In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 142 SECTION 203
203.01 Description
A.General. This work consists of the excavation, haul, placement, disposal, and compaction of embankment material.
B.Common Excavation. Common excavation consists of excavation withi n the right of way, not otherwise classified.
C.Rock Excavation. Notify the Engineer if detached rock s having a volume of 0.5 cubic yard or larger are discovered or if rock excavation methods are required for the excavation of material or boulders. Rock excavation methods include: − Blasting, before material can be excavated and removed; or − Material that requires heavy -duty dozer -mounted rippers or dozer blades to break the material into chunks of more than one cubic foot, before material can be excavated and removed.
D.Shale Excavation. Notify the Engineer if shale excavation is required before performing the excavation. Shale excavation includes: − Excavating material that is laminated, fissile, or sedimentary material that is principally composed of fine-grained particles; or − Material that requires heavy -duty dozer -mounted rippers or dozer blades to break the material into chunks of one cubic foot or less, before material can be excavated and removed.
E.Muck Excavation. Notify the Engineer if muck excavation is required before performing the excavation. The Engineer will classify the excavation as muck when both criteria below are met: − The material is a saturated mixture of soils and organic matter unsuitable for use as embankment; and − The material cannot be excavated using the methods the Contractor is using to perform the majority of the surrounding excavation.
F.Borrow Excavation. Borrow Excavation consists of the use of material obtained from outside the right of way for construction. Borrow may be obtained by either the Contractor or the Department, depending on the specific contract requirements. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 143 G. Haul. Average haul is the average distance which, in stations, excavation in excess of that deposited within the station must be hauled. Free haul is the average haul for the project. Overhaul is authorized hauling in excess of the free haul distance, if the haul is also beyond the designated balance points. If overhaul is authorized, allow the Engineer 6 hours before and after hauling operations to take measurements to determine the volume of overhaul excavation.
203.02 Equipment
Equipment Section Vibratory Sheepsfoot/Pad Foot/Extended Pad Foot Roller 151.02 Use sheepsfoot rollers with feet that exert a ground pressure of at least 250 psi. Material used for embankment construction may be hauled in trucks or in scrapers. If scrapers are used to haul material, construct an earthen ramp across existing roadways. Construct the ramp to a depth that will protect the existing pavement structure from damage and in a manner that will allow traffic to utilize the roadway at all times . Remove the ramp each day when hauling operations cease. Provide flagpersons, as specified in Section 704, “Temporary Traffic Control” for each direction that traffic crosses the ramp. Use of earthen ramps in this manner is dependent upon approval of the Engineer. Construct and remove the ramp at no additional cost to the Department.
203.03 Materials
Material Section Subcut Aggregate Section 816 Class 3 or 5 ;
203.04 Construction Requirements
A.Rock and Shale Excavation. Excavate rock and shale to a minimum depth of 6 inches and a maximum depth of 12 inches below subgrade.
B.Roadway Obliteration. Obliterate the roadway by removing the roadway surface material, structures, and appurtenances, filling in the ditches, grading, placing topsoil, and seeding. Restore to match surrounding ground contours. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 144 C. Coal. Remove coal to a depth: − 6 feet below the subgrade profile between the graded shoulders; and − 1 foot below the final surface elevation from the graded shoulders to the top of the backslopes.
D.Topsoil.
1.Topsoil Removal and Stockpiling. Remove topsoil to its full depth or a depth up to 6 inches, whichever is less, from all excavation and embankment areas. Do not remove the subsoil or other deleterious material with topsoil. Stockpile the removed topsoil. Place topsoil piles at acceptable locations outside of the grading limits or, if necessary, outside the right of way at no additional cost to the Department. If stockpiling topsoil outside the right of way, submit a copy of the agreement negotiated with the landowner 10 days before constructing topsoil stockpiles. When stockpiling topsoil within the clear zone, construct topsoil stockpiles with foreslopes of 4:1 or flatter and approach slopes of 10:1 or flatter.
2.Topsoil Placement. Scarify the surface to a depth of 2 inches before replacing topsoil. Uniformly spread the stockpiled topsoil over the disturbed areas within the right of way.
3.Topsoil – Imported. Provide imported topsoil consisting of friable, fertile soil of loamy character, containing an amount of organic matter normal to the region, capable of sustaining healthy plant life, and reasonably free from subsoil, roots, heavy or stiff clay, stones larger than two inch es in greatest dimension, noxious weeds, sticks, brush, litter, and other deleterious matter. Provide the topsoil from a site outside the right of way. Spread the topsoil uniformly to a minimum depth of 6 inches. Use all existing stockpiled topsoil before importing topsoil.
E.Subcut.
1.Excavation. Use an excavator wi th a smooth cutting edge to minimize disturbance of underlying soils. Do not scarify the bottom of the subcut. Do not operate construction equipment in the subcut area. Dispose of material removed from the subcut area as specified in Section 107.17, “Removed Material ”.
2.Aggregate Install the first layer of subcut aggregate as specified in Section 709.04, “Construction Requirements” for the type of geosynthetic material installed. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 145 Compact subcut aggregate to at least 90% of the maximum dry density with a moisture content between 2.0 percentage points below and 3.0 percentage points above the optimum moisture content. The Engineer will determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content as specified in ND T 180.
F.Borrow Excavation.
1.General. Place all available common excavation before using borrow excavation. Obtain a borrow source if no Department optioned borrow is provided. The Engineer will allow Contractor furnished borrow unless the Department optioned borrow area is mandatory. Compact borrow as specified in Section 203.04 G.2, “Compaction Control, Type A ” if no other compaction requirements are stated in the contract.
2.Department Optioned Borrow.
a.General. Identify the legal owners of the borrow area at the time the material is being removed. Use county records for the identification of landowners. Include the names of any other parties having a legal interest in the property. Provide this information to the Engineer. Notify the landowner in writing if exercising the Department’s option, including the removal plan and location of the access route. Submit a copy of the written notification and any other agreements negotiated with the landowner 10 days before starting operations in borrow area. Ensure livestock is confined when fencing is removed or altered.
b.Utilites. The Department will be responsible for utility relocations and costs of relocations. Schedule work in borrow areas to allow affected utility companies to relocate, adjust, or remove their facilities.
c.Topsoil Removal. Before excavation, strip a minimum of 6 inches of topsoil . In areas where topsoil depth exceeds 6 inches, strip a maximum of 12 inches of topsoil.
d.Payment of Borrow. Provide proof of payment to the Engineer within 30 days of issuing the payment to the grantor. The Department will not make progressive payments for borrow material removed from a location until the proof of payment is received. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 146 e. Multi Year Projects. If the work is performed in more than one calendar year, pay the landowner for the material removed the first calendar year by December 31 of that year. If a payment arrangement different from the Department’s option is negotiated with the landowner, submit a copy of the agreement.
f.Material Shortage. If a material shortage or other issues occur in the Department optioned area and the Engineer directs that borrow be furnished from an alternate site, the Department will pay for: • Topsoil and seeding on the basis shown for the Department optioned area; • Costs in excess of what would be incurred in the Department optioned area; and • Haul will be measured as specified in Section 203.05 G , “Haul”.
g.Waste Disposal. Do not place waste or excess material in a borrow area without obtaining an agreement with the landowner for the placement of the material. Submit a copy of the agreement before placing waste or excess material in a borrow area.
h.Borrow Site Restoration. Shape the borrow area to drain after excavation is complete. Flatten slopes to a minimum of 8:1, except if blending into steeper slopes and perform the following actions to retore the borrow site after it is no longer needed: • Remove stockpiles; • Replace fence to its original condition; • Spread topsoil over the disturbed area; • Obliterate and reshape access ro ute; and • Seed the disturbed area. Use seed as specified in the Contract, if no seed is specified use Class II seed mixture as specified in Section 251.03, “Materials”. Submit a copy of the landowner's pit release stating that the borrow area has been restored to a satisfactory condition.
i.Remaining Borrow Royalty Payment. Make a payment for the remaining balance of the royalty payment within 30 days of obtaining a signed pit release from the grantor. Provide proof of payment to the Engineer within 30 days of issuing the payment to the grantor. The Department will not make payment for the final quantity of borrow material removed from the borrow area until proof of payment is received.
3.Contractor Furnished Borrow. The Engineer will determine if the material is suitable for the specified use. Before work begins in the pit, furnish the names of the legal owners and the names of other parties having a legal interest in the borrow areas. Submit a copy of the borrow agreement. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 After the borrow area has been restored to satisfactory condition, obtain a release and receipt of payment from the legal owners, and furnish copies to the Engineer. Utility adjustments shall be the Contractors responsibility.
G.Embankment Construction.
1.General. If disposing of rocks and boulders , bury them under a minimum of one foot of soil at approved locations. Do not place rocks, broken concrete, or other solid materials in embankment areas where piling is to be driven. Do not place any rocks larger than 4 inches in its longest dimension in the top one foot of the finished grade. Do not use frozen material in embankment construction. Do not place material on frozen ground. Use grading equipment to spread material to a uniform thickness before compacting. Continuously level and manipulate the material to obtain uniform soil distribution. Operate construction equipment uniformly over the entire surface of each lift. Compact each lift to specified density and moisture content before placing the next lift. Compact private drives, minor road approaches, and other parts of the embankment outside the roadbed as specified in Section 203.04 G .4, “Compaction Control, Type C”. Construct benches a minimum of 24 inches in width when placing new material against slopes 4:1 or steeper. Begin each horizontal cut at the intersection of the original ground and the vertical sides of the previous cuts. Recompact excavated material along with new embankment material. If placing and compacting material at structures, place and compact the material in lifts not to exceed 12 inches of loose material. During placement and compaction, ensure that each side is brought up within 12 inches of the other at all times. Compact without placing excessive pressure against the structure when placing embankment is required only on one side of a structure. Place fill adjacent to a bridge abutment no higher than the berm elevation in front of the abutment until the superstructure is in place.
2.Compaction Control, Type A. Construct fills with moisture and density controls. Place embankment in lifts not to exceed 12 inches of loose material. Manipulate substandard areas by working the soil until the specified density and uniform moisture content are achieved. Compact material as specified in Section 203.04 G .2.a, “ND T 180” unless the contract specifies otherwise. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203
a.ND T 180. Compact material to at least 90 percent of the maximum dry density with a moisture content no less than the optimum moisture and no more than 5.0 percentage points above the optimum moisture. The Engineer will determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content as specified in ND T 180.
b.ND T 99. Compact material to at least 95 percent of the maximum dry density with moisture content no less than 4.0 percentage points below the optimum moisture, and no more than 5.0 percentage points above the optimum moisture. The Engineer will determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content as specified in ND T 99.
3.Compaction Control, Type B. Construct embankment in lifts not to exceed 12 inches of loose material . If the first layer of fill is over material that will prevent achieving proper compaction, the Engineer may adjust the lift thickness . Uniformly compact each lift by operating grading equipment and rollers over the entire area. Use a sheepsfoot roller until the roller pads penetrate the surface a maximum of 0.5 inch. Use separate dumping and compacting areas.
4.Compaction Control, Type C. Construct embankment in lifts not to exceed 8 inches of loose material over the full width of the proposed embankment section. If the first layer of fill is over material that will prevent achieving proper compaction, the Engineer may adjust the lift thickness. Uniformly compact each lift by operating grading equipment over the entire area.
H.Approach Foreslope Reconstruction and Flatten Ditch Block Slopes. Perform topsoil work for excavation and embankment areas as specified in “Topsoil”. Compact embankment material as specified in Section 203.04 G .3, “Compaction Control, Type B”. Place Class II seed mixture as specified in Section 251.02, “Equipment” ; 251.03, “Materials”; and 251.04, “Construction Requirements”. Place mulch as specified in Section 253.02, “Equipment” ; 253.03, “Materials” ; and 253.04, “Construction Requirements” .
I.Guardrail Embankment. Perform topsoil work as specified in Section 203.04 D , “Topsoil ”. Compact embankment material as specified in Type B”. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 149 Place Class II seed mixture as specified in Section 251.02, “Equipment”; 251.03, “Materials”; and 251.04, “Construction Requirements”. Place mulch as specified in Section 253.02, “Equipment”; 253.03, “Materials” ; and 253.04, “Construction Requirements”. Maintain existing drainage during construction of the embankment.
J.Finishing. When traffic is maintained on the existing roadbed, c onduct operations so the distance does not exceed 3 miles between the point where the existing road surface is disturbed and to where the roadbed is finished to grade and aggregate is placed. Place and shape topsoil on foreslopes, backslopes, and ditches as construction progresses.
203.05 Method of Measurement
The Engineer will measure as specified in Secti on 109.01, “Measurement of Quantities” and as follows:
A.Excavation. When measuring excavation, the Engineer will obtain an initial measurement of the original ground after the topsoil has been removed and a second measurement after the completion of grading activities, but before the placement of topsoil. Conduct operations to allow the Engineer to measure rock, shale, and muck excavation. If the Engineer was not allowed to measure rock, shale, and muck excavation, it will be measured as “Common Excavation”. The Engineer will measure excavation of rock and shale up to 12 inches below grade as necessary to provide the designed thickness of backfill. The Engineer will deduct the quantity measure over -breakage of wasted rock excavation fr om the volume. A maximum of 10 percent of the authorized quantity of rock excavation will be measured for the over -breakage quantity. The Engineer will measure the authorized excavation of muck. The Engineer will include coal in the measurement for “Comm on Excavation”. Where ramps are constructed to allow scrapers to cross a roadway, the Engineer will measure flagging hours as specified in Section 704, “Temporary Traffic Control”.
B.Borrow Excavation. The Engineer will measure borrow excavation by taking an initial measurement of the original ground after removal of topsoil and then a second measurement after removing the material but before placing topsoil. If borrow excavation is placed before using all avail able common excavation, the Engineer will deduct the quantity of unused common excavation from the measured quantity of borrow excavation. The Engineer will include the deducted quantity of borrow excavation in the common excavation quantity. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 If the borrow source is a Department option, the Engineer will measure the topsoil stripped from the borrow area. Provide a minimum of two working days’ notice to allow the Engineer to complete the preliminary cross sectioning before removing topsoil. Provide notice and allow one working day for the Engineer to complete the topsoil measurement before beginning borrow excavation.
C.Topsoil. The plan quantity for topsoil may be used as the measurement for payment if the Engineer and Contractor form a written agreement.
D.Topsoil – Imported. The Engineer will measure imported topsoil as specified in Section 109.01 E, “Volume”.
E.Embankment. The Engineer will measure embankment by taking an initial measurement of the original ground and then a second measurement after placement of the material.
F.Slope Reconstruction. The Engineer will measure each side of approach foreslope and ditch block slopes.
G.Haul. The Engineer will measure haul distance as follows: − Along the center line of the roadway, when material is obtained from the right of way and deposited inside the right of way ; or − Along the shortest route when material is obtained from outside the right of way .
1.Authorized Haul. The Engineer will determine the authorized haul by multiplying the number of cubic yards of material moved from its original position and the distance, in stations, that the material was hauled. This will be expressed in the unit Cubic Yard Stations.
2.Free Haul. The Engineer will determine the free haul distance by dividing the number of cubic yard stations between balance points by the ordinate of the mass diagram which is the yardage hauled. This will be expressed in stations.
3.Overhaul. The Engineer will fix 2 points on the volume curve, one on each side of the neutral grade point such that the distance between the points equals the free haul distance. Material located between these points will not be considered when determining the overhaul distance. The Engineer will determine the overhaul distance by subtracting the free haul distance from the distance between the center of gravity of remaining mass of excavation and the remaining mass of embankment. The Engineer will determine overhaul by multiplying the number of cubic yards of material hauled by the overhaul distance. This number will be expressed in Cubic Yard Miles. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 203 151 203.06 BASIS OF PAYMENT Pay Item Pay Unit Common Excavation -Type__ Cubic Yard, Lump Sum Common Excavation -Subcut Cubic Yard Rock Excavation Cubic Yard Shale Excavation Cubic Yard Muck Excavation Cubic Yard Borrow Excavation Cubic Yard, Ton Topsoil Cubic Yard Topsoil – Imported Cubic Yard Topsoil -Dept Option Borrow Area Cubic Yard Remove & Salvage Topsoil Mile, Acre, Cubic Yard, Square Yard Roadway Obliteration Linear Foot Embankment -Type__ Cubic Yard, Each, Lump Sum Guardrail Embankment Each Flatten Ditch Block Slopes Each Approach Foreslope Reconstruction Each Such payment is full compensation for furnishing all materials, equipment, labor, and incidentals to complete the work as specified.
A.Excavation. Include disposal of excess excavation from the trenches of storm drains, water lines, water mains, sanitary sewers, and related items in the contract unit price for the item that required the excavation.
B.Borrow Excavation. Include the costs for haul in the contract unit price for “Borrow Excavation”.
C.Department Optioned Borrow. Include the costs for obliterating, scarifying, reshaping, and reseeding of the access route in the contract unit price for “Borrow Excavation”. Include the removal and replacement of topsoil in Department optioned borrow areas in the contract unit price for “Topsoil – Dept Option Borrow Area”.
D.Contractor Furnished Borrow. Include all c osts associated with contractor furnished borrow in the contract unit price for “Borrow Excavation”.
E.Overhaul. Overhaul will be paid for at the price listed in the PS -1. In-Depth Review 2022 Section 210 152 SECTION 210 STRUCTURAL AND CHANNEL EXCAVATION, FOUNDATION FILL AND PREPARATION
210.01 Description
A.Structural Excavation.
1.Class 1: Class 1 excavation will be defined in the plans.
2.Class 2: Class 2 excavation will be defined in the plans.
3.Box Culvert Excavation: Excavation and ordinary backfill required for installation of box culverts.
B.Channel Excavation. Channel excavation will be designated on the plans and includes excavation necessary to place riprap or aggregate cushions and to flatten and shape slopes around abutment locations.
C.Foundation Preparation. Foundation preparation will be designated for installation of a box culvert or bridge.
210.02 Equipment
Reserved.
210.03 Materials
A.Ordinary Backfill. Use approved material from the excavation. Use borrow material as specified in Section
203.04 D, “Borrow Excavation” if additional material is required.
B.Foundation Fill. Use CL 3 or CL 5 aggregate as specified in Section 816, “Aggregates” .
210.04 Construction Requirements
A.Excavation.
1.General. Perform excavation so that concrete can be placed in a dry area free of water. If excavation has been performed to the specified elevation and unsuitable material is encountered, remove the unsuitable material and place foundation fill to the specified elevation. Dispose of unsuitable excavated material as specified in Section 107.17, “Removed Material” .
Source: North Dakota Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2022 Edition. Pages 177–186 of 550.