214.02 Material.
212.04 Method of Measurement.
Accepted machine grading of shoulders will be measured in hundred -foot {100 m} stations and fractions thereof to the nearest foot {1 m} of shoulder along the centerline of roadway, complete in place. Each shoulder graded will be measured separately. Borrow Excavation, Topsoil, or other material ordered used will be measured and paid for as provided by their appropriate sections unless otherwise specified.
212.05 Basis of Payment.
a.Unit Price Coverage . Machine grading of shoulders, measured as noted above, will be paid for at the contract unit price per station for machine grading, complete in place, which price shall be full compensation for the preparation, construction, and maintenance of the work involved, including blading, spreading, compacting, and dressing and for furnishing all equipment, tools, labor, a nd incidentals necessary to complete the work.
b.Payment will be made under Item No .: 212-A Machine Grading Shoulders - per station STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL FOR DRAINAGE AND MINOR STRUCTURES
214.01 Description.
a.General . The work under this Section shall consist of the removal and disposal of all excavated materials of any nature required for the construction of all box type culverts (including bridge type), pipe culverts (including pipe arches), storm drains, and other minor structures in accordance with these Specifications and to reasonably close conformity with the lines and grades shown on the plans or designated by the Engineer. This Section shall further include backf illing of structure foundations with suitable material in accordance with plan details or as directed.
b.Classification of Materials .
1.Excavation . All excavation for structures below natural ground or the designated subgrade, whichever is lower, or the elevation designated by the Engineer will be classified as Structure Excavation and shall include all materials encountered regardless of their nature, exclusive of water or other liquids which will not be classified as excavated material, necessary for t he proper construction of the structure. Excavation for ditches at the inlet and outlet ends of drainage structures and any other ditches indicated on the plans shall be constructed under "Roadway and Drainage Excavation" items.
2.Backfill .
a.Foundation Backfill. Special selected material ordered placed under a structure to provide a suitable foundation for the structure shall be classified as Foundation Backfill.
b.General Backfill. Material used for ordinary backf ill shall include special material for areas immediately adjacent to weepholes and a drainage belt for large masonry structures.
214.02 Material.
a.Foundation Backfill . Foundation Backfill is a special selected material suitable (approved free -draining c ommercial or local material) for use as foundation for the structure.
214.03 Construction Requirements.
b.General Backfill . Material used for general backfill shall be a compactible soil of acceptable quality except that material for areas immediately adjacent to weepholes shall be free draining material conforming to the following:
1.Local material shall have a permeability coefficient of at least 0.1 mm/sec., measured by the AASHTO T 215 constant head permeameter, with 90% passing the 3/4 inch {19.0 mm} sieve and a maximum of 10% passi ng the Number 8 {2.36 mm} sieve.
2.Commercial material shall be aggregates meeting the requirements of ALDOT #467 or ALDOT #57. Other commercial aggregates will be considered and can be used if approved by the Materials and Tests Engineer.
214.03 Construc tion Requirements.
a.General . Foundation excavation shall be of the size and depth conforming to the outline for the structure shown on the plans or established by the Engineer. Unsuitable foundation material below the normal design elevation shall be removed as directed by the Engineer and paid for as Structure Excavation. Where rock, gravelly soil, hard pan, or other unyielding material is encountered, it shall be removed as ordered by the Engineer for a depth of at least 12 inches {300 mm} below the designated grade. This extra depth of excavation shall be backfilled with suitable, approved material measured and paid for as foundation backfill. Attention is directed to the special requirements for placement of pipe culverts in embankment areas noted i n the plans.
b.Excavation . Choice of equipment to perform the excavation within the limits of the lines and grades noted in this Section or directed shall, in general, be that of the Contractor provided such produces the desired results without injuring any adjacent or adjoining work. Special care shall be taken not to disturb or loosen foundation material below designated foundation limits. Unless otherwise indicated in the plans or directed by the Engineer, all sheeting and bracing used in making struct ure excavation shall be removed by the Contractor following the completion of the work.
c.Backfilling .
1.Foundation Backfill . Foundation backfill shall be deposited uniformly for the full width of the excavation in horizontal layers not to exceed 6 inch es {150 mm} in thickness with each layer compacted as directed by the Engineer.
2.General Backfill . General backfilling consisting of all backfill except foundation backfill shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of Section 210 and Section 530 with particular attention directed to the requirements for protecting structures. No backfill shall be placed against a newly constructed masonry or concrete structure for a period of 10 days unless authorized by the Engineer. Large masonry or concrete structures such as box culverts and retaining walls, etc. shall have a deposit (belt), not less than 1 foot {300 mm} wide and 1 foot {300 mm} deep, of approved local or commercial free draining m aterial placed full length along the back face of the vertical walls at the line of weepholes. This material must conform to the requirements specified under Subarticle 214.02(b). Small structures such as inlets, etc. and top slabs of culverts having weeph oles shall have approximately 1 cubic foot {0.03 m³} of approved commercial free draining material, as specified in Subarticle 214.02(b), placed at each weephole. Placing of the material at weepholes shall be done in such a manner as to provide maximum depth of filtering effect. Prior to the placing of any free draining material, each weephole shall be protected by rough stones, a grooved concrete block, or hardware cloth to permit seepage yet prohibit loss of material through the weephole.
214.04 Method of Measurement.
No direct paymen t will be made for the operation or the special material noted above for treatment of weepholes.
214.04 Method of Measurement.
a.Structure Excavation .
1.Quantity of Excavation . The quantity of excavation will be the number of cubic yards {cubic meters}, measured in its original position, that is excavated in accordance with the details shown on the plans and the following limitations.
2.Masonry Structures other than Culverts . For masonry structures other than culverts, measurement will be made of material removed from the area bounded by vertical planes 1 foot {300 mm} outside of the neat lines of the foundation or footing plan and parallel thereto, and to the elevations shown on the plans or directed by the Engineer to provide installation on a su itable foundation. No measurement or payment will be made for material excavated outside these limits.
3.Excavation for Culverts . For box, arch, and pipe culverts with wing walls or headwalls or other minor structures including storm sewers, measurement w ill be made of the material removed in accordance with the following: The excavation shall be considered to be a trench with vertical sidewalls. No separate measurement for minor structures (inlets, junction boxes, catch basins, manholes, etc.) other than noted below, such being considered incidental to work. The length of the excavation shall be the actual length of the structure (including inlets, junction boxes, etc.) measured along the flowline plus 1 foot {300 mm} at each end. When headwalls or wing walls are used, the length shall be the average net length of the structure, tip to tip of wings. The width of the excavation shall, in the case of pipe structures, be considered the inside diameter of the pipe plus 3 feet {1 m}. For box culverts, the width shall be the outside width of the barrels plus 4 feet {1.2 m}. On all culvert structures, no allowance will be made for wing flares or toe walls.
4.Depth of Excavation . The depth of excavation will be as deep as required to install the structure on a suit able foundation to the flowline indicated. This depth shall then be measured in accordance with the following:
a.Pipe of inside diameter of 48 inches {1200 mm} or less shall be laid in a trench extending at least 1 foot {300 mm} above the elevation of the top of the pipe. The depth of excavation shall be measured from a point 1 foot {300 mm} above the top of the pipe, or from subgrade elevation in cut sections.
b.For box culverts and pipe larger than 48 inches {1200 mm} in diameter, cross sections of the original ground will be taken at major breaks in the ground line profile and at changes in the culvert barrel widths along the length of the culvert as defined in Item 2 above.
5.Computation of the Volume of Excavation . The average end area method shall be used in computing the volume and no measurement for payment will be made for material excavated outside of the limits noted above.
6.Excavation For Side Drain Pipe. No measurement or payment will be made for excavation for side drain pipe of any size or for side drain culverts unless so provided by plan details. The cost of such excavation shall be included in the price bid for the items; however, pipe designated on the plans as storm sewer pipe will not be classified as side drain.
b.Foundation Backfill . Foundation backfill will not be measured directly but the volume will be fixed at 150 percent of the volume of the excavation which it replaces that lies between the bottom of the structure and the bottom elevation of the trench ordered excavated. Where satisfactory structure foundation is provided by the normal process of removing and backfilling unsuitable material under fill areas, none of such backfill will be classified as foundation backfill.
214.05 Basis of Payment.
214.05 Basis of Payment.
a.Structure Excavatio n. Payment will be made for the number of cubic yards {cubic meters}, measured as detailed above, at the contract unit price bid for Structure Excavation. Such payment shall be payment in full for furnishing all materials, equipment, tools, labor, pumping, bailing, draining, and all incidentals necessary to complete the work and shall include installation and removal of any cribs, cofferdams, shoring, sheeting, or other protection, the satisfactory disposal of any unsuitable material from the excavation, an d the placement and compaction in backfill or embankment of the material excavated and suitable for such use.
b.Foundation Backfill . Payment for the calculated cubic yards {cubic meters} of this material, determined as noted herein, will be made at the c ontract unit price bid which shall be full compensation of the item complete in place and includes furnishing of all material, placement, compaction and all equipment, tools, labor, and incidentals necessary to complete the work.
c.Payment will be made u nder Item No .: 214-A Structure Excavation - per cubic yard {cubic meter} 214-B Foundation Backfill, Local/Commercial - per cubic yard {cubic meter} SECTION 215 EXCAVATION FOR BRIDGES
215.01 Description.
The work under t his Section shall cover foundation excavation for bridge structures which includes the removal of all material, of whatever nature, necessary for the construction of foundations and substructures, including backfill, all in accordance with the plans or as directed by the Engineer. It shall, unless otherwise stipulated by the plans or proposal, include the furnishing of all necessary equipment and the construction of all sheeting and shoring, cribs, cofferdams, caissons, dewatering, etc., which may be necess ary for the execution of the work. It shall also include the subsequent removal of these items and the placement of all necessary backfill as hereinafter specified. It shall also include the disposing of excavated material, not required for backfill, in a manner and in locations as approved by the Engineer. The item of Cofferdam and Pumping, when specified on the plans, shall not be covered under this Section. Attention is directed to Section 503 for the requirements of this item.
215.02 Classification of M aterial.
Excavation for bridges shall include all material removed except water or other liquids. Excavation of material for bridges not within the classification of roadway or drainage excavation will be Unclassified Bridge Excavation.
215.03 Construction Requirements.
a.Inspection .
1.Notification . The Contractor shall notify the Engineer a sufficient time in advance of the beginning of the excavation for each structure, so that elevation and measurements may be taken of the existing ground. No payment will be made for material removed or excavated before these measurements have been taken.
2.Approval . Ample opportunity shall be given the Engineer for the inspection of foundation pits and the measurement of material removed. In no case shall a foundation be closed to view until it has been inspected and approved.
3.Change in Foundation Elevations . When in the Contractor's opinion, rock, or other firm foundation material of equal bearing value is encountered at an elevation above that shown f or the footing, and at a location not subject to
Source: Alabama Standard Specifications for Highway Construction, 2022 Edition. Pages 128–130 of 934.