101—DEFINITIONS OF ABBREVIATIONS,ACRONYMS, AND TERMS

101.01 Abbreviations and Acronyms

In these Specifications and other Contract Documents, the following abbreviations and acronyms shall be interpreted as follows: AAR .................................................................................................... Association of American Railroads AASHTO ...................................... American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ABS ..................................................................................... Acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene (an elastomer) AC ................................................................................................................................. Alternating current ACI ................................................................................................................ American Concrete Institute ADT ................................................................................................................ Annual average daily traffic AED .................................................................................................... Associated Equipment Distributors AISC .......................................................................................... American Institute of Steel Construction AISI ....................................................................................................... American Iron and Steel Institute ANSI .............................................................................................. American National Standards Institute AP A ............................................................................................................. Engineered Wood Association API ....................................................................... American Petroleum Institute; American Pipe Institute ASCE ............................................................................................... American Society of Civil Engineers ASME .................................................................................... American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM .................................................................................... American Society for Testing and Materials A WG ........................................................................................................................... American wire gage A WP A .......................................................................................... American Wood Preservers Association A WS ................................................................................................................. American Welding Society A WW A ............................................................................................... American Water Works Association BOCA .................................................................................... Building Officials and Code Administrators C .................................................................................................... Celsius, when preceded by “degree(s)” CABB ....................................................................................... Contractor Advertisement Bulletin Board CBR ....................................................................................................................... California bearing ratio CRSI .................................................................................................. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute DBE .................................................................................................... Disadvantaged Business Enterprise DC ......................................................................................................................................... Direct current DHV ......................................................................................................................... Design hourly volume ECTC ............................................................................................... Erosion Control Technology Council EEI ........................................................................................................................ Edison Electric Institute EEO .......................................................................................................... Equal employment opportunity EIA .............................................................................................................. Electronic Industries Alliance EP A ....................................................................................................... Environmental Protection Agency EPDM ........................................................................... Ethylenepropylenedienemonomer (an elastomer) ESCCC ................................................................ Erosion and Sediment Control Contractor Certification F ............................................................................................... Fahrenheit, when preceded by “degree(s)” F/A .................................................................................................................. ............... Filler/asphalt ratio FAT .......................................................................................................................... Field Acceptance Test FHW A ..................................................................................................... Federal Highway Administration FOOH ...................................................................................................................... Field Office Overhead FS ....................................................................... Federal Specifications, General Services Administration HOOH ................................................................................................................... Home Office Overhead ICEA .............................................................................................. Insulated Cable Engineers Association 4IEEE ............................................................................... Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IMSA ..................................................................................... International Municipal Signal Association ISO .................................................................................... International Organization for Standardization ITE .................................................................................................... Institute of Transportation Engineers LCD ......................................................................................................................... Liquid crystal display LPG .......................................................................................................................... Liquid petroleum gas MEKP .......................................................................................................... Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide MIL ......................................................................................................................... Military specifications MSDS ............................................................................................................. Materials Safety Data Sheet MUTCD ............ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways and the Virginia supplement to same NEC ..................................................................................................................... National Electrical Code NEMA .............................................................................. National Electrical Manufacturers Association NIST ................................................................................ National Institute of Standards and Technology NOAA ........................................................................ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NRC ........................................................................................................ Nuclear Regulatory Commission OSHA ............................................................................ Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration PCI ................................................................................................ Precast / Prestressed Concrete Institute PE ........................................................................................................................................... Polyethylene PTL ................................................................................................................ Plywood Testing Laboratory PVC ................................................................................................................................ Polyvinylchloride PVF .................................................................................................................................. Polyvinylfluoride SAE ........................................................................................................ Society of Automotive Engineers SAT ....................................................................................................................... System Acceptance Test SOR ............................................................................................................................. Schedule of Record SP .................................................................................................................................... Special Provision SPCN ......................................................................................................... Special Provision Copied Note SPIB ....................................................................................................... Southern Pine Inspection Bureau SS .................................................................................................................... Supplemental Specification SSPC ......................................................................................................... Society for Protective Coatings SWaM ............................................................... Small, Women-Owned, and Minority-Owned Businesses SWPPP ......................................................................................... Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan TAPPI .................................................................... Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry TFE ........................................................................................................................ Polytetrafluoroethylene TIE ........................................................................................ Ticket Information Exchange (Miss Utility) TOCIT ...................................................................................... Traffic Operations Center Integration Test UL ............................................................................................................ Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc. VA C ....................................................................................................................... V olts alternating current VDC .............................................................................................................................. V olts direct current VDOT ............................................................................................ Virginia Department of Transportation VEP .................................................................................................................. Value engineering proposal VFA ....................................................................................................................... V oids filled with asphalt VMA ................................................................................................................ V oids in mineral aggregate VOSH ......................................................................................... Virginia Occupational Safety and Health VTM .......................................................................................... Virginia Test Methods; voids in total mix VW APM ....................................................................................... Virginia Work Area Protection Manual101.01

5101.02 Terms

In these Specifications and other Contract Documents, the following terms and pronouns used in place of them shall be interpreted as follows: –A– Adjustment . An increase or decrease in the Contract amount or in the Contract time, unless the context dictates otherwise. Advertisement, Notice of . A public announcement, as required by law, inviting bids for work to be performed or materials to be furnished that indicates, among other terms and conditions, approximate quantities of work to be performed, location of work to be performed, character and quantity of materials to be furnished, and time and place for opening bids. Affiliate . Any business entity that is closely associated to another business entity so that one has the power to control the other either directly or indirectly; or, where one business entity systematically shares resources, officers, and/or other management with another business entity to the extent that a business relationship legally exists or is publicly perceived to exist; or, when a third party has the power to control both; or, where one business entity has been so closely allied with another through an established course of dealings, including but not limited to the lending of financial wherewithal or engaging in joint ven - tures, so as to cause a public perception that the two firms are one entity. Alkali soil . Soil in which total alkali chlorides calculated as sodium chloride are more than 0.10 percent based on total solids. Award . The decision of the Board or Commissioner to accept the bid of the lowest responsive and re - sponsible bidder for the Work or such other criteria set forth in the solicitation. The award of the Contract is subject to the execution and approval of a satisfactory Contract for the Work, and such other approvals and conditions as may be specified or required by law. Award date . The date on which the decision is made by the Board or Commissioner to accept the bid or proposal of the lowest responsive and responsible bidder or such other criteria set forth in the solicitation. –B– Backfill . Material used to replace or the act of replacing material removed during construction; may also denote material placed or the act of placing material adjacent to structures. Balance point . The approximate point, based on estimated shrinkage or swell, where the quantity of earthwork excavation and borrow, if required, is equal to the quantity of embankment material plus any surplus excavation material. Base course . A layer of material of specified thickness on which the intermediate or surface course is placed. Base flood . The flood or tide having a one percent chance of being exceeded in any given year. Bid. The offer of a bidder, submitted by electronic proposal (or on paper if so specified in the Proposal) to perform the Work and furnish the materials, equipment, and labor at the prices set forth therein; valid only when properly signed and guaranteed. Bidder . Any individual, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or joint venture that formally submits a bid for the work contemplated, or for any portion thereof, acting directly or through a duly authorized representative.101.02 6101.02 Bids, Invitation for . See Advertisement, Notice of . Board . Commonwealth Transportation Board. Borrow . Suitable material not available from designated Regular Excavation or other sources of useable materials on-site that is used primarily for embankment. Brackish water . Water in which total alkali chlorides calculated as sodium chloride are more than 0.10 percent based on total solids. Bridge . A structure, including supports, that is erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, a highway, or a railway, that has a track or passageway for carrying traffic. Bridge lift . A layer of fill material placed in excess of standard depth over an area that does not support the weight of hauling equipment and for which compaction effort is not required. Business . Any corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, firm, association, individual, or sole proprietorship operated for profit. –C– Calendar day . Any day shown on the calendar, including Saturday and Sunday, beginning at 12:01 a.m. and ending at midnight. Camber . A vertical curvature induced or fabricated into beams or girders and a deck slab or slab span formwork; a vertical curvature set in the grade line of a pipe culvert to accommodate differential settlement. Change Order . Previously known as a Work Order. A written order (Form C-10) signed by the Engineer to incorporate changes, alterations or other modifications into the Contract. A Change Order may be used to add, modify, or delete: pay items, Contract time, Contract Documents, or other terms of the Contract. Change Orders may be issued on a bilateral or unilateral basis. The term change order means bilateral Change Order, except where the Change Order is designated or understood from the context as being a unilateral Change Order. Bilateral Change Order . A written change order signed by both the Engineer and the Contractor where the Engineer and Contractor agree upon the scope, the cost, and the time adjustment for the proposed change, alteration, or other modification to the Contract. Form C-10 shall be used to modify the Contract to include the approved change. This type of change order is what is typically meant when the term change order is used elsewhere in Department publications. Unilateral Change Order . A written change order signed only by the Engineer used to effect a change, alteration, or other modification to the Contract when the Engineer and the Contractor cannot agree upon the scope, the cost, or the time estimation of the proposed change, alteration, or other modification to the Contract or where due to issues of emergency, safety, environmental damage, or other similar critical factors the Department must act quickly and unilaterally to effect the change. In these cases, the Department must act unilaterally to establish a scope, cost, or time adjustment for, the change, alteration, or other modification to the Contract. Form C-10 shall be used to modify the Contract to include the approved change. Channel . A watercourse or drainage way. 7101.02 Claim . The Contractor’ s written request or demand for an adjustment to the Contractor’ s compensation or to the Contract time, for costs, expenses, or other damages, adjustment of the Contract terms, or for any entitlement available under the Contract, made within the time, in the form, and pursuant to the provisions for claims specified in the Contract Documents. Commissioner . The Chief Executive Officer of the Virginia Department of Transportation, whose full title is the Commissioner of Highways or as otherwise designated by the Code of Virginia. Commonwealth . Commonwealth of Virginia. Completion Date . The date specified in the Contract, on Form C-7, by which the Contractor shall achieve Final Acceptance according to Section 108.09. Completion Date, Substantial . The date on or before which the project is complete such that it can be safely and effectively used by the public without delays, disruption, or other impediments and only clean up and Work of a minor nature, as agreed to by the Engineer, remains to be finished. Composite hydrograph . A graph showing the mean daily discharge versus the calendar day, indicating trends in high and low flow for a one-year period. Construction area . The area where authorized construction occurs. Construction limits (On-Site) . The disturbed area required for the construction of a Project including the intersection of side slopes with the original ground, plus slope rounding and slopes for drainage ditch - es, bridges, culverts, channels, temporary or incidental construction, and identified by the surface planes as shown and/or described within the Contract Documents. Contract . The written agreement executed by and between the Department and the Contractor that sets forth the obligations of the parties thereunder. The documents that make up the Contract are specified in Section 103.06. Oral agreements, representations or promises will not be considered a part of the Contract. Contract Amount . The sum stated as the bid total in the executed Proposal (Form C-7), as adjusted according to the Contract. Contract Engineer . See State Construction Contract Engineer . Contract execution date . The date on which the Contract is signed by the Chief Engineer. Contract item, bid item, or pay item . A specifically described unit of work for which a price is provided in the Contract Schedule of Items. Contract time . The time allowed in the Contract for final completion of the Work, including all autho - rized time extensions, beginning on the notice to proceed date and ending at the Contract time limit. Contract time limit . The date, whether set by a number of calendar days or fixed calendar date, for final completion of the Work prescribed in the Contract, including all authorized time extensions. Contractor . The business that has a direct contract with the Department, which is in writing and signed by the Engineer, to perform the prescribed Work as an independent contractor and not as an agent for the Department, the Commissioner or the Board. Controlling item of work . See Critical Path Work . 8101.02 Corporation . A business entity organized and existing under the laws of the Commonwealth or other jurisdiction by virtue of articles of incorporation, amendment, or merger. Critical Activity . Any activity on the critical path. Critical Path . The longest continuous sequence of work or chain of activities throughout the project that defines the overall time needed to complete the project. Critical Path Work . Any work on the critical path. A delay to any critical path work is expected to delay completion of the project. Cul-de-sac . An area at the terminus of a dead end street or road that is constructed for the purpose of allowing vehicles to turn around. Culvert . A structure that is not classified as a bridge which provides an opening under any roadway. Cut. When used as a noun with reference to earthwork, that portion of a roadway formed by excavating below the existing surface of the earth and limited by design or the direction of the Engineer. Cut Slope . See also Fill Slope . A surface plane generally designated by design or the direction of the Engineer which is formed during excavation below existing ground elevations that intersects with exist - ing ground at its termini. –D– Day. A Calendar Day, unless specifically stated otherwise. Deflection . The vertical or horizontal movement occurring between the supports of a bridge superstruc - ture, guardrail, other structure, or the components (beams, girders, and slabs) thereof that results from their own weight and from dead and live loads. Although all parts of a structure are subject to deflections, usually only those deflections that occur in the superstructure are of significance during construction. Department . Virginia Department of Transportation. Design flood . The magnitude of flood that a given structure can convey without exceeding a designated flood level. Detour . The removal of traffic from one roadway or highway to an alternate roadway or highway. Digital Identification (I .D.). An encrypted signature that is the legal equivalent of a written signature thus allowing for the digital signing of the bid. Direct Costs . Project-specific costs the Contractor incurs in the performance of the Work, consisting of labor; material; ownership cost, operating expense, or invoiced rental rates of equipment; and job-site general and administrative overhead. Disincentive . If provided for in the Contract, an agreed monetary sum that the Department deducts from compensation due or to become due to the Contractor if a specified milestone is not satisfactorily completed on or before the specified milestone date. Disposable material . Material generally found to be unsuitable for roadway construction or surplus material that is to be placed in a disposal area, unless specified otherwise. 9101.02 Disposal areas . Areas generally located outside of the Construction Limits identified in the Contract where unsuitable or surplus material is deposited. Disqualification . The suspension or revocation of a bidder’ s prequalification privileges. Diversion . A traffic shift that temporarily moves an existing Road to a new alignment. Drainage ditch . An artificial depression constructed to carry off surface water. –E– Earthwork . The work consisting of constructing roadway earthwork in conformity with the specified tolerances for the lines, grades, typical sections, and cross sections shown on the plans or as established by the Engineer. Earthwork shall include regular, borrow, undercut and minor structure excavation; con - structing embankments; disposing of surplus and unsuitable material; shaping; grading; compaction; sloping; dressing; and temporary erosion control work. Easement . A grant of the right to use property for a specific use. Embankment . A structure of soil, soil aggregate, soil-like materials, or broken rock between the existing ground and subgrade. Employee . Any person working on the project who is under the direction or control of or receives com - pensation from the Contractor or subcontractor at any tier. Engineer . The Chief Engineer, as designated by the Commissioner, who acts directly or through his duly authorized representative(s) and who is responsible for highway design, construction, and maintenance. The Engineer and his representative(s) act within the scope of the particular duties or the authority given to them by the Code of Virginia, the Commissioner, these Specifications, and the Contract Documents. Equipment . Machinery, tools, and other apparatus, together with the necessary supplies for upkeep and maintenance, that are necessary for acceptable completion of the work. Excavation (Excavate) . The act of creating a man-made cavity in the existing soil for the removal of material necessary to obtain a specific elevation or to install a structure, material, component, or item necessary to complete a specific task or form a final surface or subsurface. Extra work . Any work that was not provided for or included in the Contract as awarded but the Engineer determines is essential to the satisfactory fulfillment of the Contract within its intended scope and is iden - tified in an authorized change order for its execution subject to the limitations, exceptions and provisions in Sections 104.02, 104.03, and 109.05. –F– Falsework . A temporary framework used to support work in the process of constructing permanent structural units. Federal agencies or officers . An agency or officer of the federal government and any agency or officer succeeding in accordance with the law to the powers, duties, jurisdictions, and authority of the agency or officer mentioned. 10101.02 Fill Slope . See also Cut Slope . A surface plane formed during embankment above existing ground elevations that intersects with existing ground at its termini. Final Acceptance . Acceptance of the project after Final Completion of all the Work specified in the Contract, as determined by and contingent on a final inspection by the Engineer. Firm . A commercial partnership of two or more persons formed for the purpose of transacting business. Flood frequency . A statistical average recurrence interval of floods of a given magnitude. Force account work . A type of extra work for which the Contractor is compensated as specified in Section 109.05 (b) Payment by Force Account pursuant to an executed Force Account authorization (Form C-115), for use when the scope or quantity of the extra work is undefined. Formwork . A temporary structure or mold used to retain the plastic or fluid concrete in its designated shape until it hardens. Formwork shall be designed to resist the fluid pressure exerted by plastic concrete and additional fluid pressure generated by vibration and temporary construction loads. Frontage street or road . A local street or road auxiliary to and located on the side of a highway for service to abutting property and adjacent areas and control of access. –G– Gage . U.S. Standard Gage. Grade separation . Any structure that provides a traveled way over or under another traveled way or over a body of water. –H– Highway . The entire right of way reserved for use in constructing or maintaining the roadway and its appurtenances. Historical flood level . The highest flood level that is known to have occurred at a given location. Holidays . The days specifically set forth in Section 108.02 or in the Contract Documents. Hydrologic data sheet . A tabulation of hydrologic data for facilities conveying a 100-year discharge equal to or greater than 500 cubic feet per second. –I– Incentive . If provided for in the Contract, an agreed monetary sum that the Department pays to the Contractor if a specified milestone or condition is satisfactorily completed or achieved, and accepted by the Department on or before the specified milestone date. Inspector . The Engineer’ s authorized representative who is assigned to make detailed inspections of the quality and quantity of the work and its conformance to the requirements and provisions of the Contract. Invert . The lowest point in the internal cross-section of a pipe or other drainage structure. –J–K– Joint venture . T wo or more businesses that join together in the nature of a partnership for the purpose of bidding on and constructing a project, for which they are all jointly and individually liable to the Department. 11101.02 –L– Laboratory . The testing laboratory of the Department or any other testing laboratory that may be desig - nated by provisions in the Contract or by the Engineer. Liquidated damages . As used in Section 108.06, the agreed damages the Contractor owes to the Department when the Contractor fails to complete the project within the specified Contract time limit. These damages include, but are not limited to, additional costs associated with administration, engineer - ing, supervision, and inspection of the project, and other expenses. –M– Major Item . Any pay item specifically indicated as such in the Schedule of Items included in the Contract. Material . Any substance that is used in the Work specified in the Contract. Median . The portion of a divided highway that separates the traveled ways. Milestone . An event or a date that marks the start or completion of a specified portion of the Work. If provided for in the Contract, milestones are used to specify when the Work or a specified portion thereof must be completed in accordance with the Contract Documents. The Contract may provide for one or more Completion milestone. Minimum Plan Concept Project . A project of a very limited scope and duration that requires few details to describe the proposed work. Minor Item . Any pay item that is not specified as being a Major Item in the Schedule of Items included in the Contract. –N– Non-Contract item . Item(s) of work that is required to permit completion of the specified work in an acceptable manner, located within the Limits of Construction, but is not included in the Contract Documents and will be completed by others prior to or during the construction of the Project. No Plan Project . Generally a project of a very limited scope and duration that requires no plans to describe proposed work. Notice to Proceed . Written notice to the Contractor authorizing the prosecution of work. –O– Ordinary high water . A water elevation based on analysis of all daily high waters that will be exceeded approximately 25 percent of the time during any 12 month period. –P–Q– Pavement structure . The combination of select or stabilized materials, subbase, base, and surface cours - es, described in the Typical Pavement Section in the Plans that is placed on a subgrade to support the traffic load and distribute it to the roadbed. Pay item . See Contract item. 12Phase inspection . The inspection of work at predetermined stages in lieu of continuous inspection. Plans . The approved project plans and profiles, which may include but are not limited to survey data, typical sections, summaries, general notes, details, plan and profile views, cross-sections, special design drawings, computer output listings, supplemental drawings or exact reproductions thereof, and all su bsequently approved revisions thereto which show the location, character, dimensions, and details of the Work specified in the Contract. Prequalification . The procedure for qualifying a contractor or subcontractor to bid or work on Depart - ment contracts, as specified in the Department’ s Rules Governing Prequalification Privileges. Profile grade . The line of a vertical plane intersecting the top surface of the proposed wearing surface, usually along the longitudinal centerline of the roadbed. Project . The designated section of highway, roadway, or property including all work to be performed according to the Contract Documents. Project showing . The scheduled event at which the Department’ s representative meets with prospective bidders to describe and answer questions regarding the proposed work. Proposal (Bid Proposal) . The Department documents in the Notice of Advertisement for Bids that con - tain the project requirements and other information upon which a bid is to be based. The Proposal in - cludes the plans, Specifications, Special Provisions, Supplemental Specifications, referenced Standards, addenda, revisions, all other documents referred to therein, whether or not attached, and the electronic forms on which the Department requires bids to be submitted. –R– Ramp . A connecting roadway between two highways or traveled ways or between two intersecting high - ways at a grade separation. Right of way . A general term denoting the Commonwealth’ s land, property, or interest therein, that is acquired for or devoted to a highway or other transportation facilities. As used herein, the term does not denote the legal nature of the Commonwealth’ s ownership. Road . A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel including the entire area within the right of way; the entire area reserved for use in constructing or maintaining the roadway and its appurtenances. Road and Bridge Specifications . See Specifications . Roadbed . The graded portion of a highway within the top and side slopes that is prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulders. Roadbed material . The material below the subgrade in cuts, embankments, and embankment founda - tions that extends to a depth and width that affects the support of the pavement structure. Roadside . A general term that denotes the area within the right of way that adjoins the outer edges of the roadway; extensive areas between the roadways of a divided highway. Roadside development . Items that are necessary to complete a highway that provide for the preservation of landscape materials and features; rehabilitation and protection against erosion of areas disturbed by con -101.02 13struction through placing seed, sod, mulch, and other ground covers; and such suitable plantings and other improvements as may increase the effectiveness and service life and enhance the appearance of the highway. Roadway . The portion of a highway within the limits of construction and all structures, ditches, channels, and waterways which are necessary for the correct drainage thereof. Rootmat . Any material that, by volume, contains approximately 60 percent or more roots. –S– Schedule Impact Analysis (SIA) . A process of analyzing a schedule to determine the impact on the project schedule of a change in the Work or condition, or of a delay event, for the purposes of quantifying and apportioning the effects to the party responsible for the impact. Schedule of Record (SOR) . The most recent baseline progress schedule accepted by the Engineer. Upon acceptance by the Engineer, the initial baseline progress schedule or a subsequently revised baseline progress schedule shall be the SOR. The SOR is the agreed, official and only baseline schedule with which all work required to complete the project will be planned and executed, on which all subsequent schedule updates shall be based, and against which progress of the Work will be evaluated. Seawater . Water in which total alkali chlorides calculated as sodium chloride are more than 0.10 percent of total solids. Select borrow . Borrow material that has specified physical characteristics. Select material . Material obtained from roadway cuts, borrow areas, or commercial sources that is des - ignated or reserved for use as a foundation for the subbase, subbase material, shoulder surfacing, or other specified purposes designated in the Contract Documents. Shoulder . The portion of the roadway contiguous with the traveled way that is for the accommodation of stopped vehicles, emergency use, and lateral support of the base and surface courses. Sidewalk . The portion of the roadway constructed primarily for the use of pedestrians. Skew . The acute angle formed by the intersection of a line normal to the centerline of the roadway with a line parallel to the face of the abutments or, in the case of culverts, with the centerline of the culverts. Special Provision (SP) . See Specifications . Special Provision Copied Note (SPCN) . See Specifications . Specialty Item . A Contract item designated as a “Specialty Item” in the Proposal that requires highly specialized knowledge, abilities, craftsmanship, or equipment not ordinarily provided by contractors pre - qualified to bid on the Contract as a whole. Specialty Items are usually limited to minor components of the overall Contract. Specifications . A general term that includes all directions, provisions, and requirements, necessary for the proper fulfillment of the Contract. Specifications are found in the following Contract Documents: Road and Bridge Specifications . The standard specifications applicable to contracts awarded by the Commonwealth Transportation Board or Commissioner. Special Provision (SP) . Specifications or requirements for a particular project that add to or modify the standard specifications.101.02 14Special Provision Copied Note (SPCN) . Specific specifications or requirements, usually limited in scope, for a particular project. Supplemental Specifications (SS) . Additions and revisions to the Road and Bridge Specifications. Standard drawings . Unless otherwise specified, applicable drawings in the Department’ s Road and Bridge Standards and such other standard drawings as are referred to on the plans. State . Commonwealth of Virginia. State Construction Contract Engineer . The Chief Engineer’ s authorized representative for administering the Notice of Advertisement for Bids, receiving bids for such, and awarding contracts for the Department. Station . When used as a definition or term of measurement, 100 linear feet. Storm Sewer System . A drainage system consisting of a series of at least two interconnecting pipes and structures (minimum of two drop inlets, manholes, junction boxes, etc.) designed to intercept and convey stormwater runoff from a specific storm event without surcharge. Street . A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel including the entire area within the right of way; the entire right of way reserved for use in constructing or maintaining the road - way and its appurtenances. Structures . Bridges, culverts, catch basins, inlets, retaining walls, cribs, manholes, end walls, buildings, steps, fences, sewers, service pipes, underdrains, foundation drains, and other features that may be en - countered in the work and are not otherwise classed herein. Subbase . A layer(s) of specified or selected material of designed thickness that is placed on a subgrade to support a base course. Subcontract . A contract between the Contractor and any other business to perform part of the Contract subject to the requirements of the Contract Documents including, but not limited to, Sections 102.01 and 105.06. Subcontractor . Any business that has a subcontract, including any business that provides on-site labor, but not any business that furnishes or supplies only materials or equipment for the Project. Subgrade . The top earthwork surface of a roadbed, prior to application of Select or Stabilized material courses, shaped to conform to the typical section on which the pavement structure and shoulders are constructed, or the surface that must receive an additional material layer, such as Topsoil, Stone or other Select Material. Subgrade stabilization . The modification of roadbed soils by admixing with stabilizing or chemical agents that will increase the load bearing capacity, firmness, and resistance to weathering or displacement. Sublet . See Subcontract . Substructure . The part of a structure that is below the bearings of simple and continuous spans, skew - backs of arches, and tops of footings of rigid frames, together with the back walls, wingwalls, and wing protection railings. Superintendent . The Contractor’ s Project representative who is authorized to receive and fulfill instruc - tions from the Engineer and who supervises and directs the Work on the Contractor’ s behalf.101.02 15Superstructure . The portion of a structure that is above the substructure. Supplemental Specifications (SS) . See Specifications . Supplier . Any business who manufactures, fabricates, distributes, supplies, or furnishes materials or equipment, but not on-site labor, for use in performing the Work on or for the project according to the requirements of the Contract Documents including, but not limited to, Sections 102 and 106. Surety . A business bound with and for the Contractor for full and complete fulfillment of the Contract and for payment of debts pertaining to the Work. When applied to the proposal guaranty, it refers to the business that engages to be responsible in the execution by the bidder, within the specified time, of a satisfactory Contract and the furnishing of an acceptable payment and contract bond. Surface course . One or more top layers of a pavement structure designed to accommodate the traffic load, which is designed to resist skidding, traffic abrasion, and disintegrating effects of weather. Also see wearing course. Surplus material . Material that is present on a project as a result of unbalanced earthwork quantities, excessive swell, slides, undercutting, or other conditions beyond the control of the Contractor, or is des - ignated as surplus material in the Contract Documents. Suspension . A written notice issued by the Engineer to the Contractor that orders the Work on a project to be stopped wholly or in part as specified. The notice will include the reason for the suspension. –T– Temporary structure . Any structure that is required to maintain traffic while permanent structures or parts of structures specified in the Contract are constructed or reconstructed. The temporary structure shall include earth approaches. Theoretical maximum density . The maximum compaction of materials that can be obtained in accor - dance with the values established VTM-1. Tidewater, Virginia . As defined in the Code of Virginia, § 62.1-44.15:68. Time Impact Analysis (TIA) . A forward-looking, prospective schedule impact analysis method that adds a modeled delay to the current schedule in place at the time of a change or delay to determine the possible time impact of the change or delay to project completion. Ton. A short ton; 2,000 pounds avoirdupois. Top of earthwork . The uppermost surface of the regular or embankment excavation, not including select material, which is shaped to conform to the typical section shown in the plans or directed by the Engineer. Topsoil . The uppermost original layer of material that will support plant life and contains more than 5 percent organic material reasonably free from roots exceeding 1 inch in diameter, brush, stones larger than 3 inches in the largest dimension, and toxic contaminants. Traveled way . The portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, not including shoulders. –U– Unsuitable Material . Any material which contains more than 5 percent by weight organic matter, or which has unstable bearing capacity, excessive moisture content, plasticity indexes or liquid indexes, 101.02 16or other characteristics defined by the Engineer or the Contract Documents as unsuitable for the use intended. Utilities . Private, county, city, municipal or public facility, structure, or infrastructure, designed, owned and maintained for public use or to provide a public service such as electricity, water, sanitary sewer, storm sewer, drainage culverts, telecommunications, conduits, gas, oil, fiber optics, cable television, that is not identified as a Pavement Structure, Roadway, Highway, Street or Traveled Way. –V– V ouchered . The action of approval by the Department; constitutes the date of release to the State Comp - troller for payment. –W–X–Y -Z– Wearing course . (See Surface course ) The top and final layer of any pavement. Work . The furnishing of all materials, labor, tools, equipment, and incidentals necessary or convenient for the successful completion of the project and the carrying out of the duties and obligations specified in the Contract. Working drawings . Stress sheets, shop drawings, erection plans, falsework plans, framework plans, cofferdam plans, bending diagrams for reinforcing steel, or any other supplementary plans or similar data the Contractor is required to submit to the Engineer for review. SECTION 102— BIDDING REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS

102.01 Prequalification of Bidders