716.01 784 SECTION 716 – PAVEMENT MARKINGS
716.01 Description ................................ ................................ ................... 784
716.02 Materials ................................ ................................ ...................... 784
716.03 Thermo plastic Pavement Marking ................................ ............... 785
716.04 Raised Reflective Pavement Markers ................................ ........... 790
716.05 Snowplowable Reflective Pavement Marker ............................... 791
716.06 Preformed Plastic Pavement Markings ................................ ........ 792
716.07 Paint ................................ ................................ ............................. 793
716.08 Method of Measurement ................................ .............................. 796
716.09 Basis of Payment ................................ ................................ .......... 797
DESCRIPTION
716.01 Description
This work consists of furnishing and supplying pavement markings in accordance with these Specifications and the latest revision of the MUTCD, including establishing and locating non -passing zones as well as providing the layout of paint striping, preforme d plastic pavement markings, raised reflective pavement markers, snowplowable reflective pavement markers, and thermoplastic pavement markings. MATERIALS
716.02 Materials
Provide materials as specified in: Paint ................................ ................................ ............................ 910 Thermoplastic Pavement Markings ................................ ....... 919.01 Spray Thermoplastic Pavement Marking ............................... 919.02 Preformed Plastic Pavement Marking ................................ .... 919.03 Raised Reflective Pavement Markers ................................ .... 919.04 Snowplowable Reflective Pavement Markers ....................... 919.05 Plastic pavement markings may be either preformed or thermoplastic unless otherwise specified. 716.03 785 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
716.03 Thermoplastic Pavement Marking
Furnish and apply thermoplastic pavement marking material meeting 919.01 by the screed extrusion or ribbon dispenser methods , or spray thermoplastic pavement marking material meeting 919.02. As an alternate, the Contractor may apply preformed thermoplastic marking material for stop bars, crosswalks , legends , or directional arrows. The preformed thermoplastic material shall have a minimum thickness of 0.090 inches and be fused to the pavement by the heat of a torch.
A.Equipment Provide s pecial kettle(s) for melting and heating the thermoplastic material. Equip the kettle(s) with automatic thermostatic control devices so that heating can be done by controlled heat transfer rather than by direct flame, to provide positive temperature control and prevent over - heating of the material. Provide equipment that will continuous ly mix and agitate the material. Conveying parts of the equipment shall prevent accumulation and clogging. All parts of the equipment that come in contact with the material shall be easily accessible for cleaning and maintenance. All mixing and conveying parts of the equipment, including the shaping die (or spray nozzle in the case of spray thermoplastic marking material) , shall maintain the material at the plastic temperature with heat transfer oil or electrical element controlled hea t. Direct fire heat transfer will not be allowed. The equipment shall ensure continuous uniformity in the dimensions of the stripe. The applicator equipment shall be mobile and maneuverable to the extent the straight line can be followed and normal curve s can be made in a true arc. The applicator equipment shall provide a method of applying “skip” lines. Calibrate t he equipment, and check it periodically by marking over a metal plate. The equipment shall provide for varying widths to produce varying widths of traffic markings.
1.Extruded or Ribbon -Dispensed Thermoplastic Marking. Apply the material to the pavement by either the screed extrusion method or the ribbon dispenser method. 716.03 786 The screed extrusion device shall have one side of the shaping die open with the other three sides contained by, or part of, suitable equipment for heating and controlling the flow of material. Do not use pans, aprons, or similar appliances that the die overruns. Ribbon dispensers shall be heated, suspended above the road surface, and shall apply the material to the width and thickness specified. Apply glass spheres to the surface of the completed stripe by an automatic bead dispenser attached to the striping machine in such a manner that the beads are dispensed almost instantaneously upon the installed line. The glass sphere dispenser shall be capable of applying glass spheres to the surface of the completed stripe by a double drop application for initial traffic striping and marking. Attach the bead dispenser for the first bead drop to the striping machine so that the beads are dispensed closely behind w ith the thermoplastic material. Attach the second bead dispenser to the striping machine so that the beads are dispensed immediately after the first bead drop application. Equip glass sphere dispensers with an automatic cut -off control that is synchroniz ed with the cut -off of the thermoplastic material and applies the glass spheres so that the spheres appear uniform on the entire traffic stripes and markings surface with 50 to 60% embedment. The applicator equipment to be used on roadway installations may consist of either hand equipment or truck mounted units depending on the type of marking required. The hand equipment shall have sufficient capacity to hold 150 pounds of molten material and shall be sufficiently maneuverable to install crosswalks, lane, edge, and center lines, arrows, and legends. The truck mounted unit for lane, edge , and center lines shall consist of a mobile self -contained unit carrying its own material capable of operating at a minimum speed of 5 miles per hour continuously during an 8-hour period while installing striping. Hand equipment used for stop bars, crosswalks, legends, directional arrows and other specialty markings shall use the same thermoplastic formulation as described above with the exception of placing the marking at a minimum thickness of 0.090 in ches and a 716.03 787 single drop of AASHTO M 247, Type 1 bead at the rate of 8 to 10 pounds per 100 square feet of stripe.
2.Spray Thermoplastic Marking. For lane, edge, and center lines, use truck-mounted applicator equipment consisting of a mobile self - contained unit carrying its own material capable of operating at a minimum speed of 5 miles per hour continuously during an 8 -hour period while installing striping. Each application machine must be equipped with an automatic counting mech anism capable of recording the number of linear feet of material applied to the roadway surface with an accuracy of 0.50%, to be checked by the Engineer. Apply glass spheres to the surface of the completed stripe by an automatic bead dispenser attached to the striping machine in such a manner that the beads are dispensed almost instantaneously upon the installed line. The glass sphere dispenser cut -off shall be synchronized with automatic cut -off of the thermoplastic material.
B.Application
1.Contractor’s Resp onsibility for Notification. Notify the Engineer before placing the thermoplastic materials. Furnish the Engineer with the manufacturer’s name and batch numbers of the thermoplastic materials and glass spheres to be used. Ensure that the approved batch numbers appear on the thermoplastic materials and glass spheres packages.
2.Application. Before beginning application, ensure that t he pavement temperature is a minimum of 50 °F and rising. Suspend application if the pavement temperature falls below 50 °F. Thoroughly clean a ll surfaces to be marked of all dust, dirt, grease, oil, and all other for eign matter before applying the striping. The pavement marking material, when formed into traffic stripes, shall be readily renewable by placing an overlay of new material directly over old markings of the same material. Such new material shall bond itsel f to the old markings in a manner that will ensure no splitting or separation will take place. Offset longitudinal lines at least 2 inches from longitudinal joints of Portland cement concrete pavements. 716.03 788 a. Extruded or Ribbon -Dispensed Thermoplastic Marking. To ensure optimum adhesion of thermoplastic applied on all Portland cement concrete pavements, apply a binder -sealer material as recommended by the thermoplastic manufacturer. To ensure optimum adhesion, install the thermoplastic material in a melted stat e at a temperature of 400 to 450 °F. Unless otherwise shown on the Plans, maintain a minimum average film thickness of 0.100 in ch for lane and edge lines on all markings. Compute t his thickness on the basis of the amount of material used each day. The film thickness shall be uniform in appearance throughout its application. Apply the glass sphere top coating with a pressure type spray gun designed specifically for this purpose, and that will embed the spheres into the line surface to at least one-half their diameter. Place Drop on Glass Beads of AASHTO M 247 Type 1 and Type 4 on the thermoplastic stripe at a rate of 8 to 10 pounds per 100 square feet of stripe. Place the AASHTO M 247 Type 4 glass beads immediately after the first bead dr op application of AASHTO M 247 Type 1 beads. Regardless of the application methods and procedures, or pavement types, replace all pavement markings that fail to comply with these Specifications , or fail to adhere to the pavement for one year after installa tion, at no cost to the Department.
b.Spray Thermoplastic Marking. Before applying the pavement -marking material, remove all dirt, glaze, grease, and all other material that would reduce the adhesion of the paint to the pavement. Open-graded roadways , such as double - bituminous surface treatment (DBST), require sweeping (brooming) to ensure cleanliness. Remove all existing material that might cause premature failure of the new material. To ensure optimum adhesion of spray thermoplastic applied to Portland cement concrete surfaces, apply a binder -sealer material as recommended by the thermoplastic manufacturer. 716.03 789 The binder -sealer material shall form, when applied with conventional mobile paint spraying equipment, a continuous film over the pavement surface that will dry rapidly and adhere to the pavement surface. The binder -sealer shall be that product currently in use and recommended by the thermoplastic material manufacturer. Include a ll costs, including materials, associated with application of the binde r-sealer, in the unit bid price for the spray thermoplastic pavement markings. Install the pavement -marking material in a molten state, by the spray method, at a minimum temperature of 350 °F and a maximum temperature of 425 °F. Scorching or discoloration of material is cause for rejection by the Engineer. Use equipment constructed so that all mixing and conveying parts, up to and including the spray gun, maintain th e material in the molten state. Do not apply t he pavement -marking materials when air and pavement surface temperatures are below 40 °F or when the surface of the pavement contains evidence of moisture. When the plans specify 60 -mil markings, apply the pavement - marking material at a t hickness of not less than 0.060 inch for all roads except open -graded roadways such as DBST. For such surfaces, apply m aterial at a thickness of not less than 0.065 inch. In no case shall the applied thickness exceed 0.075 inch. Place the pavement -markings with adequate drop -on glass spheres in accordan ce with the above requirements, uniformly applied to ensure adequate nighttime reflectivity. Use a compatible combination of marking material and spheres to preclude the surface spheres from sinking deeply into the marking, or from being prematurely lost from the surface of the marking. The producers of the thermoplastic compound and glass spheres shall furnish to the Department three copies of certified tests reports showing results of all tests specified therein and shall further certify that the materi als meet all requirements. 716.04 790 The Department will randomly sample molten thermoplastic material for verification testing in accordance with AASHTO T 250.
3.Temporary Marking. When thermoplastic is used on the final surface, the Contractor may use reflectoriz ed paint installed to permanent standards at the end of each day’s work and then install the permanent marking after the paving operation is completed. Short, unmarked sections are not allowed. The Department will not directly measure and pay for temporary markings for the final surface, and will consider the costs thereof to be incidental to the item for permanent markings .
4.Protection of Newly Applied Traffic Stripes and Markings. Do not allow traffic onto or allow vehicles to cross newly applied pavement markings until they are sufficiently dry. Remove and replace portions of the pavement markings damaged by passing traffic or from any other cause, at no additional cost to the Department.
716.04 Raised Reflective Pavement Markers
To bond m arkers to the pavement , use an epoxy listed on the Department ’s QPL and that is approved by the marker manufacturer or a hot bituminous adhesive conforming to the requirements specified below. Do not use markers manufactured with a self -adhesive backing. Space markers as shown on the Plans. Do not install markers over joints in rigid pavements. Furnish pavement markers of a type listed on the Department’s QPL. Install the markers when the pavement is dry and the pavement temperature is no less than 50 F. Clean the portion of the highway surface, to which the marker is to be bonded by the adhesive, of all dirt, curing compound, grease, oil, moisture, loose or unsound layers, paint, and all other material that would adversely affect the bond of the adhesive. Perform cleaning by blast cleaning on Portland cement concrete and old bituminous pavements. Blast clean new bituminous pavement where, in the Engineer’s judgment, the su rface contains an abnormal amount of asphalt or the surface is contaminated with dirt, grease, paint, oil, or other material that would adversely affect the bond of the adhesive. 716.05 791 Melt and heat the bituminous adhesive in either thermostatically controlled double boiler type units using heat transfer oil or thermostatically controlled electric heating pots. Do not use direct flame melting units. Use a melter/applicator unit that is suited for both melting and pumping application through heated applicator ho ses. Heat the adhesive to between 375 and 425 F, and apply it directly to the pavement surface from the melter/applicator by either pumping or pouring. Maintain the application temperature between 375 and 425 F, as lower temperatures may result in decre ased adhesion while higher temperatures may damage the adhesive . Apply the adhesive in a puddle approximately 2/3 to ¾ the diameter of the marker. Apply markers to the adhesive immediately (within 10 seconds) to ensure bonding. Place the marker in positi on by applying downward pressure until the marker is firmly seated with the required adhesive thickness and squeeze out. Remove excessive adhesive squeeze out from the pavement, and immediately remove adhesive on the exposed surfaces of the markers. Remove adhesive from exposed faces of pavement markers according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Install reflective markers so that the reflective face of the marker is perpendicular to a line parallel to the roadway centerline. Protect the markers against impact until the adhesive has hardened to the degree designated by the Engineer. The Contractor may reheat and reuse adhesive, provided the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding the pot life at application temperatures are not exceeded. Clean out equ ipment and tanks using petroleum solvents such as diesel fuel or similar materials. Turn off all heating equipment before beginning cleaning operations. Remove all solvent from the equipment tanks and lines before the next use of the melter.
716.05 Snowplowable Reflective Pavement Marker
Contour the pavement at each snowplowable marker location to match the bottom of the marker casting. Install markers according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Fo r asphalt surfaces, only use the dry saw method to apply snowplowable reflective pavement markers. When using the dry saw method, provide a vacuum system to contain the dust. For other surfaces, regardless of the saw method used, ensure that the saw cut is clean, dry, and 716.06 792 free of all dust or residue before applying the adhesive. Accompany each shipment of adhesive with a written statement from the adhesive manufacturer certifying that the material furnished conforms to the recommendations of the marker m anufacturer and stating the minimum temperature at which the adhesive can be satisfactorily mixed and applied.
716.06 Preformed Plastic Pavement Markings
Apply preformed plastic pavement markings on clean , dry surfaces free of dirt and foreign matter. Only apply markings when t he pavement temperature is at least 60 °F. Should the plastic require activators for the adhesive or various special coatings for different pavement surfaces, include the cost of the activat or or special coatings in the unit price of plastic. Furnish with each package of reflectorized pavement marking materials complete instructions and specifications for applying pavement marking materials to pavement surface. Install the reflectorized pav ement marking materials according to the vendor ’s specifications. Any adhesion used in the installation shall be as specified by the manufacturer. Use an adhesion - promoting primer when recommended by the pavement marking manufacturer. Establish g uides to mark the lateral location of pavement markings as shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. The Engineer will verify the location of the guides. Place markings in proper alignment with the guides. The deviation rate in alignment shall not exceed 1 inch per 200 feet of roadway. The maximum deviation shall not exceed 2 inches, and there shall be no abrupt deviations. Remove and replace, at no cost to the Department, m arkings placed that are not in the alignment or sequence as shown on th e Plans or as specified herein . Remove such markings as specified in 712.05. Guides placed on the roadway for alignment purposes shall not establish a permanent marking on the roadway in the opinion of the Engineer. When specif ied in the Contract, place markings for newly paved asphalt concrete surfaces immediately after final rolling of the mat. Use a rubber tired roller cart with a minimum weight of 200 pounds or a truck operated at no more than 3 miles per hour to ensure proper adhesion when the markings are in place. Do not use s teel wheel rollers for this purpose . 716.07 793 716.07 Paint
A.Application of Painted Pavement Markings Apply paint with a spray -type machine capable of satisfactorily applying the paint under pressure through a nozzle that sprays directly upon the pavement at a rate not to exceed 880 feet per minute. Equip the machine with:
1.Air blast device for cleaning the pavement ahead of the painting operation;
2.Guide pointer to keep the machine on an accurate line;
3.Device to agitate the paint;
4.Device to maintain a uniform flow and application of the paint;
5.Automatic device to provide a broken or skip line of the length required;
6.At least two spray guns capable of bei ng operated either individually or together;
7.Automatic counting mechanism capable of recording the number of linear feet of material applied to the roadway surface with an accuracy of 0.50%, to be checked by the Engineer; and
8.Accurate meters that register quantities for both white and yellow applied paint to the nearest gallon. When using waterborne paint, ensure the equipment can heat the material from ambient air temperature to 123 °F. Equip the machine with a bead or sphere dispenser that can be regulat ed to dispense the spheres automatically at the uniform rate required. The equipment shall be designed and operated so as to allow traffic to safely pass on the roadbed. Do not apply paint unless the ambient air temperature is at least 45 °F. However, if the Engineer directs that paint be applied when air temperatures are below 45 °F, heat the paint according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. 716.07 794 For the following operations, the Engineer will not require large automatic spray application machinery meeti ng the preceding requirements, provided the Contractor selects pavement marking equipment capable of producing a uniform, acceptable finished product consistent with the Plans and Specifications:
1.Installation of temporary pavement markings.
2.Installation of permanent pavement markings on projects having a total length of 1,000 feet or less.
3.Installation of permanent pavement markings on an individual project segment having a total length of 1,000 feet or less on an intermittent project. Clean the pa vement surface before placing any pavement marking material. Locate and place temporary markings on final pavement surfaces to underlie or coincide with the permanent pavement markings. Perform cleaning and painting using equipment of the kind and in the manner provided by previously specified equipment. On sections where no previously applied line is available to serve as a guide or if the line is to be re-located, spot the proposed location of the new line with paint in advance of the application. On ta ngent sections, space the control points no more than 500 feet apart and on curves at intervals that will ensure the accurate location of the line. Leave gaps in all lines at intersections in accordance with the MUTCD or as directed by the Engineer. Do not apply any paint over a chalk line, wire, or cord, and instead offset such guide marks from the paint line to be placed. On sections where previously applied lines are visible, use the old lines unless otherwise directed. Do not apply any paint to areas of pavement when moisture remains on the surface, or when wind conditions may cause a film of dust to be deposited on the line areas after these areas have been prepared for painting. Apply drop -on type glass beads uniformly to the painted surface at a uniform rate of not less than 6 pounds per gallon of paint applied. Apply paint so as to deposit a uniform final film thickness of 0.015 inch (within a reasonable tolerance) and at a speed not to exceed 880 feet per 716.07 795 minute. Use this rate of application for all types of paint, making proper adjustments in gallons for an intermittent line or wider lines. Ensure that the quantity of paint does not under -run the designated amount by more than 5%. If a check of the rate of application indicates a greater variat ion, stop the work until the paint machine is properly adjusted or replaced. This percent of variation is set out to give the Contractor some leeway in starting the job and in ge tting the machine in adjustment; it is not expected that there will be either a continuous overrun or under -run, but that the final average rate of application will closely approach the rate established above. When reflectorized paint is required for temporary or final marking, install the paint to permanent standards at the end of each day’s work. Do not leave any short, unmarked sections. Protect traffic lines and markings. Place warning and directional signs as shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer to control traffic in the marking area. If the drying time of the m aterial being used exceeds 60 seconds, protect the newly applied markings by placing traffic cones or other approved warning devices at frequent intervals as directed. Leave these devices on the line until the material is dry or firm enough not to track o r receive impressions from normal traffic. Remove these devices as soon as possible to prevent a traffic hazard. Do not leave such devices in the roadway overnight. If so directed, provide flaggers to direct traffic. Apply paint to appear as clearly del ineated lines with minimal crookedness and waviness, giving due consideration to the contours and roughness of the pavement. Segments of broken line stripe shall square off positively at each end. The paint lines shall be without mist, drip, or splatter. Remove and/or correct, to the Engineer’s satisfaction and at no additional cost to the Department, lines that do not meet these requirements when placed. Operate the paint equipment so that it will be unnecessary for traffic to cross the newly painted li ne behind the equipment in order to safely pass the painting machine, and to allow traffic to keep moving at all times.
B.Removal of Painted Markings Remove painted pavement markings where specified or directed by the Engineer. Obtain the Engineer’s approval of the paint removal method 716.08 796 before beginning the work. Do not remove existing painted pavement markings by painting over them with black paint or asphalt. When the method of removal causes sand or other material to accumulate on the pavement, remove the residue as the work progresses. Remove painted markings by methods that cause the least possible damage to the pavement. Repair damage to the pav ement or surface caused by pavement marking removal as directed by the Engineer and at no cost to the Department. Where a plastic marking will replace the painted marking and paint removal is specified in the Contract, remove enough of the paint to ensure proper installation of the plastic. The paint removal shall be uniform and shall expose a minimum of 75% of the surface area that is to receive the plastic materials. COMPENSATION
716.08 Method of Measurement
A.Pavement Marking (Broken lane lines), Pavemen t Marking (Dotted line), and Pavement Marking (Transverse Shoulder) The Department will measure the length of each of these markings, complete in place and accepted, as listed in the bid schedule, along the center of each line. Only the marked line will b e measured for payment.
B.Pavement Marking (Solid barrier line) The Department will measure the length of solid barrier line, complete in place and accepted, along the center of each line. Where double solid barrier lines are used, each solid barrier line w ill be measured separately for payment.
C.Pavement Marking (Crosswalk Striping) The Department will measure the length of crosswalk striping, complete in place and accepted, along the centerline of the crosswalk. The Department will not separately measure boundary lines on crosswalk. 716.09 797 D. Pavement Marking (Channelization Striping) The Department will measure Channelization Striping, including the boundary lines, complete in place and accepted, by the square yard.
E.Pavement Marking (Stop line) The Department will measure the length of stop lines, complete in place and accepted, in linear feet to the nearest foot along the centerline of the stop line.
F.Pavement Marking (Designs) The Department will measure designs or lettering by the unit, per each, complete in place or as stipulated in the Contract and shown on the Plans.
G.Raised Reflective Pavement Markers and Snowplowable Reflective Pavement Markers The Department will count the number of each type of pavement markers installed as directed and accepted.
H.Removal of E xisting Painted Line The Department will measure the removal of broken lane line and solid barrier line along the center of each line. Only the painted line will be measured for payment. Adhesives will be considered incidental to the installation of raise d reflective pavement markers and snowplowable reflective pavement markers.
716.09 Basis of Payment
The Department will pay for accepted quantities, complete in place, at the contract prices as follows: Item Pay Unit Plastic Pavement Marking ( __ ” Dotted Line) Linear Feet Plastic Pavement Marking (Transverse Shoulder) Linear Feet Plastic Pavement Marking ( __ ” Barrier Line) Linear Feet Plastic Pavement Marking (Cross -Walk) Linear Feet Plastic Pavement Marking (Stop Line) Linear Feet 716.09 798 Plastic Pavemen t Marking (Channelization Striping) Square Yard Painted Pavement Marking ( __ ” Barrier Line) Linear Feet Painted Pavement Marking (Cross -Walk) Linear Feet Painted Pavement Marking (Stop Line) Linear Feet Painted Pavement Marking (Channelization Striping) Square Yard Plastic Pavement Marking (Word or Design) Each Raised Pavement Marker (Description) Each Snowplowable Pavement Marker (Description) Each Removal of: Pavement Marking (Dotted Line) Linear Feet Pavement Marking (Transverse Shoulder) Linear Feet Pavement Marking ( __ ” Barrier Line) Linear Feet Pavement Marking (Cross -Walk) Linear Feet Pavement Marking (Stop Line) Linear Feet Pavement Marking (Channelization Striping) Square Yard Pavement Marking (Word or Design) Each Such payment is full compensatio n for layout, materials, labor, equipment, tools, royalties, and all other incidentals necessary to complete the work. 717.01 799 SECTION 717 – MOBILIZATION OF FORCES, SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT
717.01 Description ................................ ................................ ................... 799
717.02 Method of Measurement ................................ .............................. 799
717.03 Basis of Payment ................................ ................................ .......... 799
DESCRIPTION
717.01 Description
This work consists of mobilizing and demobilizing the Contractor’s and all Subcontractors’ forces, supplies, equipment, and incidentals at the Project site. It shall include all Contractor and Subcontractor costs associated with obtaining performance bonds, insurance required by railroads, and other preconstruction costs incurred after Contract award that are necessary costs to the Project and are of a general nature rather than directly attributable to other pay items. Include all necessary preconstruction costs not attributable to a specific pay item in the lump sum price for Mobilization and not in any other pay item. COMPENSATION
717.02 Method of Measurement
The Department will measure Mobilization by the unit for the completion of the work described in 717.01.
717.03 Basis of Payment
The Department will pay for Mobi lization on a lump sum basis. The Department will make partial payments for Mobilization with the first and second partial pay estimates paid on the Contract. Payment will be made at the rate of 50% of lump sum price for Mobilization on each of these part ial pay estimates provided the amount bid for Mobilization does not exceed 5% of the total amount bid for the Contract. If the amount bid for the item of Mobilization exceeds 5% of the total amount bid for the Contract, the Department will pay 2 -1/2% of the total amount bid on each of the first partial
Source: Tennessee Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2021 Edition. Pages 793–807 of 1,072.