DESCRIPTION
614.01.01 General. This work consists of painting of steel, timber, or concrete structures.
MATERIALS
614.02.01 General. Raw materials shall conform to ASTM and federal specifications.
Federal specifications are specified to designate the type of material and standard of quality. Manufacturer’s standard, first grade materials meeting or exceeding these requirements may be used if approved. Do not use materials not bearing manufacturer’s identification as a standar d, first grade product, of his regular line. Proprietary materials when specified by the manufacturer’s trade name designate the standard of quality and type of material required. When the quality or type of material required is not specified, apply for direction as to selection of materials and receive approval before proceeding. Use the best quality of such materials as directed. Submit materials lists for approval. Deliver all materials to the site in original containers, seals unbroken, stored properl y and separately. Submit a one liter (quart) sample from each batch or lot at least 20 working days before the start of painting. The samples will be tested by infrared techniques. The infrared finger prints must match the spectrum produced by the standar d paint sample on file with the Department’s Materials Division. Do not use paint found not to parallel the standard. Do not commence work until samples have been tested and approved. Immediately remove materials that are not approved from the jobsite. If approved, submission of samples may be waived for projects where the total of all coats will be less than 38 L (10 gal). Do not use materials that exceed the manufacturer’s initial expiration date.
614.02.02 Number and Kinds of Coats. The number and kinds of coats of paint shall be as set forth in
Section 714. For steel bridge girders, the type of complete coating system shall be as set forth in Subsection 714.03.01. The color of the finish coat shall be specified in the Special Provisions. CONSTRUCTION
614.03.01 Weather Conditions. Apply paint only on thoroughly dry surfaces. Do not paint when the
atmospheric temperature is at or below 4 °C (40 °F), or when freshly painted surfaces may become damaged by rain, wind, dust, or condensation, or when it can be anticipated that the atmospheric temperature will drop below 4 °C (40 ° F) during the drying period. Replace fresh paint damaged by the elements. The temperature of steel surfaces shall be above 4 °C (40 °F), but shall not be so hot as to cause bli stering of the paint. The relative humidity shall be less than 85% or the combination of temperature and humidity conditions shall be such that moisture will not condense on the steel surfaces being painted. The Engineer may perform the following test to determine if such conditions exist. Using a damp cloth, apply a clearly defined, thin film of water to a small area. If the film evaporates within 15 minutes, the surface may be painted. Suitable enclosures may be provided, if approved in writing, to permi t painting during inclement weather. Make provisions to control atmospheric conditions artificially inside the enclosures within the limits suitable for painting throughout the painting operation.
614.03.02 Application. (a) General Requirements . Use paint ers and finishers of established status and
reputation for executing their work by the very best methods for each kind or type. Strictly adhere to these specifications and the recommendations of the manufacturer whose materials are used. 614 PAINTING Use such skills, equipment, materials, and give thorough attention to details as will provide thoroughly workmanlike and satisfactory results throughout. Mix coatings in original containers using mechanical mixers. Follow manufacturer’s written recommendations for mixing time, method, and straining, and for continuous agitation when using suspended metallic particles. Do not mix previously mixed materials with new material. Use care to ensure no solid material is left at the bottom of containers and coatings are thoroughly mixed to achieve a uniform mixture with all particles wetted. Do not apply the material beyond recommended pot life. Paint specified or formulated shall be ready for application. Thin paint only if approved. Protect all parts of the structure being painted against disfigurement by spatters, splashes, and smudges of paint or paint materials. Protect passing vehicles or persons from the operations by use of canvas shields or other protective means as necessary. Do not paint stay -in-place metal f orms for bridge decks. Paint in a neat and workmanlike manner that does not produce excessive paint build- ups, runs, sags, thin areas in the paint coat, or skips and holidays. Apply paint by brush, spray, roller, or any combination thereof as necessary for the paint being applied. Paint surfaces that are inaccessible for painting by regular means, using sheepskin daubers, bottle brushes, or by other acceptable methods. Remove and refinish or repaint any work which shows carelessness, lack of skill and ex ecution, or which is defective due to any other cause as directed. Remove paint stains which result in an unsightly appearance. Store and mix paint in a secure, contained location to eliminate the potential for contamination or damage to public or private property .
b.Qualification Requirements for Painting of Structural Steel used for Bridge Members. Painters and sandblasters, in both shop and field, shall demonstrate their ability to prepare the surface and to apply the specified coatings according to these specifications. Variations or simplifications of this qualification procedure may be set forth by the Engineer if it is appropriate for special coating work or the qualifying of shop personnel. The ability of the painter and/or sandblaster to apply s pecified coatings with the proper tools and equipment will be evaluated. Lack of proper tools and equipment shall be cause for disqualification. The painter and/or sandblaster shall provide the following:
1.The source and gradation of the sandblast abrasive to be used.
2.The type and source of solvent to be used.
3.Manufacturer’s information regarding the specified coating materials, including wet and dry -film thicknesses, product safety data, thinning recommendations, temperature requirements, profi le recommendations, mixing and application procedure, and equipment required.
4.Coating materials properly mixed according to manufacturer’s recommendations and specifications and ready for application.
5.All necessary equipment for the proper application of the specified coating.
6.A practice area outside the project limits to adjust and test equipment before performing the test.
7.Safety practices and equipment complying with the Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC) Paint Application G uide No. 3 “A Guide to Safety in Paint Application.”
8.Wet and dry -film thickness gages for testing the coating thickness during and after applications. The painter and sandblaster shall apply the specified coating according to these specifications to prescribed test areas selected at the shop and field sites. The approved test area should be approximately 10 m2 (100 ft2). The painter and sandblaster shall perform the application using the proper technique and application equipment PAINTING 614 consistent with the specified coating materials and consistent with the paint manufacturer’s recommendations. Prepare the surface of the test area according to these specifications. Surface preparation shall be approved before the application of the paint. The painter shall app ly the specified coating to a uniform dry -film thickness according to the specifications and the manufacturer’s recommendations. The required drying time as prescribed by the manufacturer’s recommendations shall elapse before taking the dry -film reading of the applied surface. Primer, intermediate, and finish coats shall be treated as separate applications, allowing the specified drying time before inspecting each completed coat. The painter and/or sandblaster shall consult with the paint manufacturer’s technical representative for answers to technical questions relating to the application of the specified coating materials. The Contractor and/or fabricator shall be thoroughly familiar with the specified coating materials and acceptance criteria and shall be aware of any possible difficulties in applying the coating to any specified surface. Dry-film thickness readings will be taken on all areas of the test area including nuts and bolts. Inadequate surface preparation, improper profile, runs, sags, overspra y, thin film thickness, excessive film thickness, uneven coating, non- uniform color, improper curing, holidays, or any other defect in the coating system shall be a cause for disqualifications. Qualification may be withdrawn any time the performance of the painter, sandblaster, or their equipment is in question. A sandblaster or painter who was qualified on a previous Department project within the last year may be accepted. The sandblaster or painter must requalify if any materials or equipment changes are made from the original qualification.
614.03.03 Surface Preparation of Steel. Unless otherwise approved, use the sandblasting method. Before
surface preparation, round all edges of steel members to a radius of 1.5 mm (1/16 in.), whether composed of st eel plates, structural shapes, or a combination of steel plates and structural shapes.
a.Sandblasting. 1. Shop Preparation. Clean surfaces of all oil, grease, and dirt with clean petroleum solvents and then blast clean to a near -white finish according to SSPC -SP 10 and SSPC -VIS 1 p hotos . Remove all fins, tears, slivers, and burred or sharp edges that are present on any steel member, or that appear during the blasting operation by grinding. Re-blast ground areas to give a 50 μm (2 mils) surface profile. Scaling hammers may be used to remove heavy scale. Do not use heavier type chipping hammers. Abrasives used for blast cleaning shall be either clean dry sand, steel shot, mineral grit or manufactured grit and shall have a gradation such that the abrasive will produce a uniform profile of 25 to 50 μm (1 to 2 mils). Gradation of abrasives shall also be such that the angularity of the surface profile meets the requirements of the paint manufacturer. Remove all abrasive and paint residue wi th a commercial vacuum cleaner equi pped with a brush- type cleaning tool, or by double blowing. Vacuum the top surfaces of all structural steel after double blowing. Keep the steel dust free and prime within 8 hours after cleaning. Protect freshly coated s urfaces from subsequent blast cleaning operations. Thoroughly wire brush blast damaged primer surfaces. If visible rust occurs, reblast to a near -white condition. Vacuum and reprime the wire brushed or blast cleaned surfaces. Mask all areas where field welding is required, before shop painting. Do not apply the prime coat to any prepared surfaces until the surface has been inspected and approved.
2.Field Preparation. Repair any damage to paint which occurs during shipping, handling , and erection. Power wash primed surfaces without intermediate or finish coats which are exposed to the elements to remove all road dirt and salt. After erection work has been completed, remove all scale, dirt, grease, form oil, or other foreign matter with a clean petroleum solvent and blast clean any rust areas to a near white finish according to SSPC -SP 10 and SSPC -VIS 1 photos. Remove all abrasive and paint residue with a commercial vacuum cleaner equipped with a brush- type cleaning tool, or by double blowing. Vacuum the t op surfaces of all structural steel after double blowing. 614 PAINTING Thoroughly wire brush the coating surrounding the blasted area and re- prime the area using the same paint, and the same dry -film thickness specified for the prime coat. Allow the touch- up coat to dr y at least 48 hours, or the time required by the manufacturer, before application of the intermediate coats . After erection, clean all bolts according to “(c) Hand Cleaning” of this Subsection. Apply a prime coat to the bolted area before application of t he intermediate and finish coats. During blast cleaning operations, protect pedestrians and vehicles with a barrier system, which will protect against direct blasting of vehicles or pedestrians and prevent spreading of falling abrasive materials and debris on the traveled portions of the pavement.
b.Steam Cleaning. Remove all dirt, grease, loose chalky paint, or other foreign material which has accumulated on the previously painted surfaces with an approved steam cleaning apparatus which shall prec ede all other phases of cleaning. It is not intended that sound paint be removed by this process. Do not perform subsequent painting until the cleaned surfaces are thoroughly dry and in no case in less than 24 hours after cleaning. Add a detergent soap c onsisting of 45% sodium metasilicate, 43% sodium sesquisilicate, 10% sodium tetraphosphate, and 2% naccanol to the feed water of the steam generator at the approximate rate of 1 part of detergent to 200 parts of water by mass. Remove any residue which may accumulate on cleaned surfaces by flushing with fresh water.
c.Hand Cleaning. Remove all dirt, loose rust, and mill scale, dead paint, and paint which is not firmly bonded to the metal surfaces by hand or powered wire brushes, hand scraping tools, or s andpaper. Do not use pneumatic chipping hammers unless approved in writing. Hand cleaning will be permitted as an alternative to sandblasting on all steel except bridge girders. Clean bridge girders according to “(a) Sandblasting” of this Subsection, supplemented by minor amounts of hand cleaning as accepted.
614.03.04 Painting Structural Steel. (a) General. Perform all painting in a neat and workmanlike manner as
described in SSPC -PA 1, producing a uniform, even coating which is bonded to the underlying surface. Surfaces to be painted shall be free from moisture, dust, grease, or any other deleterious material which would prevent the bond of the succeeding paint coats. In spot painting, remove any old paint which lifts after application of the first spot coat by scraping and repaint the area before application of the next coat. Excessively thick coats of paint will not be permitted. Limit the thickness of each coat to that which will result in uniform drying throughout the paint film. Paint coats shall be free of runs, sags, areas of excessive or deficient thickness, embedded deleterious materials and holidays. Unless otherwise noted in the plans, apply prime, intermediate, and top coat to all required surfaces in the fabrication shop, except as necess ary for bolting or welded field splices . Faying surfaces shall only be coated with the prime coat prior to field erection and bolting. Do not apply the intermediate or finish coats until the required total film thickness of the undercoats of paint is obtained. Paint all surfaces (inside and outside) of steel bridge girders. Need not paint metal surfaces embedded in concrete. Unless otherwise shown in the plans, paint machine finished metal surfaces and surfaces of iron and steel castings which have b een machine finished with a prime coat of paint. Satisfactorily repair any damage to sound paint, on areas not designated for treatment, resulting from the painting operations. PAINTING 614 Discard unused portions of mixed material that is beyond the recommended pot life at the end of each work day.
b.Coating Requirements. Apply the paint with spray nozzles at pressures recommended by the manufacturer of the coating system. A minimum of 3 coats of paint shall be required (prime, intermediate, finish). The intermedi ate coat of paint shall be of such shade as to contrast with both the prime and finish coats. For structural steel for bridge members, the dry -film thickness of the prime coat shall be between 64 to 152 μm (2.5 to 6 mils). The dry -film thickness of the intermediate coat shall be greater than 102 μm (4 mils). The dry -film thickness of the finish coat shall be greater than 50 μm (2 mils). For o ther structural steel, the prime coat shall consist of a minimum dry -film thickness of 50 μm (2 mils). The intermediate coat shall consist of a minimum dry -film thickness of 38 μm (1.5 mils). The finish coat shall consist of a minimum dry -film thickness of 38 μm (1.5 mils). T otal thickness of all coats shall not be less than 126 μm (5 mils). The dry -film thickness will be determined by the use of a magnetic film thickness gage. If the required film thickness cannot be obtained by one coat application without producing runs, bubbles or sags, apply the paint in 2 or more coats. Where paint coats produce “mud- cracking,” scrape back such coating to soundly bonded coating or bare steel and recoat the area to the required thickness.
c.Shop Painting Operations. If the manufacturer of the coating system recommends a tie coat between the prime and intermediate coats, obtain and apply the tie coat according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Transfer or preserve erection and weight marks for field identification of members. Prime coat on structural steel bridge members shall be tested with a solvent rub test and an adhes ion test. Test locations will be determined by the Engineer. Perform a S olvent Rub Test according to ASTM D4752 using the following frequency:
1.At three random locations on each completed girder segment .
2.At one location on one secondary component (splice plates, cross frames, etc.) for each lot of ten components for each type of component . Primed surfaces shall demonstrate a resistance rating of 5 (no effect on surface; no zinc on cloth) before proceeding with application of the intermediate coat. Repair primed surfaces damaged during the rub testing. Perform an Adhesion Test according to ASTM D4541 using the following frequency:
1.At four random locations on each completed girder segment .
2.At one location on one secondary component (splice plates, cross frames, etc.) for each lot of 10 components for each type of component . The primer shall have an adhesion to steel of at least 4 MPa (600 psi). If 2 or more locations of a girder segment tests fail adhesion requirements, the girder segment is rejected. If one of the girder segment tests fails, test an additional 3 locations. If any of the additional locations fail, the girder segment is rejected. If the location of secondary component test fails adhesion requirements, test an additional 2 locations. If either of the additional locations fails, the lot represented by the test is rejected. Repair rejected girders and components by blast cleaning and repainting. Repair test locations meeting adhesion requirements by applying primer at the specified dry -film thickness. Thoroughly clean areas having deficient primer thickness with power washing equipment to remove all dirt. Wire brush, vacuum, and re- coat such areas. Caulk open seams at contact surfaces of built -up members after the prime coat has been applied and accepted. Use non- sag polysulfide or polyurethane material conforming to FSS TT -S-230, Type II, or approved equal. 614 PAINTING Satisfactorily correct any deficiencies in the prime coat, before the application of succeeding coats. Do not apply the intermediate and/or finish coats until the surface has been approved. Do not load material for shipment for a period of 24 hours after the last shop applied coat has been applied and not until material is approved for release.
d.Field Painting Operations. After erection, welding, and final bolt tensioning, clean all surfaces of unpainted structural steel, which will be exposed to air, according to “2. Field Preparation” of Subsection 614.03.03. Furnish and erect approved scaffolding to permit insp ection of the steel before and after painting. Use rubber rollers, or other approved protective devices, on scaffold fastenings. Do not use metal rollers or clamps and other type fastenings which will mar or damage freshly coated surfaces. Do not apply the intermediate or finish coats until the surface has been approved. The requirements for mixing, thinning, and applying the prime coat, and the conditions under which the prime coat may be applied, shall also govern for field applied coats. Apply the intermediate and finish coats to bolted or welded splice areas at the construction site after the steel erection work has been completed. Protect pedestrian and vehicular traffic, as well as all portions of the structure which are not to be painted including superstructure, substructure, slope protection and highway appurtenances from splatter, splashes , and overspray. Before painting, submit a plan detailing the method of protection to be used for approval. If satisfactory protection is not provided, the wor k will be suspended until corrections are made. Remove any abrasive material and debris deposited on the pavement, shoulders, slopes, or slope paving in the work area before reopening those areas to traffic.
614.03.05 Painting Timber. Clean and prepare th e surface to be painted by removing dust or other foreign
material by approved methods. On previously painted timber, remove all cracked or peeled paint, loose chalky paint, dirt, and other foreign matter by wire brushing, scraping, or other approved means . Do not apply paint if the moisture content of the timber is more than 20%. Paint timber with 3 coats of paint. If permitted in writing, the first coat of paint may be applied before erection. After the first coat has dried and the timber is in place, fill all cracks, checks, nail holes, or other depressions with approved putty flush with the surface. Allow putty to dry before the second coat is applied. Satisfactorily correct skips, holidays, thin areas, or other deficiencies in any coat of paint before applying the succeeding coat. Remove any deleterious material from the surface of the paint coat being covered before any additional paint is applied. BASIS OF PAYMENT
614.05.01 Payment. No direct payment will be made for the work prescribed in this Section. Compensation
shall be considered as included in the contract unit prices bid for the particular items requiring painting. SECTION 616 FENCING DESCRIPTION
616.01.01 General. This work consists of constructing fences, gates, or reconstructing fences.
This work also consists of installing temporary tortoise fence. MATERIALS
616.02.01 General. Materials shall conform to the following Sections:
Portland Cement Concrete ................................ ..................................................................................................................... Section 501 Fence Materials ..................................................................................................................................................................... Section 724
a.Temporary Tortoise Fence. Use T -section posts conforming to Subsection 724.03.02. Use plastic fence material 1.2 m (4 ft) high, m anufactured by one of the companies listed in the QPL. In lieu of plastic fence material, a steel hardware cloth may be used. The steel hardware cloth shall be commercial quality welded galvanized steel wire fabric, 1.2 m (4 ft) high, 25 mm (1 in.) by 50 mm (2 in.) mesh size with 1.5 mm (16 gage) minimum diameter wire. CONSTRUCTION
616.03.01 General. Remove and dispose of all trees, brush, and other obstructions which interfere with proper
construction of fences according to Section 201, except that no direct payment will be made for such work. When constructing chain- link fence, remove rocks and other surface irregularities that require moving in order to maintain a nearly smooth surface. Conduct fence construction operations as to prevent the escape of livestock. Connect existing cross fences to the new fence. Place corner posts, with braces for every direction of strain, at the junction with existing fences. Properly fasten the wire in both fences to the posts. At bridges and cattle passes, and at cu lverts if shown on the plans, connect the new fence to the structure in such a manner as to permit the free passage of livestock through or under the structure. Install permanent tortoise fencing on existing fence or on new fencing . Perform grading of exi sting ground as necessary. Install fence fabric as shown on the plans. Cover buried portion as shown with suitable material. Install temporary tortoise fence T -section posts at 3 m (10 ft) maximum spacing and driven a minimum of 450 mm (18 in.) into the existing ground at the required locations. Perform grading of existing ground as necessary. Mount the fence fabric to the posts with approved hog rings, wire ties, or cable ties. Minimize impact to the surrounding area during installation. Maintain the temporary tortoise fence and its ground contact during its use. Remove the temporary tortoise fence when it is no longer required. Fasten barbed wire, farm fence, and chain- link fence fabric on the side of the posts opposite the highway centerline. Backfil l post holes for metal posts, that are drilled or dug, with Class A or AA concrete. Securely fasten each strand of barbed wire to a braced post at each intermediate braced post assembly by wrapping twice around the post then securing to that part of the s ame wire stretched between posts. Cut off the remaining wire to present a neat and workmanlike appearance. Do not splice galvanized pipe brace rail. Tie the first line of barbed wire above wire mesh to the top wire of the wire mesh, midway between posts, with 2.8 mm (12 gage) galvanized steel wire or 4.0 mm (9 gage) aluminum hog rings.
Source: Nevada Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2014 Edition. Pages 353–358 of 610.