203EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENTS

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2-8SECTIO N 203 – EXCAVATIO N AND EMBANKMENTS

203.0 1 DESCRIPTION . This work shall consist of excavating and grading roadways, runways and railways, slides, borrow pits, waterways, channels, intersections, approaches, and steps in hillside embankments and excavating unsui table material from the construction area and beneath embankment areas, surfaces, and pavements. This work shall consist of excavating selected material found in the construction area for specific use in the construction , constructing and removing detours shown on the Plans or directed by the Engineer , trimming and shaping of slopes, performing test borings for the purpose of determining areas of roadway and embankment subsurface voids , and disposing of all unsuitable or surplus excavated material. The work shall also consist of placing material in embankments and the grading of all material placed up to subgrade to the tolerance specified in the Plans. The work is classified as follows:

in grading the project which can be accomplished with normal excavating machinery, and which is not classified to be removed as solid rock excavation, muc k excavation, channel excavation, excavation of surfaces and pavements, or excavation for structures. Excavation required beyond the finished slope neat lines for slope stabilization, removal of sod and unsuitabl e material other than muck located in embankment areas, removal and stockpiling of topsoil, and removal of unsuitable material existing at or below subgrade elevation in excavation areas is also classified as common excavation .

metamorphic, or sedimentary rock that requires blasting or the use of rippers; detached rock , boulders , mortared stone masonry , or concrete each h aving a volume of 2 cubic yards or more; and Portland cement concrete pavement , including any bituminous surface overlay material, encountered in the limits of excavation.

rock excavation as classified above and not measured separately .

saturated or unsaturated mixture of soils and organic matter encountered below the original ground line in an embankment area that is not suitable to be used as foundation material regardless of its moisture content.

203 2-9 (e) Channel Excavation of Earth . Channel excavation of earth shall consist of the removal of all material encountered in the excavation which can be accomplished with normal excav ating machinery, except as classified as channel excavation of rock ; for widening, deepening, and straightening of existing channels and waterways, or in the construction of new channels; and any other excavation designated to be removed as channel excavation as shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

definite bedrock formation that requires blasting or the use of rippers; and detached rock, boulders, stone masonry, and concrete each having a volume of 2 cubic yards or more encountered in the excavation for wideni ng, deepening, and straightening of existing channels and waterways, or in the construction of new channels.

excavation of earth and channel excavation of rock as classified above and not measured separately.

removal and disposal of existing surfaces and pavements that are located outside other excavation and embankment limits.

portions of the work and shall be obtained from approved sources located outside the limits of the right-of-way, unless otherwise shown on the Plans or directed by the Engineer. Borrow is further classified as earth borrow, sand borrow, or granular borrow .

areas of roadway and embankment subsurface voids and repairing bored areas.

approved graded material placed against slopes and any other places designated for use of this material.

sand resulting from guardrail that is to be retained. The removal may be performed by hand labor or mechanical means. The Contractor shall remove the berm down to the proper line and grade for the shoulder from which the berm is being removed.

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2-10The removed sand and fine debris may be scattered into the turf on the roadway slope outside the

point of shoulder unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. Larger debris such as stones in excess of 2 inches in diameter, automobile parts, wood, glass, and other bulky items shall be disposed of properly by the Contractor. 203.0 2 MATERIALS . Materials shall meet the requirements of the following subsections: Classification of Soils ................................ ................................ ................................ 703.01 Earth Borrow ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 703.02 Sand Borrow and Cushion ................................ ................................ ......................... 703.03 Granular Borrow ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 703.04 Gravel Filter for Slope Stabilization ................................ ................................ .......... 704.07 Backfill for Muck Excavation ................................ ................................ .................... 704.09 Concrete for backfilling subsurface voids shall meet the requirements of Section 541 for Flowable Fill, Excavatable . Bituminous concrete pavement shall conform to the requirements of Section 716 , as applicable for the Contract. 203.0 3 GENERA L CONSTRUCTIO N REQUIREMENTS . Prior to be ginning excavation, grading, and embankment operations in any area, all necessary clearing and grubbing in that area shall have been completed in accordance with Section 201 . All slopes in cut and embankment sections, ditches, and waterways, whether old or newly constructed, shall be satisfactorily cleaned and cleared of obstructions and left in a neat and trim condition. Excavation shall be performed in accordance with the Contract or as directed by the Engi neer. The construction area shall always be maintained to ensure proper drainage . Where traffic is maintained, care shall be exercised to keep the portion of the roadway or the traveled way open to traffic in a satisfactory condition as specified in Subsection 104.04 . All suitable material removed by excavating shall be used in the formation of embankments as shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. Any excavation that cannot be i ncorporated in embankments shall be disposed of as directed by the Engineer. No material shall be wasted without permission from the Engineer. The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of all constructed embankments and shall replace, at no cost to the Agency, any portions that have become displaced and that are not attributable to the unavoidable movement of the natural ground upon which the embankment is made , or to an act of God.

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2-11Unless directed by the Engineer, borrow material shall not be placed until all suitable material has been

excavated and placed in the embankments, except when sand borrow or granula r borrow is shown on the Plans or when granular borrow is required by the Engineer for use under embankments or used with material from excavation in making embankments. Should a surplus of excavated material result from the Contractor placing more borrow than required, the amount of this surplus will be measured by the Engineer and 115% of the total surplus will be deducted from the total quantity removed from the borrow source. When not otherwise shown in the C ontract, at all bridge approaches in excavation areas , excavation for additional subbase shall be made to a depth of 4 feet below finish grade for a distance not less than 50 feet from the end of the bridge . The transition depth from normal subgrade level to any extra depth level shall be at a rate of 1:25 (V:H). Prior to the construction of test borings and the placement of flowable fill , the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer site -specific plans, detailing the schedule of work (for these two items), type and location of drilling, sleeve installation, pumping system, confirmatory boring operation, method of filling bore hole (with or without voids being encountered), and repair of the roadway section (sand, gravel, and pavement). Construction drawings shall be submitted in accordance with Subsection 105.06 whenever OSHA or VOSHA regulations require a design by a professional engineer. 203.0 4 EXCAVATION . Any loose material resulting from breakage and slides shall be removed and disposed of as directed by the Engineer. Excavated material shall be sorted so that the best material is placed in embankments beneath the traveled way. The Contractor shall not excavate or remove any material outside the limits of the excavation slope and grade lines sh own on the Plans unless authorized in writing by the Engineer. Grading shall be to full cross - section width at subgrade before placing of any type of subbase or pavement, except that partial -width construction is permissible where necessary for the maintenance of traffic, and shall be done within the allowable tolerances as indicated on the Plans. The Contractor shall strip bedrock and then notify the Engineer that the area is ready for cross -sectioning prior to making any rock excavation. Any bedrock removed prior to the taking of cross -sections will be paid for as common excavation . The Contractor may use other means of locating the rock line with the approval of the Engineer.

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2-12When excavating solid rock by the blasting method, the Contractor shall drill slope holes to the full depth

of the rock lift along the line and plane of inclination of the slope , as shown on the Plans or as otherw ise directed by the Engineer. Spacing for the slope holes shall not exceed 3 feet, center to center of holes. The diameter of the slope holes shall be not greater than 3 inches. The line of blast holes shall be drilled parallel to the plan e of the slope ho les. No portion of any blast hole in this line shall be closer than 4 feet to the proposed finished slope . No portion of any blast hole larger than 3 inches in diameter will be permitted closer than 12 feet to the proposed finished slope . When it is shown on the Plans that concrete shall be placed on or against the limits of rock excavation, care shall be taken to avoid disturbing, shattering, or removing rock outside such limits. Any costs incurred due to the unauthorized removal, shattering, or disturbing of the material outside the indicated limits shall be at the Contractor’s expense. The explosives used in the slope holes along the line of the finished slope and the adjacent slope holes shall be explosives for pre -splitting use only, prepared and packaged by explosives manufacturing firms

and approved by the Engineer.

The slope holes along the line of the finished slope shall be loaded with approved explosives containing

not more than 0.5 pounds of explosives per foot of hole depth. The spaced charges on a detonating cord

shall be equal in length to the full depth of the hole. If spacers are used, the holes shall be completely

stemmed so that uniform breakage of the rock will result from top to bottom of the hole. A bottom charge

of not more than 8 pounds of explosive may be used. No explosive charge shall be placed within 30 ± 6

inches of the collar of the finished slope holes.

The Contractor shall complete the drilling, loading, stemming, and blasting of the slope holes at least 25

feet in advance of any other blasting.

In areas other than along the proposed finished rock cut slopes and adjacent slope holes, the spacing of

holes, distribution of explosives, the methods of relief, and fractional second delay blasting shall be

adjusted by the Contractor. The Contractor shall make adjustments according to the characteristics and

structure of the rock encountered in order to obtain the required finished slopes with a minimum of

overbreak.

The depth of the rock lift within any one excavation area will be approved by the Engineer and shall be

reduced by the Contractor if the proper alignment of the slope holes cannot be maintained.

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203.05MUCK EXCAVATION. The material shall be excavated to the widths and depths shown on the

Plans or as required to give a stable foundation for the placement of necessary backfill, embankment, or

subbase material. The excavation of this material shall be handled in a manner that will prevent the

entrapment of muck within the backfill.

Unless otherwise specifically shown in the Contract, the material that has been excavated under this

Contract item shall be spread on the fill slopes as shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. If

provision is not shown in the Contract for the disposition of the muck excavation, or if, in the opinion of

the Engineer, its use on the slopes is impractical, then the excavated material shall be disposed of by the

Contractor, in accordance with Subsection 203.09.

The backfilling of the excavated area shall immediately follow the excavation of the muck so that any soft

material that is pushed ahead of the backfill can be removed.

The material used for backfilling the excavated area up to the ground line or water level, whichever is

higher, shall be rock or other granular material selected from the excavation, if available. When this

material is not available, it shall be obtained as Granular Borrow from an approved source.

After removal of the muck and prior to backfilling, the Contractor shall allow the Engineer adequate time

to take all necessary measurements for determining the volume removed.

203.06CHANNEL EXCAVATION. The area where the channel is to be excavated shall be cleared and

grubbed as required. The work involved shall be considered as incidental work to channel excavation

when item 201.1000 or 201.1100 are not included in the Contract.

The channel shall be excavated to the lines, grades, and cross-sections shown on the Plans or as ordered

by the Engineer. All suitable material excavated shall be used in the formation of roadway embankments

or for other construction purposes as shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. Unsuitable

material or waste material, when directed by the Engineer, shall be wasted and disposed of by the

Contractor at no additional compensation in accordance with Subsection 203.09.

203.07EXCAVATION OF SURFACES AND PAVEMENTS. All excavation shall be made strictly to

the required alignment, grade, and cross-sections shown on the Plans, or as directed by the Engineer for

areas located outside of the limits of roadway excavation and embankment.

All suitable materials removed shall be used, as far as practical, in the formation of embankments and at

other locations as directed by the Engineer.

The completed excavation shall be properly graded and shaped prior to receiving any cover or top

dressing.

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203.08BORROW. Opening, maintaining, and closing borrow pits shall be in accordance with Section

105. The simultaneous extraction of more than one borrow item from a given pit will require the written

permission of the Engineer.

203.09DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS EXCAVATION AND WASTE MATERIAL. All surplus excavation

and waste material shall be deposited as shown on the Plans or as authorized in writing by the Engineer.

Excavated material shall not be wasted unless authorized by the Engineer. Compaction requirements for

surplus or waste material used to flatten slopes outside the embankment limits shown on the Plans may be

waived, however, placement procedures shall ensure a stable fill slope.

Disposal of all surplus or waste material shall be in accordance with Section 105.

Disposal of surplus or waste material will not be paid for directly but shall be considered as incidental

work pertaining to the grading or excavation Contract item from which the material was obtained.

When sufficient on-site disposal areas are not shown on the Plans, it shall be the responsibility of the

Contractor to locate disposal areas in accordance with Section 105 and any applicable permits.

203.10HAUL ROADS. Particular care shall be taken in the locating of haul roads. In wooded areas, haul

road width shall be minimized and placed at approximate right angles or angled away from the view of

oncoming traffic and, where feasible, shall incorporate one bend to eliminate the tunnel effect. Large and

well-shaped trees shall be preserved.

203.11EMBANKMENTS

the original ground on which the embankments are to be constructed shall be stepped and properly

drained as the fill is constructed in accordance with the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

construction of other items or otherwise directed, shall be used in the construction of embankments

to the extent of the project requirements and, generally, shall be placed to form the base of an

embankment. When shown on the Plans, certain portions of rock excavation may be reserved for

special use such as rock fill, for embankment construction at locations below high water, or at

locations susceptible to erosion.

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Frozen material shall not be used in the construction of embankments. The embankments or

successive layers of the embankments shall not be placed upon frozen material. Placement of

material other than rock shall stop when the sustained ambient air temperature, below 32°F,

prohibits attainment of the required compaction. If the material is otherwise acceptable, it shall be

stockpiled and reserved for future use when its condition is acceptable to the Engineer for use in

embankments.

or across swampy, wet ground, the first layer of the fill shall be granular borrow.

The first layer of the embankment may be constructed in one thickness of granular borrow, to the

minimum elevation at which equipment may be operated, as directed by the Engineer. Above this

elevation, the embankment shall be constructed as specified below. Material from excavation on

the project shall be used to the extent available and when not available shall be obtained from

sources of granular borrow when authorized in writing by the Engineer.

When trucks are used to place earth from excavation or borrow, the material shall be deposited on

the layer of embankment being constructed, bladed or dozed into place, and shaped and compacted.

Dumping directly onto previously constructed layers will not be permitted.

Embankments of either earth or rock material shall be placed in horizontal layers of uniform

thickness and across the full section width. When it is impractical to construct a full width layer

across an embankment, partial width layers may be authorized, provided the full width procedure

is resumed as soon as practical.

Logs, stumps, waste material, and oversized cobbles or boulders shall not be placed within the

structural embankment area. They may be placed outside the structural embankment area at

locations directed by the Engineer or, when authorized, disposed of as surplus material. Initial

layers shall begin at the deepest part of the fill. Except for the first layer of fill over swampy ground

and cleared areas, the loose layer thickness shall be limited to 8 inches.

When conditions necessitate, the Engineer may authorize layers in excess of 8 inches but not more

than 24 inches. The Contractor shall make all necessary excavations up to 24 inches deep so that

the Engineer can determine moisture, density, and stability, solely at the Contractor’s expense.

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Effective spreading equipment shall be used on each layer to obtain uniform thickness. Cobbles or

boulders having their least dimension greater than the loose layer thickness being placed shall be

removed prior to compaction. Each layer shall be compacted as specified, and, if necessary,

stabilized prior to a successive layer being placed. Each layer shall be kept crowned to shed water.

As the compaction of each layer progresses, continuous leveling and manipulating will be required

to ensure uniform density, a uniform and satisfactory moisture content, and acceptable stability.

The last lift constructed each working day shall be graded, crowned, and rolled to ensure adequate

drainage.

When A-4, A-5, A-6, or A-7 cohesive soils, as identified in Table 703.01A, have excess moisture

and cannot effectively be air dried or dried by manipulation, the Contractor may layer or mix the

material with dry A-1, A-2, or A-3 granular soils to obtain acceptable compaction and stability.

The Contractor is responsible for making prudent use of available granular excavation from the

project prior to being authorized the use of granular borrow. The combined loose thickness of

mixed or layered materials prior to compaction shall not exceed 16 inches.

During the construction of the embankments, if bulging, cracking, or unstable movement occurs,

the placing of the fill material shall be stopped, retarded, or corrected to allow the material to

stabilize as directed by the Engineer. Rutting, rolling, shoving, or other displacement in excess of

6 inches under the action of construction equipment may be considered evidence of stability

problems.

When soft or wet clay or silt excavation is being used between layers of reasonably clean stable

rock fill, the rock embankment layers shall not exceed 24 inches in loose measurement. The clay

or silt layers shall not exceed 8 inches in loose measurement.

If embankments are to be constructed by using rock excavation, all reasonable precaution must be

taken to ensure a solid embankment. The fill shall be made in uniform layers consistent with the

size of the rock being used, but not to exceed 24 inches in thickness. Individual pieces of rock or

boulders with their least dimension exceeding the thickness of the layer being placed shall either

be reduced to an acceptable size or placed outside the structural embankment area in such a manner

that all voids are filled.

Rock shall not be dumped over the end of a fill. Rock shall be deposited on the fill and distributed

by blading or dozing to ensure proper placement in the embankment so that voids, pockets, and

bridging are reduced to a minimum.

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uniformly compacted using compaction equipment to not less than 95% of the material’s

maximum dry density as determined by AASHTO T 99, Method C. Field density determination

will be made in accordance with AASHTO T 191, AASHTO T 310, or other approved procedures.

Field moisture determination will be made in accordance with AASHTO T 99 or measured in

accordance with AASHTO T 310. Locations within the embankment limits where waste materials

have been placed shall be compacted to the extent that stability is ensured.

All fill material shall be compacted at a moisture content determined by the Engineer to be suitable

for obtaining the required density. The moisture content in each layer under construction shall not

exceed 2% above the optimum moisture content, and it shall be less than that quantity that will

cause the embankment to become unstable during compaction. The Engineer will consider

sponginess, shoving, or other displacement under heavy equipment sufficient evidence of a lack

of stability under this requirement, and the Contractor shall stop or retard further placement of

material in the area affected to allow the material to stabilize.

When the moisture content of the material in the layer under construction is less than the amount

necessary to obtain the required compaction by mechanical compaction methods, water shall be

added by pressure distributors or other approved equipment. Water may also be added in

excavation or borrow pits. The water shall be uniformly and thoroughly incorporated into the soil

by discing, harrowing, blading, or other approved methods. This manipulation may be omitted for

sand and gravel.

When the moisture content of the material is in excess of 2% above the optimum moisture content,

dry material shall be thoroughly incorporated into the wet material, or the wet material shall be

aerated by disking, harrowing, blading, rotary mixing, or other approved method, or compaction

of the layer of wet material shall be deferred until the layer has dried to the required moisture

content by evaporation.

The density requirements do not apply to those portions of embankments constructed of material

so coarse that it cannot be properly tested with a conventional density testing apparatus. Instead,

the material shall be compacted to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

In areas inaccessible to power rolling, the embankment material shall be placed in uniform

horizontal layers of not more than 6 inches in depth and compacted by means of approved

mechanical tampers to the density requirements specified above. The use of hand tamps will not

be permitted.

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or as directed by the Engineer.

When used adjacent to culverts, test borings shall extend to a depth equal to the bottom of the

culvert using casing advance drilling methods. Alternate drilling equipment that provides a

suitably clean, open hole may be submitted to the Engineer for approval.

If voids are encountered, flowable fill shall be placed to completely fill the voids. Confirmatory

borings shall be performed in these locations as directed by the Engineer.

The roadway surface at boring hole locations shall be backfilled and then patched using bituminous

concrete pavement.

203.12SUBGRADE. The subgrade shall be constructed to the lines, grades, and cross-sections shown on

the Plans. After all drainage structures have been installed and the subgrade has been shaped correctly,

the subgrade shall be brought to a firm, unyielding surface compacted to attain at least 95% of the

maximum dry density. This density will be determined by AASHTO T 99, Method C.

A power grader or other approved equipment shall be used during the placement and compaction to obtain

the specified cross-section.

Areas of soft, yielding, or otherwise unsuitable material that will not compact readily shall be removed,

replaced with a suitable material, and properly compacted as directed by the Engineer.

All loose rock or boulders encountered at subgrade in the earth excavation shall be removed or broken off

to a depth not less than 12 inches below the subgrade.

In excavation areas, the ground shall not be excavated or disturbed below the subgrade except as shown

in the Contract or as directed by the Engineer. All ditches and drains shall be constructed so they will

effectively drain the construction area before the placement of any subbase or surface course material. In

handling materials, tools, and equipment, the Contractor shall protect the subgrade from damage. Vehicles

shall not travel in a single track and form ruts. If ruts are formed, the subgrade shall be reshaped and

compacted. Any pockets of clay, sand, or soft material that may have been left in the subgrade shall be

removed and replaced with approved material and properly compacted at the Contractor’s expense.

The subgrade shall be kept in a condition that it will drain. Frozen material shall not be used in the

construction of subbase. Subbase, base, or surface material shall not be deposited on frozen subgrade, and

successive layers shall not be placed on material that has frozen. Subbase, base, or surface material shall

not be deposited on the subgrade until the subgrade has been checked and approved by the Engineer. After

the subgrade has been approved, the Contractor shall not perform hauling or move equipment that will

distort the cross-section over the subgrade.

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A tolerance of 1/2 inch above or below the finished subgrade will be allowed provided that this tolerance

is not maintained for a distance longer than 50 feet and that the required cross-section is maintained.

Grading shall be done with a power grader or other approved equipment to conform to the requirements

as specified above.

203.13METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

of cubic yards of the material removed from the areas shown on the Plans or as directed by the

Engineer. The quantity will be measured in its original position by cross-sections and computed

by the method of average end areas. When impractical, other acceptable methods involving three-

dimensional measurement may be used to determine the quantity. The limits shall not exceed those

shown on the Plans or authorized in writing by the Engineer.

The method of mass centers for computing volumes will be allowed only when the method has

been used in the original design computations. Excavation requiring more than one handling prior

to final placement in embankments will not be measured for payment for the additional handling

unless specifically stated in the Contract.

embankments will not be measured for payment.

Excavation for removal of soft spots in the subgrade of embankment areas and the material

required for replacement will not be measured for payment. Any costs will be considered

included in the Contract items involved.

However, where the embankments were constructed as part of another contract, the

quantities of excavation for removal of soft spots and the material for replacement will be

measured for payment.

with the depth shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. Excavation below

subgrade will not be measured. Measurement limits for determining the amount of Solid

Rock Excavation will be that amount actually removed up to a limit 12 inches outside of

and parallel to the slope lines shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.

Measurement for payment will not be made for rock removed beyond these limits unless

authorized. If natural fissures or faults exist making removal of rock beyond these limits

necessary, the Engineer will authorize removal in writing, and the limits of excavation will

be adjusted accordingly.

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payment will be the number of cubic yards of material excavated as shown on the Plans or

as directed by the Engineer. There shall be no differentiation made between common or

solid rock excavation for this item.

the number of cubic yards of material excavated as shown on the Plans or as directed by

the Engineer.

for payment will be the number of cubic yards of material excavated from its original

position. No differentiation will be made between the channel excavation of dry or wet

material.

Where excavation (Common, Solid Rock, or Unclassified) and Channel Excavation occur

jointly or separately at the same location, measurement for Channel Excavation will be

made only below the lower limits of Common, Solid Rock, or Unclassified Excavation.

Excavation of Rock will be as specified in Subsection 203.13(a)(2).

Where excavation (Common, Solid Rock, or Unclassified) and Channel Excavation occur

jointly or separately at the same location, measurement for Channel Excavation will be

made only below the lower limits of Common, Solid Rock, or Unclassified Excavation.

Pavements to be measured for payment will be the number of cubic yards of material

removed and disposed of, measured in its original position. The measurement limits of

excavation will not exceed those shown on the Plans or directed by the Engineer.

Borrow, will be the number of cubic yards of the material removed and used in the complete and

accepted work from approved borrow sources measured in its original position. The quantity of

Granular Borrow used to replace solid rock excavated below subgrade will be allowed and

measured for payment to a depth not to exceed 3 inches. Any solid rock excavated below this depth

shall be replaced by the Contractor with material from solid rock excavation or granular borrow,

furnished and placed at the Contractor’s expense.

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For small quantities of borrow, with the written permission of the Engineer, the quantity to be

measured for payment of the type of borrow indicated will be the number of cubic yards of material

used in the complete and accepted work, as determined by the vehicle loads using three-

dimensional measurements. A load ticket including truck identification and date of delivery shall

be furnished to the Engineer upon delivery for each load delivered to the site. All vehicles shall be

loaded to at least their water level capacity, and any load designated shall be leveled at the point

of delivery when directed by the Engineer. All quantities computed from vehicle load

measurement will be divided by a factor of 1.15 and the resulting volume paid at the Contract unit

price for those Contract items.

Stripping of pits to obtain borrow will not be paid for separately but will be considered incidental

to the various borrow Contract items.

Any material removed or excavated from a borrow pit before cross-sections and measurements

have been taken will not be paid for. No borrow quantity will be allowed that is not taken from

measured borrow pits, unless otherwise agreed upon in writing by the Engineer and the Contractor.

Should more borrow be placed than required, resulting in a waste of excavated material, or should

embankments be constructed beyond the neat lines shown on the Plans, unless otherwise

authorized in writing by the Engineer, 115% of the amount of such waste or excess will be

deducted from the total amount of specified borrow being used.

When requested by the Contractor and authorized in writing by the Engineer, material specified to

be measured by the cubic yard may be weighed and the weight converted to cubic yards for

payment purposes. Factors for conversion from weight measurement to volume measurement will

be determined by the Engineer and shall be agreed to by the Contractor before the method of

measurement of pay quantities is used.

The simultaneous extraction of more than one borrow item from a given pit will require the written

permission of the Engineer, and the method of measurement shall be as specified by the Engineer.

for Earth Borrow may be changed to the number of cubic yards in place in the complete

and accepted work multiplied by a factor of 1.15.

When material from excavation is removed and either used for payment under another

Contract item or diverted for the Contractor’s use, such as the construction of haul roads,

the quantity measured for these uses will be multiplied by a factor of 1.15. The resulting

quantity will be deducted from the total quantity of Earth Borrow.

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of cubic yards placed in the complete and accepted work, as determined by the Plan

dimensions of the compacted material. No allowance will be made for material placed to a

greater depth or width than shown on the Plans unless authorized in writing by the

Engineer.

for Granular Borrow may be changed to the number of cubic yards in place in the complete

and accepted work multiplied by a factor of 1.15.

measured for payment will be the number of cubic yards placed in the complete and accepted

work. Measurements will be confined to the limits shown on the Plans or as directed by the

Engineer.

shall be the number of linear feet of shoulder from which the berm was properly removed,

measured from the beginning point of removal to the end point of removal.

linear feet of test boring performed in the complete and accepted work.

203.14BASIS OF PAYMENT. The accepted quantities as measured will be paid for at the Contract unit

price per cubic yard for the specified items, except for Shoulder Berm Removal and Test Borings, which

will be paid for at the Contract unit price per linear foot. Payment will be full compensation for performing

the work specified, submitting site-specific plans as required, performing test borings, installing sleeves,

backfilling, patching with bituminous concrete pavement, including any drilling and blasting required,

and for furnishing all labor, materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals necessary to complete the work.

No added compensation will be made for any special manipulation or delay resulting in the drying or

wetting of soils necessary to obtain the required compaction. The entire cost of such manipulation and

delay will be considered included in the Contract unit price for the excavation item involved.

Compensation for the construction of embankments, as defined in Subsection 203.11, shall be considered

incidental to the various excavation items. Water added to embankment material to aid in compaction will

not be paid for directly but will be considered incidental to the Contract items involved.

All work and material required to grade, loam, seed, and mulch waste areas, borrow pits, and haul roads,

as specified, to eliminate unsightly conditions and prevent erosion will not be paid for directly but will be

considered incidental to the various types of excavation and borrow.

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Material used for backfilling voids created by the removal of unsuitable material below subgrade and on

slopes will be paid for at the Contract unit price per cubic yard for the particular Contract item used in

making the backfill. If the particular item required for backfill is not included in the Contract, a change

order for this item will be negotiated, with the exception of backfilling for Muck Excavation, which shall

be incidental to the item.

The work specified in Subsection 203.12 will not be paid for directly but will be considered as incidental

work pertaining to the excavation and borrow items.

On borrow projects, solid rock removed beyond the authorized limit, as specified for solid rock

measurement, may be paid at the Contract unit price for other excavation or borrow items in the Contract,

whichever unit price is the least, provided the material is used in constructing approved embankments.

When the subgrade has been prepared by others under another contract, the excavation necessary to bring

the subgrade to the required grade and cross-section or for the removal of soft spots in the subgrade will

be paid for as Common Excavation.

All grading and shaping required after removing material paid for as Excavation of Surfaces and

Pavements will not be paid for directly but will be considered incidental to this item.

Filling of subsurface voids encountered in performing test borings will be paid for under item 541.4600.

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Pay Unit

203.1500 Common Excavation.................................................................................Cubic Yard

203.1600 Solid Rock Excavation ..............................................................................Cubic Yard

203.1700 Unclassified Excavation............................................................................Cubic Yard

203.2000 Muck Excavation ......................................................................................Cubic Yard

203.2500 Channel Excavation of Earth ....................................................................Cubic Yard

203.2600 Channel Excavation of Rock ....................................................................Cubic Yard

203.2700 Unclassified Channel Excavation .............................................................Cubic Yard

203.2800 Excavation of Surfaces and Pavements ....................................................Cubic Yard

203.3000 Earth Borrow.............................................................................................Cubic Yard

203.3100 Sand Borrow .............................................................................................Cubic Yard

203.3200 Granular Borrow .......................................................................................Cubic Yard

203.3500 Gravel Filter for Slope Stabilization .........................................................Cubic Yard

203.4000 Shoulder Berm Removal ...........................................................................Linear Foot

203.4500 Test Borings ..............................................................................................Linear Foot

204

2-24SECTIO N 204 – EXCAVATIO N FOR STRUCTURES

204.0 1 DESCRIPTION . This work shall consist of the excavation and backfill or disposal of material removed. All excavation for structures below the designated slope or subgrade line as shown on the Plans shall be included in this work . The work is classified as follows:

conduits, culvert headwalls, drop inlets, manholes, catch basins, leaching basins, underdrains, concrete steps, and other minor structures ; excavation for the removal of al l existing drainage structures; exploratory excavation for locating underground utility services or other structures; excavation for new culverts and pipes with a clear span of 4 feet or less ; drainage ditches at the inlet and outlet of drainage structures with a clear span of 4 feet or less ; and any other excavation designated in the Contract to be removed under this item.

excavated within the limits shown in the Contract, except boulders measuring 18 cubic feet or more , solid rock, mortared stone masonry, or concrete . Trench excavation of earth shall include the removal of all existing pipes with a clear span of 4 feet or less , regardless of material.

underground utility services or other structures shall be conducted where directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall use protective measures during this excavation to avoid damage to any underground service or structure. When necessary, the Contractor shall cooperate with representa tives of the utility companies to avoid damage to the utilities by permitting the utility companies to erect suitable supports, props, shoring, or other means of protection.

formation, or boulders measuring 18 cubic feet or more, excavated within the limits shown in the Contract. All mortared stone ma sonry and concrete excavated within the above limits, irrespective of the size of its components, shall likewise be considered as rock.