,000 m2 (1,000 yd2) of area or fraction thereof. The individual test density shall be at least 95% of the mean density of the approved control strip. METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
402.04.01 Measurement. Plantmix surfacing, plantmixing miscellaneous a reas, and plantmix bituminous
shoulder dikes will be measured as specified in Subsection 401.04.01. BASIS OF PAYMENT
402.05.01 Payment. The accepted quantities, measured as provided above, will be paid for at the contract
price per unit of measurement fo r the pay items listed below that are shown in the proposal. Payment will be full compensation for the work prescribed in this Section. Payment will be made under: Pay Item Pay Unit Plantmix Surfacing (type) (Wet) ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... Metric Ton (Ton) Plantmixing Miscellaneous Areas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. Square Meter (Square Yard) Plantmix Bituminous Shoulder Dikes ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ Linear Meter (Linear Foot) 165 SECTION 403 PLANTMIX BITUMINOUS OPEN –GRADED SURFACE DESCRIPTION
403.01.01 General. This work consists of placing plantmix bituminous open-graded surface.
This work also consists of constructing milled rumble strips in the plantmix bituminous open-graded surface and other pavement surfaces. MATERIALS
403.02.01 General. Material shall conform to the following Subsections:
General ................................................................................................................................................................... Subsection 401.02.01 Composition of Mixtures .......................................................................................................................................... Subsection 401.02.02 CONSTRUCTION
403.03.01 General. The construction requirements shall conform to Subsections 401.03.01 through 401.03.13,
inclusive, with the exceptions contained in the following Subsections.
403.03.02 Rollers. Operate with each paver a breakdown and finish roller as specified in Subsection
401.03 04.
403.03.03 Joints. Construct longitudinal joints only on the shoulders, or at the edge of travel lanes.
403.03.04 Surface Tolerances. Produce completed surfacing which meets the straightedge and profilograph
requirements of Subsection 402.03.05 with the following additions and exceptions to the profilograph measurement. The pavement smoothness type (Type A, B, or C) will be specified in the Special Provisions. Furnish a profilograph meeting the requirements of Subs ection 402.03.03 and operate the profilograph as specified in Subsection 402.03.05, at the time and date ordered. Painted marks on the open-graded surface, as specified in Subsection 402.03.05, shall not exceed 20 cm2 (4 in.2). Include 10 m (30 ft) of the existing pavement on each end of the project in the profile determination. Make construction joints with the existing pavement meet the requirements of this Subsection. Repair or remove and replace all areas exceeding the profile index requirements and areas representing high points on the profiles having deviations in excess of 10 mm (0.4 in.) as measured according to Test Method No. Nev. T446. Remeasure repaired or replaced areas for conformance with the profile index and for no high points in excess of 10 mm (0.4 in.). Grinding may be utilized for repair to the open-graded surface when approved. Limit gr ound areas to 7.6 m (25 ft) in length. The grinder and grinding operation shall conform to Subsection 402.03.05. Perform additional grinding as necessary to extend the ground area laterally to the nearest lane line or edge of pavement and longitudinally to lines normal to the pavement centerline. Apply a seal coat to ground areas after the surface tolerance specifications have been met. A pply the seal coat according to Section 407.
403.03.05 Spreading and Finishing. Place the material in a windrow in front of the spreading and finishing
machine.
403.03.06 Preparation of Aggregates. Before the introduction of mineral filler, add sufficient moisture to bring
the aggregates to a moisture content where enough free surface moisture is available to thoroughly wet the aggregate and activate the lime. The actual amount of moisture required shall be as approved.
Source: Nevada Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2014 Edition. Pages 165–170 of 610.