389tolerance. If permitted by the Engineer, high spots may be removed to within specified tolerance by any method that does not produce contaminating fines or damage the base to remain in place, except that the Engineer will not permit grinding. The Contractor shall remove and replace stabilized open-graded material with a surface lower than 0.5 inch below the grade shown on the plans or established by the Engineer with stabilized open-graded material that complies with these specifications to the proper tolerance. The Engineer may permit low areas to be filled with the next pavement course in the same operation in which the pavement is placed provided the next pavement course is provided at no additional cost to the Department. The Contractor shall not use the open-graded course as a haul road or storage area. Construction traffic will not be permitted on the open-graded course except for equipment required to place the next layer. The Engineer will not permit haul vehicles that are overweight or that have not had a legal load determination on the open-graded drainage course for any purpose. The Contractor shall place asphalt-stabilized open-graded material in one layer by approved equipment conforming to Section 315.03. Compaction shall begin when the internal mat temperature is approx - imately 150 degrees F to 200 degrees F . The Contractor shall employ a static, steel, two-wheel roller to compact the material in one to three passes in an established pattern that has been approved by the Engineer. An 8- to 10-ton roller is recommended for such use. The mat shall be compacted sufficiently to support the placement of the next layer but not to the point that it is no longer free draining or that the aggregate is crushed. The Engineer will not permit placement of the next higher pavement layer if any damage to the stabilized open-graded material is visible. Construction of the next layer shall not proceed until directed by the Engineer.
313.07 Measurement and Payment
Asphalt-stabilized open-graded material will be measured in tons and will be paid for at the contract unit price per ton, complete-in-place. This price shall be full compensation for furnishing and placing asphalt material including aggregate, lime, or other anti-stripping admixture. Payment will be made under: —————————————————————————Pay Item Pay Unit—————————————————————————Asphalt-stabilized open-graded material Ton————————————————————————— SECTION 314—PENETRATION SURFACE COURSES
314.01 Description
This work shall consist of constructing a wearing surface of crushed stone, slag, or crushed gravel pene - trated with asphalt in accordance with these specifications and in conformity with the lines shown on the plans or as established by the Engineer.314.01 390314.02—Materials
a.Asphalt may be changed one viscosity grade by the Engineer during construction at no change in the contract unit price. Asphalt shall conform to Section 210 as applicable.
b.Aggregate shall be crushed stone, slag, or crushed gravel that conforms to Section 203 as applicable. The Contractor shall not haul aggregate directly from a washing plant to be used in the work.
c.Fine aggregate shall be Grading B sand conforming to Section 202.
314.03 Weather Limitations
The Contractor shall not place penetration courses when surfaces are wet, when the air temperature is below 50 degrees F , or when the surface temperature is below 70 degrees F . The Contractor shall furnish a properly calibrated infrared instrument for the purpose of measuring the surface temperature and shall measure the surface temperature for conformance to the aforementioned temperature range prior to placement.
314.04 Equipment
The Engineer will evaluate the Contractor’ s equipment for acceptance in placing the materials prior to performance of the work. Equipment that will handle the materials and produce the completed course or courses in accordance with these specifications is acceptable.
a.Spreaders: Spreaders for coarse aggregate shall be self-propelled spreading and leveling machines or spreader boxes equipped with shoes or runners of sufficient width and length to preclude damage or displacement of the subgrade or other courses. The mechanical spreader for the fine aggregate shall conform to Section 312.03.
b.Distributor: The distributor shall be so designed, equipped, maintained, and operated that asphalt at the specified temperature range may be applied uniformly on variable widths of surface up to 15 feet. The distributor shall be capable of applying the asphalt at readily determined and controlled rates from 0.05 to 2.0 gallons per square yard, with uniform pressure, and with an allowable variation from any specified rate not to exceed 0.02 gallon per square yard. Distributor equipment shall include a tachometer, pressure gages, accurate volume-measuring devices, or a calibrated tank and a thermometer for measuring temperatures of the contents of the tanks. Distributors shall be equipped with a power unit for the pump and full circulation spray bars adjustable laterally and vertically. The distributor shall be equipped with a positive shutoff control that will prevent lapping at the junction of two applications. When necessary, the distributor shall be equipped with a positive means of deflecting the spray to prevent coating of adjacent structures and appurtenances. A connection for attaching hand spraying devices shall be provided and the Contractor shall use hand-spraying equipment to cover variable-width areas, patches, and other areas where spray bar application is impractical or would result in excessive asphalt material.
c.Rollers: The number, type, and weight of rollers shall be sufficient to compact the mixture to the required density.314.02 391314.05—Procedures Cover material shall be applied in full-lane widths up to 12 feet. The Contractor shall make laps only at lane dividers or at the crown of the roadway. Successive laps at lane dividers and the crown of the roadway shall be staggered from 3 to 6 inches. The Contractor shall condition the road surface to receive the materials in accordance with Section 312.04.
a.Rates of Application: Asphalt Aggregate (gal/sq yd) (lb/sq yd) Light Courses Coarse aggregate No. 56 60-139 Asphalt for penetration 0.75-1.20 Choke aggregate No. 68, or 20-30 No. 78, or 22-28 No. 8, or 18-25 Grading B sand 10-15 Asphalt for seal 0.15-0.30 Seal aggregate, No. 78, or 22-28 Seal aggregate, No. 8 18-25 Heavy Courses Asphalt for tack coat 0.10-0.20 Coarse aggregate, No. 56 140-200 Asphalt for penetration 1.30-1.80 Choke aggregate, No. 68 20-30 Asphalt for seal 0.20-0.35 Seal aggregate, No. 78 or 22-28 Seal aggregate, No. 8 18-25
b.Sequence and Methods:
1.If deemed necessary by the Engineer or specified in the contract, the Contractor shall apply a tack coat in accordance with Section 310 immediately prior to the application of coarse aggregate.
2.The coarse aggregate shall be uniformly spread on the prepared base or surface at the specified rate of application. This application shall be mixed and shaped by the use of multiple-blade road planers or other equipment deemed acceptable by the Engineer. Immediately following mixing and shaping operations, the Contractor shall roll the surface with a 10-ton, three-wheel or tandem steel wheel roller and, for a heavy penetration surface course; the Contractor shall uniformly choke the surface with No. 68 aggregate. The surface will be tested by the Engineer using a 10-foot straightedge. The variation of the surface from the testing edge of the straightedge between any two contacts with the surface shall be not more than 1/4 inch. The Contractor shall correct any humps or depressions exceeding the specified 314.05 392tolerance. The coarse aggregate on light penetration courses shall be uniformly choked with the fine aggregate.
3.The prepared course shall be penetrated with asphalt at the rate specified and immediately covered with the choke aggregate. The Contractor’ s rolling operations shall immediately follow the application of covering aggregate and shall continue until the treatment is bonded. Subsequent rolling and applications of cover aggregate, if required, shall be performed on successive days following the application.
4.The Contractor shall apply and roll a seal coat after the penetration course has cured.
314.06 Measurement and Payment
Asphalt will be measured in gallons. Aggregate and cover material will be measured in tons. Penetration surface course will be paid for at the contract unit price per gallon for asphalt and per ton for aggregate and cover material specified. These prices shall include furnishing and applying materials and maintaining the treatment. Payment will be made under: ————————————————————Pay Item Pay Unit————————————————————Liquid asphalt Gallon Cover material (Type) Ton Aggregate (No.) Ton———————————————————— SECTION 315—ASPHALT CONCRETE PLACEMENT
315.01 Description
This work shall consist of constructing one or more courses of asphalt concrete on a prepared foundation in accordance with these Specifications and within the specified tolerances for the lines, grades, thicknesses, and cross sections shown on the plans or established by the Engineer. At the Contractor’ s option, the asphalt concrete mix may be produced using a warm-mix additive or warm-mix process approved by the Department. When used, the temperature placement limitations for Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) shall apply. This work shall also consist of constructing asphalt concrete curb and rumble strips in accordance with these Specifications, plan details, and the Standard Drawings.
315.02 Materials
a.Asphalt concrete shall conform to Section 211. The Contractor shall alter the design if SUPER- PA VE design densities begin to exceed 98 percent of the theoretical maximum density during construction.314.05
Source: Virginia Road and Bridge Specifications, 2020 Edition. Pages 417–419 of 1,065.