3471Timber Piling

3471.1SCOPE

Provide timber piling for treated and untreated foundation piles below water level.

3471.2REQUIREMENTS

Provide piling meeting the following requirements:

splitting

wind-felled trees if no evidence of charred sapwood, wood decay, or insect attachment

A Permitted Species A.1 Untreated Piles Provide any of the following types of timber for untreated piles:

A.2 Treated Piles Provide any of the following types of timber for treated piles:

A.3 Temporary Structures If the Contract allows untreated timber piling for temporary Structures, the Contractor may use any species that will withstand driving to the bearing and penetration required by the Contract without damage to the piling. B Quality of Timber Provide Douglas Fir, Norway (Red) Pine, and Jack Pine with a sapwood thickness at the butt end of at least 3/4 inch. Provide Southern Yellow Pine and Ponderosa Pine with a sapwood thickness at the butt end of at least 2 inches.

Provide untreated trestle piles with a heartwood diameter of at least 80 percent of the diameter of the pile at the butt end. Do not use timber with checks wider than 1/4 inch. C Peeling Peel piles by removing the rough bark and at least 80 percent of the inner bark. Do not leave strips of inner bark greater than 3/4 inch wide and 8 inches long on the pile. Provide at least 1 inch of cleaned wood surface between any 2 strips of inner bark. Provide piles with clean wood on at least 80 percent of the surface circumference at any location on the pile. D Straightness Cut piles above the ground swell and provide piles with a gradual taper from the point of butt measurement to the tip. Ensure that a line drawn from the center of the butt to the center of the tip lies wholly within the body of the pile, and the distance from this line to the center of the pile at any point along the pile is no greater than 1 percent of the length of the pile. The Contractor may use piles with bends within the upper 75 percent of the pile length, measured from the butt end toward the tip end, if the deviation of the centerline of the pile from a line drawn from the center of the pile above the bend to the center of the pile below the bend is no greater than 4 percent of the length of the bend and is no greater than 2 1/2 inches. Do not use piles with bend deviations greater than 1 inch if located within the lower 25 percent of the pile length or if located within 10 feet from the tip end. Use piles free of twists greater than half the circumference in any 20 feet of length. Saw off the ends of piles square. Trim knots close to the body of the pile. E Knots Do not use piles with unsound knots. The Contractor may use piles with sound knots having diameters no greater than 4 inches or 35 percent of the minimum diameter of the pile measured at the knot location. Do not use piles if the sum of the diameters of all knots occurring in a 1 foot length of pile is greater than twice the diameter of the maximum allowable knot size measured at the knot location. Do not use timber with knot clusters. For the purpose of the Work specified in section 3471, “Timber Piling,” the Department defines a knot cluster as groups of at least 2 knots deflecting the fibers of the wood around the entire unit. The Department does not consider a group of single knots, with fibers deflected around each knot separately, as a cluster, regardless of their close proximity. F Density Ensure the number of annual rings in any pile, measured at the butt end, averages at least 4 rings per 1 inch over the outer 3 inches of a representative radial line from the pith. Ensure the outer 1 inch within the measured section contains at least 4 rings. G Dimensions Provide sound piles with a minimum diameter at the tip end, measured under the bark, in accordance with the following:

Table 3471.2-1 Minimum Diameter at Tip End Length of Pile, feet Tip Diameter, inches < 40 8 ≥40 – ≤74 7 >74 – ≤90 6 > 90 5

Provide sound piles with a minimum diameter, measured under the bark at 3 feet from the butt end in accordance with the following: Table 3471.2-2 Minimum Diameter, 3 feet from Butt End Length of Pile, feet Diameter, inches < 25 11 ≥ 25 – ≤ 54 12 > 54 13

Determine the average diameter of a pile by measuring and dividing the circumference by pi (3.14), or by averaging the maximum and minimum diameters at the locations specified in Table 3471.2-1 and Table 3471.2-2 for butt and tip diameters. Ensure the diameter of the pile, measured at the butt end, is no greater than 20 inches. H Preservative Treatment Treat piling in accordance with 3491, “Preservatives and Preservative Treatment of Wood Products,” unless otherwise required by the Contract.