589SECTION 417—DAMP-PROOFING
417.01 Description
This work shall consist of furnishing and applying damp-proofing material to concrete surfaces in accor - dance with the plans and these specifications.
417.02 Materials
Materials shall conform to Section 213 as applicable.
417.03 Procedures
a.Surface Preparation: Surfaces shall be cleaned of loose, foreign material or other substances, materials, etc. than may inhibit or prohibit successful continuous application and shall be dry. The Engineer may require the surface to be scrubbed with water and a stiff brush, after which it shall be allowed to dry before application of primer.
b.Application: The cleaned surface shall be brush painted or spray painted with at least two coats of primer, using at least 1/8 gallon per square yard of surface area per coat. On the primed surface, one application of an asphalt seal coat shall be applied by brush, using at least 1/10 gallon per square yard. Asphalt shall be confined to areas to be damp-proofed and shall not be dripped or spread on any other parts of the structure. The Contractor shall take protective measures and exercise care to prevent asphalt from being applied to non-designated areas.
417.04 Measurement and Payment
Damp-proofing, when a pay item, will be measured in square yards and will be paid for at the contract unit price per square yard. The price shall include damp-proofing materials, surface preparation, protective measures, and application. When not a pay item the cost of damp-proofing shall be included in the price for other appropriate pay items. Payment will be made under: ——————————————————Pay Item Pay Unit——————————————————Damp-proofing Square yard—————————————————— SECTION 418—TIMBER STRUCTURES
418.01 Description
This work shall consist of furnishing and erecting timber materials required to complete a structure in accordance with these specifications and in conformity with the lines and grades shown on the plans or as established by the Engineer.418.01 590418.02—Materials
a.Lumber and Timber shall conform to Section 236.
b.Structural Shapes: Rods, plates, shapes, and eyebars shall conform to Section 226.
c.Castings: Castings shall be cast steel or gray iron, as shown on the plans, conforming to Section 224.
d.Hardware: Machine bolts, drift bolts, and dowels shall conform to Section 226. Washers may be ogee gray iron or malleable castings or may be cut from mild steel plate as shown on the plans. Machine bolts shall have square heads and nuts. Nails shall be cut or round wire of standard form. Spikes shall be cut, wire, or boat spikes as shown on the plans. Nails, spikes, bolts, dowels, washers, and lag screws shall be black or galvanized, as specified on the plans. Other hardware, except malleable iron connectors, shall be galvanized in accordance with Section 233 or cadmium plated in accordance ASTM A165, Type OS.
e.Paint shall conform to Section 231 and shall be the color as shown on the plans.
418.03 Procedures
a.Storing Material: The Contractor shall store lumber and timber on the work site in well arranged stacks or ricks. Material shall be stacked at least 12 inches above the ground surface and sloped to drain off condensation or precipitation. It shall be continuously protected from weather by an intact suitable covering. The ground underneath and in the vicinity of material shall be cleared and kept free of weeds and rubbish. Untreated material shall be open stacked, and treated material shall be close stacked.
b.Treated Timber: The Contractor shall handle treated timber by means of rope slings to prevent sudden dropping, breaking of outer fibers, or bruising or penetrating of the surface with tools such as cant hooks, peaveys, pikes, or hooks. Cutting, framing, and boring of treated timbers shall be performed before treatment insofar as is practicable. The Contractor shall avoid making untreated cuts, borings, or other joint framings below the high water elevation when treated timbers are to be placed in water infested by marine borers, as determined by the Engineer. Cuts in treated piles or timbers and abrasions, after having been carefully trimmed smooth, shall be brush coated with at least two applications of the same preservative used in the treatment of the timbers or piles. Bolt holes bored after treatment shall be treated with a preservative conforming to Section 236 for the conditions of exposure in the finished work. The Contractor shall plug unfilled bolt holes after they have been treated. Plugs shall fit tightly for the full opening of the hole and be driven into place.418.02 591Whenever forms or temporary braces are attached to treated timber with nails or spikes, holes shall be filled by driving galvanized nails or spikes flush with the surface or by plugging as required for bolt holes.
c.Untreated Timber: The Contractor shall thoroughly treat ends, tops, and contact surfaces of sills, caps, floor beams, stringers, and bracing and truss units with two coats of preservative before assembly. The back faces of bulkheads and other timber that will be in contact with earth, metal, or other timber shall be similarly treated prior to erection or incorporation into the work.
d.Treatment of Pile Heads: After required cutting to receive caps and prior to placement of caps, pile heads shall be treated to prevent decay. The Contractor shall protect the heads of timber piles by one of the following methods, as indicated on the plans. If not otherwise indicated, Method A shall be used.
1.Method A—zinc covering: The sawed surface shall be brush coated with three applications of a preservative. Before the cap is placed, a sheet of 12 gage (0.028 inch) zinc shall be placed on each pile head. The sheet shall be of sufficient size to project at least 4 inches outside the pile and shall be bent down, neatly trimmed, and securely fastened to the face of the pile with large-headed galvanized roofing nails.
2.Method B—fabric covering: Heads of piles shall be covered with alternate layers of hot pitch and cotton fabric for waterproofing, using four applications of pitch and three layers of fabric. The cover shall measure at least 6 inches more in dimension than the diameter of the pile and be neatly folded down over the pile and secured by large-headed galvanized nails or by binding with at least seven complete turns of galvanized wire securely held in place by large-headed galvanized nails and staples. Edges of fabric projecting below the wire wrapping shall be trimmed to present a neat finished appearance.
e.Holes for Bolts, Dowels, Rods, and Lag Screws: The Contractor shall bore holes for round drift bolts and dowels with a bit 1/16 inch less in diameter than the bolt or dowel to be used. The diameter of holes for square drift holes or dowels shall be equal to the least dimension of the bolt or dowel. The Contractor shall bore holes according to the following:
1.Holes for machine bolts shall be bored with a bit the same diameter as the bolt.
2.Holes for rods shall be bored with a bit 1/16 inch greater in diameter than the rod.
3.Holes for lag screws shall be bored with a bit not larger than the body of the screw at the base of the thread.
f.Bolts and Washers: The Contractor shall install a washer under bolt heads and nuts that would otherwise come in direct contact with wood. Bolts shall be checked after nuts have been finally tightened.
g.Countersinking: The Contractor shall countersink bolts and screws wherever smooth faces are required. Recesses in horizontal surfaces shall be painted with a preservative and filled with hot pitch after the bolt or screw is in place.
h.Framing: Lumber and timber shall be cut and framed to a close fit so that the resultant joints will have an even bearing over the contact surfaces. Mortises shall be true to size for their full depth, and tenons shall fit snugly to all surfaces. The Engineer will not permit shimming in making finished joints, and open joints will not be accepted.418.03 592(i) Pile Bents: Preparing and driving piles shall be in accordance with Section 403. The Contractor shall carefully select piles for any one bent to avoid undue bending or distortion of the sway bracing. Care shall be taken in distributing piles of varying sizes to secure uniform strength and rigidity in bents of any given structure. Cutoffs shall be accurately made to ensure a uniform bearing between the cap and piles of a bent.
j.Framed Bents:
1.Mud sills: Untreated timber used for mud sills shall be of heart cedar, heart cypress, redwood, or other naturally durable timber. Mud sills shall be firmly and evenly bedded to solid bearing and tamped in place.
2.Concrete pedestals for the support of framed bents shall be finished so that sills or posts will take an even bearing. Dowels or anchor bolts at least 3/4 inch in diameter shall be set in pedes - tals when they are cast for anchoring sills or posts.
3.Sills shall have a true and even bearing on mud sills, piles, or pedestals. They shall be drift bolted to mud sills or piles with bolts at least 3/4 inch in diameter and extending into the mud sills or piles at least 6 inches. When possible, the Contractor shall remove earth from contact with sills so that there will be free air circulation.
4.Posts shall be fastened to pedestals with dowels at least 3/4 inch in diameter, extending at least 6 inches into the posts. Posts shall be fastened to sills by one of the following methods, as indicated on the plans: • by dowels at least 3/4 inch in diameter extending at least 6 inches into posts and sills or • by drift bolts at least 3/4 inch in diameter driven diagonally through the base of the post and extending at least 9 inches into the sill.
k.Caps: Timber caps shall be placed with ends aligned in a manner to secure an even and uniform bearing over the tops of supporting posts or piles. Caps shall be secured by drift bolts at least 3/4 inch in diameter extending at least 9 inches into the posts or piles. Drift bolts shall be located in the approximate center of the post or pile.
l.Bracing: Ends of bracing shall be bolted through the pile, post, or cap with a bolt at least 5/8 inch in diameter. Intermediate intersections shall be bolted and spiked with wire or boat spikes, as indicated on the plans. In all cases, the Contractor shall use spikes in addition to bolts.
m.Stringers shall be sized at bearings and placed in position so that knots near edges will be in the top portions of stringers. Outside stringers may have butt joints with ends cut on a taper, but interior stringers shall be lapped to take bearing over the full width of the floor beam or cap at each end. Lapped ends of untreated stringers shall be separated at least 1/2 inch for the circulation of air and securely fastened by drift bolting where specified. Where stringers are two panels in length, joints shall be staggered.418.03 593Cross bridging between stringers shall be neatly and accurately framed and securely toenailed with at least two nails in each end. Cross-bridging units shall have full bearing at each end against the side of stringers. Cross bridging shall be placed at the center of each span.
n.Plank Floors: Planks shall be surfaced on four sides (S4S). Single-plank floors shall consist of a single thickness of plank supported by stringers or joists. Planks shall be carefully graded as to thickness for uniformity and placed so that no two adjacent planks shall vary in thickness by more than 1/8 inch. Each plank shall be placed heart side down, firmly jacked together, and securely fastened to each joist.
o.Wheel Guards and Railings shall be erected true to line and grade. Wheel guards, rails, and rail posts shall be surfaced on four sides (S4S). Wheel guards shall be laid in sections at least 12 feet in length.
p.Coating: Rails and rail posts, untreated timber, and timber treated with a preservative shall be painted with three coats of preservative unless otherwise specified in the Contract. Metal parts, except hardware, shall be given one coat of shop paint and, after erection, three coats of field paint as specified on the Plans or elsewhere in the Contract. If timber is to be painted, paint color and elements to be coated shall be as indicated on the Plans or elsewhere in the Contract.
418.04 Measurement and Payment
Lumber and timber will be measured in units of 1,000 foot-board-measure (MFBM) for materials placed in the finished structure and will be paid for at the contract unit price per MFBM. Computations for lumber quantities will be based on nominal sizes, complete-in-place. No other allowance for waste will be made. Structural steel will be paid for in accordance with Section 407. Painting timber structures, when a pay item, will be paid for at the contract lump sum price. When not a pay item, the cost thereof shall be included in the price for other appropriate pay items. These prices shall include preparing surfaces, furnishing and applying preservative treatment, concrete pedestals for frame bents, zinc or fabric pile head protection, wooden dowels, nails, spikes, and other hardware. Payment will be made under: ——————————————————————————Pay Item Pay Unit——————————————————————————Lumber (Treated or untreated) MFBM Painting timber structures Lump sum——————————————————————————418.04 594SECTION 419—BRIDGE CONDUIT SYSTEMS AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS
419.01 Description
This work shall consist of furnishing and installing bridge conduit systems and/or bridge lighting systems in accordance with these specifications and in conformity with the lines and details shown on the plans or as established by the Engineer.
419.02 Materials
Conduit, boxes, and fittings shall conform to Section 238.
419.03 Procedures
The Contractor shall verify or locate the origin of power sources when modifying or relocating existing electrical systems and shall advise the Engineer at least 48 hours prior to the anticipated time of de- energizing the electrical system. Materials and workmanship shall conform to the standards of NEC and the requirements of the local power company. Conduit, fittings, and electrical items shall be installed in accordance with their respective requirements in Section 700.
419.04 Measurement and Payment
Bridge conduit systems, when a pay item, will be paid for at the contract lump sum price per structure. When not a pay item the cost thereof shall be included in the price for other appropriate pay items. Bridge lighting systems will be paid for at the contract lump sum price per structure. Payment will be made under: ——————————————————————————— Pay Item Pay Unit——————————————————————————— Bridge conduit system (B or Str. No.) Lump sum Bridge lighting system (B or Str. No.) Lump sum——————————————————————————— SECTION 420—ADHESIVE-BASED JOINT SEALING SYSTEMS
420.01 Description
This work shall consist of furnishing and installing preformed elastomeric joint sealer in accordance with these specifications and in conformity with the lines shown on the plans or as established by the Engineer.
420.02 Materials
Adhesive based joint sealers shall include three classes of joint sealing systems:419.01
Source: Virginia Road and Bridge Specifications, 2020 Edition. Pages 617–621 of 1,065.