603.01 480 SECTION 603 – PAINTING
603.01 Description ................................ ................................ ................... 480
603.02 Materials ................................ ................................ ...................... 481
603.03 Reserved ................................ ................................ ....................... 482
603.04 Clearing and Removing Obstructions ................................ .......... 482
603.05 Preparing Surfaces ................................ ................................ ....... 482
603.06 Schedule of Painting ................................ ................................ .... 483
603.07 Weather Conditions ................................ ................................ ...... 485
603.08 Storing Paint ................................ ................................ ................. 486
603.09 Mixing Paint ................................ ................................ ................. 486
603.10 Applying Paint ................................ ................................ ............. 486
603.11 Shop Painting ................................ ................................ ............... 489
603.12 Field Painting ................................ ................................ ............... 490
603.13 Repainting Existing Steel Structures ................................ ............ 491
603.14 Protection of Traffic ................................ ................................ ..... 495
603.15 Protection of Structures and Surfaces ................................ .......... 495
603.16 Final Cleanup ................................ ................................ ............... 495
603.17 Method of Measurement ................................ .............................. 496
603.18 Basis of Payment ................................ ................................ .......... 496
DESCRIPTION
603.01 Description
A.General This work consists of surface preparation, paint application, furnishing protection from paint spat ter and disfigurement, and final cleanup. The type, color, and number of paint coats shall be as specified in 603.06 and as shown on the Plans. Each coat, for all systems, shall have a contrasting tint to aid in even application and inspection. 603.02 481 B. Certification Requirements All contractors or subcontractors involved in field surface preparation or coating application shall be certified according to the Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC) Painting Contractor Certificati on Program (PCCP) or NACE International Institute Contractor Accreditation Program (NIICAP) . Contractors or subcontractors performing field coating application shall be certified according to SSPC QP1, Field Application or equivalent, including NIICAP AS -1 Field. Contractors and subcontractors performing field surface preparation of existing structures shall be certified according to SSPC QP2, Field Removal of Hazardous Coatings or equivalent, including NIICAP AS -2 Hazard Waste Removal . Ensure that all cont ractors and subcontractors that perform field surface preparation or field coating application are certified to the requirements of SSPC; QP1 or QP2 , or NIICAP; AS -1 Field or AS -2 before Contract award and remain certified for the duration of the Project. If a contractor’s or subcontractor’s certification expires or is suspended, do not allow that contractor to perform any work until the certification is reissued or reinstated. The Department will not consider any requests for time extensions for any dela y in the completion of the Project due to an inactive certification and may apply liquidated damages. Provide a copy of the certifications to the Engineer before beginning work and notify the Engineer of all changes in certification status. MATERIALS
603.02 Materials
Provide materials as specified in: Paint ................................ ................................ ............................ 910 Unless otherwise specified, use paint manufactured and prepared to comply with the applicable specifications including those included by reference. 603.03 482 603.03 Reserved CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
603.04 Clearing and Removing Obstructions
Cut or clear trees, limbs, bushes, grass, and other items that will damage or prevent satisfactory painting. Remove and replace as directed by the Engineer all obstructions or o ther items that will prevent proper paint application. Take care in removing the obstructions so as not to impair their usefulness when replaced. Replace damaged items at no cost to the Department.
603.05 Preparing Surfaces
A.New Structures Prepare all metal surfaces to a condition equivalent to SSPC SP10/NACE 2 (Near White Blast Clean). Prepare the fabricated steel to have a surface profile of 1 mil minimum to 2.5 mils maximum be fore applying the shop coat. Verify the surface profile obtained on the prepared surface according to ASTM D4417, Method A, B, or C.
B.Existing Structures Prepare metal surfaces for painting as shown on the Plans and in accordance with these Specifications. Unless otherwise specified, the Contractor may use any of the following methods to clean the metal:
1.Hand (SSPC-SP2) or Power Tool (SSPC-SP3) Cleaning. Use bristle or wood fiber brushes to remove loose dust. Remove oil and grease with solvents accordin g to SSPC SP1. Use solvents that are safe and biodegradable.
2.Blast Cleaning. Use SSPC -SP10/NACE 2 for System A, or as shown on the Plans for Systems B and C. Blast cleaning shall leave a surface profile acceptable to the paint manufacturer. 603.06 483 For dry-blasted surfaces, remove all traces of blast products from the surface and abrasive from pockets and corners by brushing the surface with clean brushes made of hair, bristle, or fiber, using compressed air (from which detrimental oil and water have been removed) to blow off such residue, or cleaning with a vacuum. For wet-abrasive-blasted surfaces, clean by rinsing with fresh water, to which sufficient corrosion inhibitor has been added to prevent rusting, or with fresh water, followed immediately by an inhibit ive treatment approved by the paint manufacturer. Supplement this cleansing by brushing if necessary to remove residue. Ensure that the compressed air used for nozzle blasting is free of detrimental amounts of water or oil. Provide adequate separators and traps. In the presence of the Engineer, test for the presence of oil or water in the compressed air in accordance with ASTM D4285. Perform blast cleaning operations so that no damage is done to partially or entirely completed portions of the Work. Remove all traces of oil, grease, or smudges deposited in the cleaning operations from blast -cleaned surfaces. Obtain the Engineer’s approval of the cleaning before painting. Ensure that the appearance of the surface after blast cleaning corresponds with the p ictorial standards A SP -10, B SP-10, C SP-10, or D SP-10 of SSPC -VIS 1.
3.Water Washing. Use a high pressure water wash to remove all chalk, loose coatings, and other contaminants. High pressure water wash is defined as using pressure from 3,000 to 4,000 pounds per square inch at 8 to 10 gallons per minute.
603.06 Schedule of Painting
A.New Structures Unless otherwise specified, paint all structural steel and other exposed metal by the paint systems specified in Table 603.06 -1. 603.06 484 Table 603.06-1: System A – Inorganic Zinc Paint System Specification Minimum Dry Film Thickness (mils) Maximum Dry Film Thickness (mils) Primer (shop coat) Inorganic Zinc Silicate Paint,
910.03 2.5 5.0
Intermediate Tie Coat 910.03, as modified below 2.0 5.0 Finish Coat (color coat) Urethane Finish, 910.03 (match color shown on the Plans) 2.0 5.0 Only apply primer in the fabrication shop. Apply the intermediate tie coat and finish coat in the field. To ensure compatibility between coats, obtain all paint (primer, intermediate tie coat, and finish coat) from the same manufacturer.
B.Existing Structures Unless otherwise shown on the Plans, paint all metal surfaces of existing structures with one of the systems specified in Tables 603.06 -2 or
603.06 3, or Syste m A, as specified in 603.06.A. To ensure
compatibility between coats, obtain all paint (spot primer, primer, and finish coat) from the same manufacturer. 603.07 485 Table 603.06-2: System B Paint System Specification Minimum Dry Film Thickness (mils) (2) Maximum Dry Film Thickness (mils) (2) Spot Primer Epoxy Mastic (1) 2.0 5.0 Primer Epoxy Mastic (1) 3.0 5.0 Finish Coat (color coat) Urethane Finish, 910.03 (match color shown on the Plans) 2.0 5.0
1.Material to be on Qualified Products List maintained by the Division of Materials and Tests.
2.The primer dry film thickness is measured above the surface profile. Table 603.06-3: System C Paint System Specification Minimum Dry Film Thickness (mils) (2) Maximum Dry Film Thickness (mils) (2) Spot Primer Universal (1) 2.0 5.0 Primer Universal (1) 3.0 5.0 Finish Coat (color coat) Urethane Finish, 910.03 (match color shown on the Plans) 2.0 5.0
1.Material to be on Qualified Products List maintained by the Division of Materials and Tests.
2.The primer dry film thickness is measured above the surface profile.
603.07 Weather Conditions
Do not apply paint:
1.When either the ambient or steel surface temperature exceeds 100 °F or is below 40 F, unless the Engineer approves otherwise in writing. 603.08 486 2. To steel that is at a temperature that will cause blistering or porosity, or otherwise will be detrimental to the life of the pai nt.
3.When the relative humidity exceeds 85%.
4.During rain, snow, fog, or misty conditions, or when the steel surface temperature is less than 5 F above the dew point.
603.08 Storing Paint
If paint is to remain in storage for a considerable length of time, turn the containers end for end at least once a week. The Engineer will re -inspect paint that has been in storage for longer than 6 months before approving its use. Store paint according to the manufacturer’s re commendations. Do not allow the paint to freeze.
603.09 Mixing Paint
Thoroughly mix paint before applying. Ensure that the pigments remain in uniform suspension during application. Perform mixing by mechanical methods, except that hand mixing will be permitted for containers less than 5 gallons in size. When special paint is specified, mix it according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.
603.10 Applying Paint
A.General Submit the manu facturer’s current printed instructions for applying the paint system specified to the Engineer for approval. Follow the instructions, as approved, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. Apply paint by brushing, spraying, or a combination of these met hods. The Contractor may use daubers or sheepskins if no other method is practicable to properly apply paint in places of difficult access. Only use dipping, roller coating, or flow coating when specifically authorized. To the maximum extent practicable, apply each coat of paint as a continuous film of uniform thickness free of pores. Repaint all thin spots or areas missed in the application and allow to cure before applying the next coat of paint. 603.10 487 Ensure that each coat of paint is in a proper state of c ure before applying the succeeding coat.
B.Spray Application Spray application of paint, whether air spray, airless spray, hot air spray, or hot airless spray, shall be in accordance with the following: Use equipment suitable for the intended purpose, that i s capable of properly atomizing the paint to be applied, and that is equipped with suitable pressure regulators and gauges. Maintain the equipment in proper working condition. Keep spray equipment so that dirt, dried paint, and other foreign materials ar e not deposited in the paint film. Remove solvents left in the equipment before using.
1.Air Spray. Use the air caps, nozzles, and needles recommended by the manufacturers of the material being sprayed and the equipment being used. Provide adequately sized traps or separators to remove oil and condensed water from the air. Periodically drain the traps or separators during operations. Ensure that the air from the spray gun impinging against a clean surface shows no sign of condensed water or oil. Adjust t he pressure on the material in the pot when necessary for changes in elevation of the gun above the pot. The atomizing air pressure at the gun shall be high enough to properly atomize the paint, but not so high as to cause excessive fogging of paint, excessive evaporation of solvent, or loss by over -spray.
2.Airless Spray. Use fluid tips of proper orifice and fan angle, and a fluid control gun of proper construction, as recommended by the manufacturer of the material being sprayed and the equipment being used. Fluid tips shall be of the safety type with shields. Adjust the air pressure to the paint pump so that the paint pressure to the gun is proper for optimum spraying effectiveness. This pressure shall be sufficiently high to properly atomize the paint. Do not use pressures considerably higher than that necessary to properly atomize the paint. Keep spraying equipment clean and use proper filters in the high pressure line so that dirt, dry paint, and other foreign materials are 603.10 488 not deposited in the paint film. Remove all solvent left in the equipment before applying paint. Provide airless paint spray equipment with an electric ground wire in the high -pressure line between the gun and the pumping equipment. Ensure that the pumping equipment is suitably grounded to avoid the build -up of any electrostatic charge on the gun.
C.Brush Application Use brushes of a style and quality that will enable proper application of paint. Round or oval brushes are generally considered most suitable for bolts, irre gular surfaces, and rough or pitted steel. Wide, flat brushes are suitable for large flat areas, but they should not have a width over 5 inches. Length of the bristles should be equal to or exceed the brush width. Brush to obtain a smooth coat, as nearly uniform in thickness as possible. Brush subsequent coats in a direction perpendicular to that of the previous coat. Typically, brushed coats are thinner than sprayed coats and additional brushed coats may be needed to achieve the proper film thickness. Work paint into all crevices and corners. Use spray, daubers, or sheepskins to paint surfaces not accessible to brushes. Brush out all runs or sags.
D.Roller Application The Contractor may use rollers to apply paint on flat or slightly curved surfaces. R oller application shall be in accordance with the recommendations of the paint manufacturer and roller manufacturer. Use paint rollers of a style and quality that will allow proper application of paint having the continuity and thickness required in Secti ons 6.7 and 6.8 of SSPC -PA 1. The coating shall not contain any nap from the roller. Do not apply paint using rollers on irregular surfaces such as bolts, crevices, welds, corners, or edges, unless otherwise specified. When permitted, however, subseque ntly brush out the paint applied by roller on these irregular surfaces to form a continuous and unbroken film. 603.11 489 603.11 Shop Painting Unless otherwise specified, apply one coat of primer p aint to steelwork after it has been accepted by the inspector and before it is shipped from the plant. The shop coat of paint shall meet the dry film thickness specified in 603.06 for the paint system being supplied. Paint surfa ces that are not in contact, but inaccessible after assembly, with three coats of shop paint. The shop contact surfaces and field contact surfaces within friction type joints shall be free of oil, paint, lacquer, galvanizing, or rust inhibitor. Apply a c oat of shop paint to other field contact surfaces, except for main splices for chords of trusses and large girder splices involving multiple thicknesses of material where a shop coat of paint would make erection difficult. Do not paint structural steel tha t is to be welded before welding is complete. If it is to be welded only in the fabricating shop and subsequently erected by bolting, apply one coat of paint after shop welding is finished. Do not apply shop paint to steel in the area where field welding will be performed. Coat machine -finished surfaces for sliding contact with an approved lubricant, as soon as practicable after being accepted and before removal from the shop. Paint erection marks for field identification of members and weight marks on surface areas previously painted with the shop coat. Do not load material for shipment until it is thoroughly dry, and in no case, less than 24 hours after applying the paint. Design bolted faying surfaces for a Class B surface. Ensure the faying surfaces are prepared to provide a slip coefficient at least equal to that required for a Class B surface. Provide a certification that the paint used will provide the required resistance at the proposed thickness. Do not move or handle painted steel until suffici ent cure time has elapsed to ensure no damage is done to the fresh coating. Insulate the steel from the binding chains by softeners approved by the Engineer. Provide padding for hooks and slings used to hoist steel. Space diaphragms and similar pieces i n such a way that no rubbing will occur during shipment that may damage the coatings. Store the steel on pallets at the jobsite, or by other means approved by the Engineer, so that it does not rest on the dirt and so that components do not fall or rest on each other. 603.12 490 603.12 Field Painting Apply the intermediate coat and finish coat for steel structures in the field, after erection is complete, except as specified in 603.11. Before painting operations begin:
1.Obtain the Engineer’s approval of a containment syst em designed to prevent release of surface preparation debris, dust, drippings, and over-spray into the environment.
2.Develop a contingency plan for cleanup of inadvertent spills of paint.
3.Submit a copy of the contingency plan to the Engineer, along wi th a list of the equipment and personnel that will implement the plan.
4.Have on the jobsite, and approved, the personnel, equipment, and material necessary to contain both spillage and over -spray. Keep onsite the following items, as a minimum:
a.55-gallon drum of sand,
b.Biodegradable cleaners and degreasers, and
c.Boom skimmer collector and boat with motor for over water work. Limit and contain over -spray by following prudent application procedures in accordance with the specifications, taking into account the ambient climatic conditions. Use drop -cloths, screens, and similar measures to prevent contamination of the soil, adjacent properties, and streams or ponded surface water. Immediately clean up spills or over -spray and concurrently report the occurrence to the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) and the Engineer. Also notify the Tennessee Emergency Management Agency (TEMA) where deemed appropriate. Prominently display a copy of the contingency plan, including emergency phone numbers, at the jobsite. For each field coat of paint, apply the dry film thickness specified in 603.06 for the paint system being used. Where measurement of dry film thickness 603.13 491 may become difficu lt or dangerous, the Engineer may allow wet film measurement. In such cases, the Engineer will predetermine and notify the Contractor of the required wet film thickness, for each type of paint, to comply with the dry film thickness specified. Sand to remo ve excessive thickness from areas of each coat that have dry film thickness over the maximum specified or that have runs and sags. Touch up areas of the finish coat after sanding to provide a uniform appearance. Touch up metal that has been shop coated wi th the same paint as the shop coat. This touch -up shall include cleaning and painting of field connections, welds, and all damaged or defective paint and rusted areas. The Contractor may apply an overall coat of primer in place of touch -up or spot painti ng. Before erection, apply all field coats of paint to surfaces (other than contact surfaces) that will be inaccessible after erection. Only apply shop primer to surfaces that will be in contact with concrete. If concreting or other operations damage pain t, clean and repaint the surface. Before applying any paint, remove all cement or concrete spatter, drippings, and other debris that would interfere with repainting the damaged area. When traffic produces an objectionable amount of dust, allay the dust fo r the necessary distance on each side of the bridge, and take all other precautions necessary to prevent dust and dirt from coming in contact with freshly painted surfaces or with surfaces before the paint is applied, at no cost to the Department.
603.13 Repainting Existing Steel Structures
Clean and prepare all metal surfaces to be repainted as specified in 603.05.B, unless otherwise spec ified, and repaint with the paint system shown on the Plans. Apply paint as specified in 603.12. Unless otherwise shown on the Plans, take the following precautions to remove, contain, and dispose of the surface preparation was te and paint removal media.
A.General Before starting surface preparation, take soil and water samples at the bridge site. Have the samples analyzed by EPA Test Method 1311, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) , to determine existing metal and organic content. 603.13 492 Contain all waste debris in an enclosed system using air moving equipment capable of creating a negative pressure inside the enclosure to prevent release of debris or dust into the environment, with the following exception: equipment capab le of creating a negative pressure will not be required when surface preparation is performed using high pressure water or when paint removal is confined to localized surface areas such as bearings and beam ends and where removal of the paint is accomplish ed by a containment means, approved by the Engineer, that precludes the release of removal waste into the environment. Do not perform any surface preparation activities when weather conditions, as determined by the Engineer, preclude effective containment of waste debris and dust. When a high pressure water wash is specified, perform a preliminary wash test on a representative area of 50 square feet of the structural steel that is to be cleaned and painted, in order to collect a minimum of two samples of t he debris in the used wash water. Take the samples in the presence of a Department representative and have them analyzed for metal and organic content using the TCLP test method. If samples do not exceed threshold values for a characteristic waste, provi de containment consisting of screens, water permeable tarps, or both. Place these screens or tarps around the work area to contain all paint chips or other solid wastes generated by the water wash operations. If samples exceed threshold values for a char acteristic waste, use as containment water impermeable material capable of containing all waste including the wash water. Before starting the work, obtain all required permits and supply copies to the Engineer.
B.Containment
1.General. Before starting surface preparation at each bridge, submit the design drawings of the containment system for surface preparations to the Engineer for review. See SSPC Guide 6, Guide for Containing Surface Preparation Debris Generated During Paint Removal Operations . There shal l be no visible emissions from the containment. From SSPC Guide 6:
a.Blast clean: minimum Class 2A, visual negative pressure verification 603.13 493 b. Water wash: Class 2W
c.Hand and power tool clean with vacuum shroud: Class 3P
d.Hand and power tool clean without vacuum shroud: Class 2P
2.Submittal Requirements. Include the following in the submittal:
a.Provide a n analysis of the load that will be added to the existing structure by the containment system and waste materials. The load analysis shall ensure that the system will not induce a load on the bridge that will create an overstress condition or otherwise af fect the structural integrity of the bridge. Retain a civil engineer licensed by the State of Tennessee to prepare and seal the analysis. The containment system or equipment shall not encroach upon the minimum bridge clearances shown on the Plans, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. The Engineer’s review and acceptance of the load analysis in no way relieve s the Contractor of responsibility for the structural safety of the containment system.
b.Provide a work phase diagram describing how the debris is to be contained and collected during surface preparation operations, including material specifications and details for containment structures ( connections, frame, supports, enclosure sheeting, etc.) and type of blast media. Properly maintain t he containment system while work is in progress and do not deviate from the approved working drawings without the Engineer’s prior approval. Deny public access to rigging, scaffolding , and containment systems.
c.Provide a contingency plan for environmental cleanup of a containment system failure or spill that releases surface preparation debris into the environment. Maintain a copy of the contingency plan and all materials and equipment required to implement the cleanup at the jobsite at all times during surface preparation and containment operations. If a containment system fails or a spill occurs, immediately notify the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC). Suspend all operations except those activities required to implement the contingency p lan for cleanup. Do not resume s urface preparation operations until 603.13 494 modifications have been made to correct the cause of the failure or spill.
d.Identify t he location and type of temporary storage area for contaminated debris pending its final disposition.
C.Storage and Disposal Place all waste collected in the containment system in approved containers, tagged with the bridge number, contract number, Contractor’s name, contents, and the date. Haul the containers daily, or as directed by the Engineer, to a sto rage area that will prevent spillage and migration of the waste into the environment. The storage area shall provide protection from vandalism and unauthorized access by the general public and shall be approved by the Engineer. Collect a representative, c omposite sample for each 10 cubic yards, or portion thereof, of all waste as it is generated. Retain an approved independent testing laboratory to analyze all samples for metals and organic content using EPA Test Method 1311, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The TCLP test report for each composite sample shall show the percentage of the toxic metals and their respective threshold values. Waste not exceeding the threshold for a characteristic waste may be disposed of as an industrial wast e in any landfill permitted to handle this material. Handle all waste that exceeds the threshold for a characteristic waste as a hazardous waste. Comply with all hazardous waste rules and regulations of the EPA and the Tennessee Department of Environmen t and Conservation (TDEC). Do not store any hazardous waste at the temporary storage site for more than 90 days after the date of generation. Transport all hazardous waste using a permitted transporter and dispose of this waste in an authorized hazardous waste facility. As the co -generator of the waste, the Contractor shall sign the manifests and other required documents. Provide a copy of all test reports, transportation manifests, and confirmation of disposal to the Engineer before acceptance of the Project. 603.14 495 D. Worker and Public Safety Ensure that all personnel involved in the generation and handling of the waste are trained in accordance with EPA/Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) directives. Comply fully with 29 CFR
1926.62 for worker a nd public safety protection. Provide adequate
respiratory protection and protective clothing to all exposed workers, including Department employees when their inspection duties subject them to exposure. The protection provided shall meet OSHA requirement s. Contain all waste generated by surface preparation to not cause a public hazard. After metal surfaces have been cleaned and prepared, paint existing steel structures in accordance with 603.06 or as otherwise specified.
603.14 Protection of Traffic
Protect the environment and the traveling public, both vehicular and pedestrian, from injury or damage during the progress of painting. These precautions may include, but are not limited to, erecting suitable coverings, protective screens, warning signs, and barricades. The Contractor shall be directly and solely responsible for injury and damage incurred and hereby agrees to hold the Department and its employees harmless therefrom.
603.15 Protection of Structures and Surfaces
Protect all portions of the structure against damage by splatter of paint or paint materials. Clean and restore to original condition all surfaces damaged by paint splatter at no cost to the Department.
603.16 Final Cleanup
Perform final cleanup as specified in 104.10. 603.17 496 COMPENSATION
603.17 Method of Measurement
A.Painting Steel Structures Unless otherwise specified, the Department wil l consider the painting of steel structures to be incidental to the price bid for Structural Steel. When the Contract includes an item for Painting Steel Structures on a lump sum basis, the Department will measure painting a structure or structures, as s hown on the Plans, as one unit.
B.Repainting Existing Steel Structures The Department will measure Repainting Existing Steel Structures for payment on a lump sum basis for each unit. The repainting of a structure or structures as shown on the Plans will be considered as one unit.
C.Containment and Disposal of Waste The Department will measure Containment and Disposal of Waste for payment on a lump sum basis for each unit. The containment and disposal of surface preparation wastes for a structure or structures as shown on the Plans will be considered one unit. When the Contract does not include pay items for containment and disposal of waste, consider such work to be incidental to other items of construction.
603.18 Basis of Payment
When provided for in the Co ntract, the Department will pay for accepted quantities at the contract prices as follows: Item Pay Unit Painting Steel Structures (Location and Description) Lump Sum Repainting Existing Steel Structures (Location and Description) Lump Sum Containment and Disposal of Waste (Location and Description) Lump Sum 603.18 497 When the Contract includes an item for Painting Steel Structures, such payment is full compensation for preparing the surface and furnishing and applying the paint. Payment for Repainting Existing Steel Structures is full compensation for obtaining all permits and preparing the surface, including removing paint and furnishing and applying the paint. Payment for Containment and Disposal of Waste is full compensation fo r obtaining all permits, including all fees and costs thereof, containing surface preparation waste, furnishing containers and placing waste therein, and testing, transporting , and disposing of all surface preparation waste. The Department will deduct fine s incurred by the State as a result of the Contractor’s operation from monies due to the Contractor. 498 SECTION 604 – CONCRETE STRUCTURES
604.01 Description ................................ ................................ ................... 499
604.02 Materials ................................ ................................ ...................... 499
604.03 Classification, Proportioning and Quality Assurance of
Concrete ................................ ................................ ....................... 501
604.04 Equipment ................................ ................................ .................... 510
604.05 Forms ................................ ................................ ........................... 516
604.06 Falsework ................................ ................................ ..................... 522
604.07 Camber ................................ ................................ ......................... 523
604.08 Reinforcement ................................ ................................ .............. 524
604.09 Drainage and Weep Holes ................................ ............................ 527
604.10 Placing Pipes, Conduits, Anchors, Casting, and other
Appurtenances ................................ ................................ ............. 527
604.11 Handling, Measuring, and Batching Materials ............................. 527
604.12 Mixing Limitations ................................ ................................ ....... 530
604.13 Mixing Concrete ................................ ................................ .......... 530
604.14 Consistency of Concrete ................................ .............................. 532
604.15 Compressive Strength Tests of Concrete ................................ ..... 532
604.16 Placing Concrete ................................ ................................ .......... 534
604.17 Bonding Construction Joints ................................ ........................ 539
604.18 Depositing Concrete Under Water ................................ ............... 539
604.19 Removal of Forms and Falsework ................................ ............... 541
604.20 Defective Concrete ................................ ................................ ....... 541
604.21 Finishing Concrete Surfaces ................................ ......................... 542
604.22 Finishing Slab Surfaces for Pavements or Bases ......................... 545
604.23 Curing Concrete ................................ ................................ ........... 547
604.24 Protection of Concrete in Cold Weather ................................ ...... 549
604.25 Painting Metals ................................ ................................ ............ 549
604.26 Waterproofing and Waterstops ................................ ..................... 549
604.27 Rideability of New or Resurfaced Bridge Decks and Roadway
Approaches ................................ ................................ .................. 550
604.28 Loading and Opening to Traffic ................................ ................... 552
604.29 Final Cleanup ................................ ................................ ............... 553
Source: Tennessee Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2021 Edition. Pages 489–506 of 1,072.