SECTION 608 - CONCRETE BRIDGES
608.01 DESCRIPTION. Construct concrete bridges and parts of other bridges that are
concrete.
608.02 Materials.
608.02.01 Concrete. Conform to Subsection 601.02 and 601.03.
608.02.02 Steel Reinforcement. Conform to Section 811.
608.02.03 Bearing and Expansion Plates. Conform to Section 813. When the
Contract requires self-lubricating plates, furnis h machine surfaces with trepanned recesses.
608.02.04 Rockers. Conform to Section 812.
608.02.05 Elastomeric Bearing Pads. Conform to Section 822.
608.02.06 Preformed Cork Expansion Joint Filler (Type II). Conform to Section
807. Use with bearing pads.
608.02.07 Forms. Conform to Subsection 601.02.
608.02.08 Structural Steel. Conform to Section 812.
608.02.09 Masonry Coating. Conform to Section 828.
608.02.10 Anchor Bolts. Conform to Section 813.
608.02.11 Precast and Prestressed Members. Conform to Subsection 605.
608.02.12 Concrete Curing Materials. Conform to Section 823.
608.03 Construction.
608.03.01 Foundation. Begin work after structure excavation, sheet piling, and all
bearing piles have been prepared according to Sections 603 and 604.
608.03.02 Falsework and Forms. Construct all falsework and forms according to
Subsections 601.03.11 and 601.03.12.
608.03.03 Classes of Concrete for Substructure. Use Class AA concrete in portions
of the substructure above the top of caps except pedestals. Use Class A concrete in portions of the substructure below the top of caps and in pedestals. When placing concrete under water, use Class A Modified concrete.
608.03.04 Placing Steel Reinforcement in Substructure. Place steel reinforcement
according to Subsection 602.03.
608.03.05 Placing Concrete in Substructure. Proportion, mix, and place concrete
according to Subsection 601.03. Construct construction joints according to Subsection
601.03.10 Place concrete for footings to the full depth in one continuous operation, and
allow them to set at least 12 hours before placing forms thereon for other parts of the substructure unit. Place concrete in columns in one continuous operation between construction joints. Allow concrete in columns to set at least 12 hours before placing forms for caps. Place concrete for bridge seats according to Subsection 601.03.09. Finish all exposed surfaces according to Subsection 601.03.18. Bevel all exposed 608-1 edges 3/4 inch. Cure according to Subsection 601.03.17.
608.03.06 Placing Anchor Bolts. Place anchor bolts in piers and abutments according
to Subsection 607.03.17.
608.03.07 Setting Expansion Devices. Install bearing and expansion plates, bearing
pads, rockers , and other expansion devices, except friction or sliding type, according to Subsection 607.03.17. For friction or sliding expansion devices furnish either structural steel plates, elastomeric bearing pads, or preformed cork. Firmly anchor expansion devices in correct position as specified in the Plans. Thoroughly co at all sliding surfaces of expansion devices with graphite lubricant just before placing them in position. Do not place concrete in a manner that will interfere with free movement of the expansion devices. When preformed cork expansion devices are specified for sliding joints, furnish preformed cork material that is the full width and depth of each contact surface and is not built up with several pieces or strips.
608.03.08 Protection. Protect the structure during construction. Protect concrete
parapet walls of abutments and end bents or ends of concrete spans from damage by equipment or traffic by methods specified in the Plans or as directed. Do not allow any traffic over the structure from the time it is completed until the pavement is completed, without protecting the ends of the bridge.
608.03.09 Placing Superstructure. Do not place any superstructure on finished piers
or abutments until attaining the required concrete strength or the table in Subsection
601.03.15 for applying significant loads. With the exception of rigid frame structures, do
not start the erecting or placing of the superstructure until removing the forms and determining the character of concrete in the substructure. Construct the concrete deck according to Subsection 609.03. Construct the concrete beams according to Subsection 605.03.
608.03.10 Concrete Pile Piers, Steel Pile Piers, and Abutments. Construct all
precast or cast-in-place concrete pile piers and abutments, and steel pile piers and abutments according to the lines, grades, dimensions, and design specified in the Plans and according to Sections 601, 602, and 604. Remove falsework under pier caps according to Subsection
601.03 14.
608.03.11 Construction Date and Identification. Stencil the construction date and
identification according to Subsection 601.03.19.
608.03.12 Inspection Facilities. Provide facilities for inspection of work as it
progresses and for final inspection of completed work. Provide ladders, or other satisfactory means, to enable the Engineer to examine and inspect pier and abutment caps and bearings. Remove them after final inspection and the Engineer’s approval of work.
608.03.13 General Requirements for Superstructure. Give all exposed surfaces a
finish according to Subsection 601.03.18. Cons truct bridge slabs according to Subsection
609.03 Construct precast and prestresse d beams according to Subsection 605.03.
608.03.14 Steel Reinforcement for Superstructures. Place all steel according to
Subsection 602.03.
608.03.15 Concrete Bridge Layout. Dimensions specified in the Plans are for a
normal temperature of 60 F. Layout dimensions are horizontal measurements.
608.03.16 Permissible Finish Variations. Do not allow lines of the finished concrete,
608-2 except bridge slabs and precast piles, to vary more than 1/4 inch per 10 feet or vary from plan lines more than 0.1 percent of the distance between extremities of the unit considered. The Engineer will decide whether any variat ions in excess of those stated are cause either for removal and replacement of the work according to Subsection 105.01.04 or for a reduction in payment.
608.04 Measurement.
608.04.01 Concrete. The Department will measure the quantity according to
Subsection 601.04. The Department will not measure furnishing inspection facilities or stenciling for payment and will consider them incidental to this item of work.
608.04.02 Steel Reinforcement. The Department will measure the quantity according
to Subsection 602.04.
608.04.03 Structural Steel. The Department will measure the quantity according to
Subsection 607.04.
608.04.04 Masonry Coating. The Department will measure the quantity according
to Subsection 601.04.
608.04.05 Quality Control. Measure and pay according to Section 113.
608.05 PAYMENT. The Department will make payment for the completed and accepted
quantities under the following: Code Pay Item Pay Unit 08100-08105, 02555 Concrete, Class See Subsection 601.05(1) 08150 Steel Reinforcement See Subsection 602.05 08160 Structural Steel See Subsection 607.05 02998 Masonry Coating See Subsection 601.05
1.When the variation is not within the permissible limits and the Engineer does not require removal and replacement, the Department will deduct from the total Contract price the product of the volume of Concrete not within the permissible limits multiplied by the Contract unit price for the Concrete. The Department will consider payment as full compensation for all work required under this section. 608-3 SECTION 609 REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE SLABS
609.01 DESCRIPTION. Construct reinforced concrete slabs on bridges.
609.02 Materials and Equipment.
609.02.01 Steel Reinforcement. Conform to Section 811.
609.02.02 Concrete. Conform to Subsection 601.02 and 601.03.
609.02.03 Joint Materials. Conform to Section 807.
609.02.04 Structural Steel Joints. Conform to Section 812.
609.02.05 Forms. Conform to Subsection 601.02.13.
609.02.06 Concrete Curing Materials. Conform to Section 823.
609.02.07 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Bridge Floor Drains. Conform to
Section 810.
609.02.08 Zinc Oxide-Zinc Dust Primer. Conform to Federal Specification TT-P-
641, Type II.
609.02.09 Finishing Machines. Provide each finishing machine with at least 2
movable footbridges from which to perform finishing and curing. Furnish a self-propelled finishing machine equipped with:
1.one or more augers or other equally effective device to move and position the concrete,
2.a cylinder to compact and finish the concrete, and
3.a pan float. Provide a machine that is readily adjustable so all its devices may be easily operated to satisfactorily position, consolidate, and finish the concrete. Use machines that span the full width of the bridge, are adjustable to grades paralleling the roadway crown, and are of rigid construction to ensure a surface finish true to the lines, grades, and cross sections specified in the Plans or established by the Engineer. Give consideration to setting finishing machine on skew if angle exceeds 15 degrees. Support the machine by rails or tracks of sufficient section modulus to withstand the imposed loads and deflect no more than 1/16 inch between the rail supports. Provide rails or track that are sufficiently rigid to prevent the machine from riding up when finishing concrete of the specified slump. Install the rails outside the limits of the roadway slab, set and maintain them true to grades paralleling the bridge grade, throughout the entire finishing operation.
609.02.10 Hand Operated Internal Vibrators. Conform to Subsection 601.02.
609.03 Construction.
609.03 01.
A.Swinging the Spans. Before placing concrete slabs on steel spans or precast concrete release the temporary erection supports under the bridge and swing the span free on its supports.
B.Lift Loops. Cut all lift loops flush with the top of the precast beam once the beam 609-1
Source: Kentucky Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2019 Edition. Pages 373–375 of 718.