212MACHINE GRADING SHOULDERS

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intersecting roadways and furnishing of all equipment, labor and incidentals necessary to complete the work. This pay item also includes any necessary work as may be required by the Engineer or owner in the final dressing of the pit, including grassing or other landscape work.

210-A Unclassified Excavation - per cubic yard {cubic meter} 210-B Channel Excavation - per cubic yard {cubic meter} 210-C Muck Excavation - per cubic yard {cubic meter} 210-D Borrow Excavation - per cubic yard {cubic meter} 210-E Borrow Excavation(Underwater * ) - per cubic yard {cubic meter} 210-F Borrow Excavation(Underwater * ) - per ton {metric ton} * Specify either Backfill or Embankment. MACHINE GRADING SHOULDERS

212.01Description

This Section shall cover the work of reconstructing the shoulder of a roadway where the grading is of such character that the material can be moved, mixed, and shaped with a motor patrol of adequate power and weight {mass}. In general, this work shall consist of clipping the shoulder, where directed, prior to resurfacing and blading the shoulder after the resurfacing has been completed. Any additional material needed to bring the shoulder to the desired profile will be classified and paid for under the appropriate section for the type of material furnished. If seeding or other items are needed for erosion control, such items will be shown on the plans and paid for under the appropriate specification section. Unless otherwise noted by plan details, the completed work shall conform to the shoulder requirements for lines, grades, and typical section indicated by the plans or established by the Engineer.

212.02Material

Material used under this Section shall be of the quality and character noted on the plans or ordered by the Engineer, suitable for the purpose intended and consistent with the requirements for such material noted in other parts of this specification.

212.03Construction Requirements

Clipping, or blading, of grass and soil from the shoulder, as provided by the plans or directed, shall be completed in advance of resurfacing operations. The removed material shall be windrowed a sufficient distance and in such a manner as not to pose a safety hazard to the motoring public. Where directed, the entire width of the shoulder shall be plowed, scarified or otherwise loosened. The shoulder then shall be re-formed by blading the material from the windrows, or by the addition of extra material as specified or directed, with the machine grader and compacting it to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Watering shall be used, as necessary, to aid compaction. The machine grading shall continue until the shoulder is completed to conform to the lines, grades, and typical section shown on the plans or directed.

The Contractor shall provide appropriately sized equipment in sufficient numbers to perform the work within the guidelines noted herein and the time frame for the contract.

It will be considered practicable to move material up to 100 feet {30 m} longitudinally by means of the machine grader and all material moved within that limit will be paid for in the contract price for machine grading shoulders. When it is necessary to waste surplus material, such material shall be wasted on the front slope of the roadway in the vicinity of the removal site, to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Material secured from sources outside the right-of- way will be classified under the applicable classification. STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR DRAINAGE AND MINOR STRUCTURES 126

212.04Method of Measurement

Accepted machine grading of shoulders will be measured in hundred-foot {100 m} stations and fractions thereof to the nearest foot {1 m} of shoulder along the centerline of roadway, complete in place. Each shoulder graded will be measured separately. Borrow Excavation, Topsoil, or other material ordered used will be measured and paid for as provided by their appropriate sections unless otherwise specified.

212.05Basis of Payment

Machine grading of shoulders, measured as noted above, will be paid for at the contract unit price per station for machine grading, complete in place, which price shall be full compensation for the preparation, construction, and maintenance of the work involved, including blading, spreading, compacting, and dressing and for furnishing all equipment, tools, labor, and incidentals necessary to complete the work.

212-A Machine Grading Shoulders - per station STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR DRAINAGE AND MINOR STRUCTURES

214.01Description

The work under this Section shall consist of the removal and disposal of all excavated materials of any nature required for the construction of all box type culverts (including bridge type), pipe culverts (including pipe arches), storm drains, and other minor structures in accordance with these Specifications and to reasonably close conformity with the lines and grades shown on the plans or designated by the Engineer. This Section shall further include backfilling of structure foundations with suitable material in accordance with plan details or as directed.

All excavation for structures below natural ground or the designated subgrade, whichever is lower, or the elevation designated by the Engineer will be classified as Structure Excavation and shall include all materials encountered regardless of their nature, exclusive of water or other liquids which will not be classified as excavated material, necessary for the proper construction of the structure. Excavation for ditches at the inlet and outlet ends of drainage structures and any other ditches indicated on the plans shall be constructed under "Roadway and Drainage Excavation" items.

Special selected material ordered placed under a structure to provide a suitable foundation for the structure shall be classified as Foundation Backfill.

Material used for ordinary backfill shall include special material for areas immediately adjacent to weepholes and a drainage belt for large masonry structures.

214.02Material

Foundation Backfill is a special selected material suitable (approved free-draining commercial or local material) for use as foundation for the structure.

Material used for general backfill shall be a compactible soil of acceptable quality except that material for areas immediately adjacent to weepholes shall be free draining material conforming to the following: STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR DRAINAGE AND MINOR STRUCTURES 127

AASHTO T 215 constant head permeameter, with 90% passing the 3/4 inch {19.0 mm} sieve and a maximum of 10% passing the Number 8 {2.36 mm} sieve.

#57. Other commercial aggregates will be considered and can be used if approved by the Materials and Tests Engineer.

214.03Construction Requirements

Foundation excavation shall be of the size and depth conforming to the outline for the structure shown on the plans or established by the Engineer. Unsuitable foundation material below the normal design elevation shall be removed as directed by the Engineer and paid for as Structure Excavation. Where rock, gravelly soil, hard pan, or other unyielding material is encountered, it shall be removed as ordered by the Engineer for a depth of at least 12 inches {300 mm} below the designated grade. This extra depth of excavation shall be backfilled with suitable, approved material measured and paid for as foundation backfill. Attention is directed to the special requirements for placement of pipe culverts in embankment areas noted in the plans.

Choice of equipment to perform the excavation within the limits of the lines and grades noted in this Section or directed shall, in general, be that of the Contractor provided such produces the desired results without injuring any adjacent or adjoining work. Special care shall be taken not to disturb or loosen foundation material below designated foundation limits. Unless otherwise indicated in the plans or directed by the Engineer, all sheeting and bracing used in making structure excavation shall be removed by the Contractor following the completion of the work.

Foundation backfill shall be deposited uniformly for the full width of the excavation in horizontal layers not to exceed 6 inches {150 mm} in thickness with each layer compacted as directed by the Engineer.

General backfilling consisting of all backfill except foundation backfill shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of Section 210 and Section 530 with particular attention directed to the requirements for protecting structures. No backfill shall be placed against a newly constructed masonry or concrete structure for a period of 10 days unless authorized by the Engineer. Large masonry or concrete structures such as box culverts and retaining walls, etc. shall have a deposit (belt), not less than 1 foot {300 mm} wide and 1 foot {300 mm} deep, of approved local or commercial free draining material placed full length along the back face of the vertical walls at the line of weepholes. This material must conform to the requirements specified under Subarticle 214.02(b). Small structures such as inlets, etc. and top slabs of culverts having weepholes shall have approximately 1 cubic foot {0.03 m³} of approved commercial free draining material, as specified in Subarticle 214.02(b), placed at each weephole. Placing of the material at weepholes shall be done in such a manner as to provide maximum depth of filtering effect. Prior to the placing of any free draining material, each weephole shall be protected by rough stones, a grooved concrete block, or hardware cloth to permit seepage yet prohibit loss of material through the weephole. No direct payment will be made for the operation or the special material noted above for the treatment of weepholes. STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR DRAINAGE AND MINOR STRUCTURES 128

214.04Method of Measurement

The quantity of excavation will be the number of cubic yards {cubic meters}, measured in its original position, that is excavated in accordance with the details shown on the plans and the following limitations.

For masonry structures other than culverts, measurement will be made of material removed from the area bounded by vertical planes 1 foot {300 mm} outside of the neat lines of the foundation or footing plan and parallel thereto, and to the elevations shown on the plans or directed by the Engineer to provide installation on a suitable foundation. No measurement or payment will be made for material excavated outside these limits.

For box, arch, and pipe culverts with wing walls or headwalls or other minor structures including storm sewers, measurement will be made of the material removed in accordance with the following: The excavation shall be considered to be a trench with vertical sidewalls. No separate measurement for minor structures (inlets, junction boxes, catch basins, manholes, etc.) other than noted below, such being considered incidental to work. The length of the excavation shall be the actual length of the structure (including inlets, junction boxes, etc.) measured along the flowline plus 1 foot {300 mm} at each end. When headwalls or wing walls are used, the length shall be the average net length of the structure, tip to tip of wings. The width of the excavation shall, in the case of pipe structures, be considered the inside diameter of the pipe plus 3 feet {1 m}. For box culverts, the width shall be the outside width of the barrels plus 4 feet {1.2 m}. On all culvert structures, no allowance will be made for wing flares or toe walls.

The depth of excavation will be as deep as required to install the structure on a suitable foundation to the flowline indicated. This depth shall then be measured in accordance with the following:

at least 1 foot {300 mm} above the elevation of the top of the pipe. The depth of excavation shall be measured from a point 1 foot {300 mm} above the top of the pipe, or from subgrade elevation in cut sections.

of the original ground will be taken at major breaks in the ground line profile and at changes in the culvert barrel widths along the length of the culvert as defined in Item 2 above.

The average end area method shall be used in computing the volume and no measurement for payment will be made for material excavated outside of the limits noted above.

No measurement or payment will be made for excavation for side drainpipes of any size or for side drain culverts unless so provided by plan details. The cost of such excavation shall be included in the price bid for the items; however, pipe designated on the plans as storm sewer pipe will not be classified as side drain.

Foundation backfill will not be measured directly but the volume will be fixed at 150 percent of the volume of the excavation which it replaces that lies between the bottom of the structure and the bottom elevation of the trench ordered excavated. Where satisfactory structure foundation is provided by the normal process of removing and backfilling unsuitable material under fill areas, none of such backfill will be classified as foundation backfill.