M 41-10 Page 6-1Division 6 Structures
6-01 General Requirements for Structures
6-01.1 Description
This section relates to structural and incidental items used in any or all types of existing or proposed Structures. These provisions supplement the detailed Specifications supplied for a given Structure. These provisions apply only when relevant and when they do not conflict with the Plans or Special Provisions.
6-01.2 Foundation Data
Foundation data in the Plans (from test borings, test pits, or other sources) were obtained only to guide the Department in planning and designing the project. These data reasonably represent the best information available to the Department concerning conditions and materials at the test sites at the time the investigations were made.
6-01.3 Clearing the Site
The Contractor shall clear the entire site of the proposed Structure to the limits staked by the Engineer.
6-01.4 Appearance of Structures
To achieve a more pleasing appearance, the Engineer may require the Contractor to adjust the height and alignment of bridge railings, traffic barrier, and structural curbs.
6-01.5 Vacant
6-01.6 Load Restrictions on Bridges Under Construction
Bridges under construction shall remain closed to all traffic, construction equipment and material storage until the Substructure and the Superstructure, through the bridge deck, are complete for the entire Structure, except as provided herein. Completion includes release of all falsework, removal of all forms, and attainment of the minimum design concrete strength and specified age of the concrete in accordance with these Specifications. Once the Structure is complete, Section 1-07.7 shall govern all traffic loading, including vehicle traffic and construction equipment. The Contractor may only store material on a bridge span under construction that will become part of that bridge span. The material shall not be stored within the middle third of the span. At the request of the Engineer, the Contractor shall provide supporting documentation of all material loads. If necessary and safe to do so, and if the Contractor requests it through a Type 2E Working Drawing, the Engineer may allow traffic, construction equipment and material loads (in addition to those defined above) on a bridge prior to completion for loads and reaction locations not identified in the Plans. The written request shall:
1.Describe the extent of the Structure completion at time of the proposed equipment loading;
2.Describe the loading distribution, magnitude, arrangement, movement, and position of all traffic, construction equipment, and materials on the bridge, including but not limited to the following:
a.Locations of all construction equipment, including outriggers, spreader beams and supports for each, relative to the bridge framing plan (bridge girder layout);
b.Mechanism of all load transfer (load path) to the bridge; Page 6-2 M 41-10
6-01 General Requirements for Structures3. Provide calculations under the design criteria specified in the current AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications , including interims, and the current WSDOT Bridge Design Manual LRFD M 23-50, including at a minimum the following calculations due to traffic or construction loads:
a.Factored demands and capacities using the Strength I Limit State in the main load carrying members and bridge deck for all construction loading on the bridge;
b.Factored demands and capacities at the Strength IV Limit State in the main load carrying members and bridge deck for all material loads stored on the bridge;
c.Stresses in prestressed concrete members at the Service I, II and III Limit States as applicable, including the allowable stress limits specified in Section 6-02.3(25)L3 ;
d.Construction deflections at the Service I Limit State, where required by the Engineer.
4.Provide supporting material properties, catalogue cuts, and other information describing the construction equipment and all associated outriggers, spreader beams, and supports; and
5.State that the Contractor assumes all risk for damage.
6-01.7 Navigable Streams
The Contractor shall keep navigable streams clear so that water traffic may pass safely, providing and maintaining all lights and signals required by the U.S. Coast Guard. The Contractor shall also comply with all channel depth and clearance line requirements of the U.S. Corps of Engineers. This may require removing material deposited in the channel during construction.
6-01.8 Approaches to Movable Spans
No bridge deck or sidewalk slab on the approach span at either end of a movable span may be placed until after the movable span has been completed, adjusted and closed.
6-01.9 Working Drawings
All Working Drawings required for bridges and other Structures shall conform to Section 1-05.3 .
6-01.10 Utilities Supported by or Attached to Bridges
Installation of utility pipes and conduit systems shall conform to the details shown in the Plans and as specified in the utility agreement between the utility company and the Contracting Agency. All utility pipes and conduit systems supported by or attached to bridges shall be labeled with reflective sheeting conforming to Section 9-28.12 , and the following: ContentLabel Background ColorLettering Utility Color Electrical Power Red Black Gas, Oil, Steam, Petroleum, and other gaseous materialsYellow Black CATV, Telecommunication, Alarm, and Signal Orange Black Potable Water Blue White Reclaimed Water, Irrigation, Slurry Purple White Sewer and Storm Drain Green White M 41-10 Page 6-3 General Requirements for Structures 6-01The purple color background for the label for reclaimed water, irrigation, and slurry, shall be generated by placing transparent film over white reflective material. The purple tint of the transparent film shall match SAE AMS Standard 595, Color No. 37100. The label text shall identify the utility contents and include the One-Number Locator Service phone number 1-800-424-5555. The minimum length of the label color field shall be the longer of either 1 letter width beyond each end of the label text, or the length specified below: Minimum Pipe O.D. (inches)Maximum Pipe O.D. (inches)Minimum Length of Label Color Field (inches)Letter Height (inches) ¾ 1¼ 8 ½ 1½ 2 8 ¾ 2½ 6 12 1¼ 8 10 24 2½ 12 32 3½ Utility pipes and conduit systems shall be labeled on both sides of each bridge pier, and adjacent to each entrance hatch into a box girder cell. For utility pipes and conduit systems within bridge spans exceeding 300 feet, labels shall also be applied to the utility pipes and conduit systems between the piers at a maximum spacing of 300 feet. The label shall be visible at a normal eye height.
6-01.11 Name Plates
The Contractor shall install no permanent plates or markers on a Structure unless the Plans show it.
6-01.12 Final Cleanup
When the Structure is completed, the Contractor shall leave it and the entire site in a clean and orderly condition. Structure decks shall be clean. Temporary buildings, falsework, piling, lumber, equipment, and debris shall be removed. The Contractor shall level and fine grade all excavated material not used for backfill, and shall fine grade all slopes and around all piers, bents, and abutments.
6-01.13 Vacant
6-01.14 Premolded Joint Filler
When the Plans call for premolded joint filler, the Contractor shall fasten it with galvanized wire nails to 1 side of the joint. The nails must be no more than 6 inches apart and shall be 1½ inches from the edges over the entire joint area. The nails shall be at least 1½ inches longer than the thickness of the filler. The Contractor may substitute for the nails any adhesive acceptable to the Engineer. This adhesive, however, shall be compatible with the material specified in Section 9-04.1(2) and capable of bonding the filler to portland cement concrete.
6-01.15 Normal Temperature
Bridge Plans state dimensions at a normal temperature of 64ºF. Unless otherwise noted, these dimensions are horizontal or vertical. Page 6-4 M 41-10
6-01 General Requirements for Structures6-01.16 Repair of Defective Work
6-01.16(1) General
When using repair procedures that are described elsewhere in the Contract Documents, the Working Drawing submittal requirements of this section shall not apply to those repairs unless noted otherwise. Repair procedures for defective Work shall be submitted as Type 2 Working Drawings. Type 2E Working Drawings shall be submitted when required by the Engineer. As an alternative to submitting Type 2 or 2E Working Drawings, defective Work within the limits of applicability of a pre-approved repair procedure may be repaired using that procedure. Repairs using a pre-approved repair procedure shall be submitted as a Type 1 Working Drawing. Pre-approved repair procedures shall consist of the following: • The procedures listed in Section 6-01.16(2) • For precast concrete, repair procedures in the annual plant approval process documents that have been approved for use by the Contracting Agency. All Working Drawings for repair procedures shall include: • A description of the defective Work including location, extent and pictures • Materials to be used in the repair. Repairs using manufactured products shall include written manufacturer recommendations for intended uses of the product, surface preparation, mixing, aggregate extension (if applicable), ambient and surface temperature limits, placement methods, finishing and curing. • Construction procedures • Plan details of the area to be repaired • Calculations for Type 2E Working Drawings Material manufacturer’s instructions and recommendations shall supersede any conflicting requirements in pre-approved repair procedures. The Engineer shall be notified prior to performing all repair procedures and shall be given an opportunity to inspect the repair work being performed.
6-01.16(2) Pre-Approved Repair Procedures
6-01.16(2)A Concrete Spalls and Poor Consolidation (Rock Pockets, Honeycombs,
Voids, Etc.) This repair shall be limited to the following areas: • Areas that are not on top Roadway surfaces (with or without an overlay) including but not limited to concrete bridge decks, bridge approach slabs or cement concrete pavement • Areas that are not underwater • Areas that are not on precast barrier, except for the bottom 4 inches (but not to exceed 1 inch above blockouts) • Areas that do not affect structural adequacy as determined by the Engineer. The repair procedure is as follows:
1.Remove all loose and unsound concrete. Impact breakers shall not exceed 15 pounds in weight when removing concrete adjacent to reinforcement or other embedments and shall not exceed 30 pounds in weight otherwise. Operate impact breakers at angles less than 45 degrees as measured from the surface of the concrete to the tool and moving away from the edge of the defective Work. Concrete shall be completely removed from exposed surfaces of existing steel reinforcing bars. If half or more of the circumference of a steel reinforcing bar is exposed, if the reinforcing bar is loose or if the bond to existing concrete is poor then concrete shall be removed at least ¾ inch behind the reinforcing bar. Do not damage any existing reinforcement. M 41-10 Page 6-5 General Requirements for Structures 6-01Stop work and allow the Engineer to inspect the repair area after removing all loose and unsound concrete. Submit a modified repair procedure when required by the Engineer.
2.Square the edges of the repair area by cutting an edge perpendicular to the concrete surface around the repair area. The geometry of the repair perimeter shall minimize the edge length and shall be rectangular with perpendicular edges, avoiding reentrant corners. The depth of the cut shall be a minimum of ¾ inch, but shall be reduced if necessary to avoid damaging the reinforcement. For repairs on vertical surfaces, the top edge shall slope up toward the front at a 1-vertical-to-3-horizontal slope.
3.Remove concrete within the repair area to a depth at least matching the cut depth at the edges. Large variations in the depth of removal within short distances shall be avoided. Roughen the concrete surface. The concrete surface should be roughened to at least Concrete Surface Profile (CSP) 5 in accordance with ICRI Guideline No. 310.2R, unless a different CSP is recommended by the patching material manufacturer.
4.Inspect the concrete repair surface for delaminations, debonding, microcracking and voids using hammer tapping or a chain drag. Remove all additional loose or unsound concrete in accordance with steps 1 through 3.
5.Select a patching material in accordance with Section 9-20.2 that is appropriate for the repair location and thickness. The concrete patching material shall be pumpable or self-consolidating as required for the type of placement that suits the repair. The patching material shall have a minimum compressive strength at least equal to the specified compressive strength of the concrete.
6.Prepare the concrete surface and reinforcing steel in accordance with the patching material manufacturer’s recommendations. At a minimum, clean the concrete surfaces (including perimeter edges) and reinforcing steel using oil-free abrasive blasting or high-pressure (minimum 5,000 psi) water blasting. All dirt, dust, loose particles, rust, laitance, oil, film, microcracked/bruised concrete or foreign material of any sort shall be removed. Damage to the epoxy coating on steel reinforcing bars shall be repaired in accordance with Section 6-02.3(24)H .
7.Construct forms if necessary, such as for patching vertical or overhead surfaces or where patching extends to the edge or corner of a placement.
8.When recommended by the patching material manufacturer, saturate the concrete in the repair area and remove free water at the concrete surface to obtain a saturated surface dry (SSD) substrate. When recommended by the patching material manufacturer, apply a primer, scrub coat or bonding agent to the existing surfaces. Epoxy bonding agents, if used, shall be Type II or Type V in accordance with Section 9-26.1 .
9.Place and consolidate the patching material in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Work the material firmly into all surfaces of the repair area with sufficient pressure to achieve proper bond to the concrete.
10.The patching material shall be textured, cured and finished in accordance with the patching material manufacturer’s recommendations and/or the requirements for the repaired component. Protect the newly placed patch from vibration in accordance with Section 6-02.3(6)D .
11.When the completed repair does not match the existing concrete color and will be visible to the public, a sand and cement mixture that is color matched to the existing concrete shall be rubbed, brushed, or applied to the surface of the patching material and the concrete.
Source: Washington Standard Specifications for Road, Bridge, and Municipal Construction, 2024 Edition. Pages 355–359 of 1,151.