233 1. Composition: No. 101 No. 102 No. 103 Min. Max . Min. Max . Min. Max . Pigment (% by weight) 20 25 35 40 10 20 Red iron oxide (86% F e2O 3) 45 Zinc phosphate 10 5 5 Phthalocyanine Blue 2 Calcium carbonate 30 Titanium dioxide (ASTM D476, Type II) 45 Magnesium silicate 12 Tinting compounds1 95 V ehicle (% by weight) 75 80 60 65 80 90 HG-54 solids 30 30 30 Water 55 55 58 Methyl carbitol 5 5 5 Texanol 2 2 5 Dibutyl phthalate 2 2 Paint Characteristics Weight per gallon (pound) 9.7 11.0 9.0 Solids by volume 35 37 30 Grind 5 5 5 Viscosity (KU) 90 100 90 100 90 100 Drying time (ASTM D1640) Set to touch (hr) 3 3 3 Drying time (hr) 24 24 24 Leneta sag 10 10 10 pH 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.5 Adhesion (ASTM 3359) 3B 3B 3B Gloss, pecular at 80 degrees 40 1Tinting compounds shall be prime-hiding pigments.
2.Mixed Paint: Mixed paint shall not liver, thicken, curdle, gel, or settle rapidly. After mixing, all coarse particles and skins shall not amount to more than 0.05 percent by weight of the total mixture when passed through a 60-mesh screen.
3.Storage Life: The paint shall not show thickening, curdling, gelling, or gassing after being stored for 1 year from date of manufacture when packaged in tightly covered unopened con - tainers at a temperature between 50 degrees and 90 degrees F .
4.Working Properties: The paint shall spray easily and show no streaking, running, or sagging when tested in accordance with Federal Test Method Standard 411, Methods 4331 and 4541. SECTION 232—PIPE AND PIPE ARCHES
232.01 Description
These specifications cover materials used for the conveyance of water, including drainage, storm water, sanitary systems, and waste water.232.01 234232.02—Detail Requirements Concrete, corrugated steel, polyethylene, and polypropylene pipe shall only be supplied from manufac - turers currently having an approved Quality Control Plan on file with the Department.
a.Concrete Pipe:
1.Concrete pipe for culverts and sewers shall be circular or elliptical in cross-section, either plain concrete or reinforced concrete, and of the modified tongue-and-groove design in sizes up to and including 18 inches in internal diameter and either standard or modified reinforced tongue-and-groove in sizes above 18 inches in internal diameter. Pipe shall conform to the specified AASHTO requirements except that pipe having an internal diameter of 36 inches or less shall be manufactured without lift holes. Pipe larger than 36 inches in internal diameter may be manufactured with lift holes provided the holes are created by molding, forming, cor - ing, or other methods to be cylindrical or conical in shape and are sufficiently smooth to permit plugging with an elastomeric or other approved plug type.
a.Plain concrete culvert pipe shall be composed of hydraulic cement, water, and mineral aggregates conforming to b(3) and b(4) herein. Pipe shall conform to the following: Min. Inside Min. Wall Groove Crushing Diameter Thickness Depth Strength (in) (in) (in) (lb/lin ft) 12 1 3/4 1 3/4 1,800 15 2 1 3/4 2,125 18 2 1 3/4 2,400 21 2 3/4 2 2,700 24 3 2 1/4 3,000 Pipe shall also comply with AASHTO M170 for manufacture, finish, marking, inspection, and rejection.
b.Reinforced concrete culvert pipe:
1.Circular pipe shall conform to AASHTO M170, class as specified, or AASHTO M242. Circular pipe that does not have values listed in the AASHTO M170 design tables for diameter, wall thickness, compressive strength, and reinforcement shall be certified in accordance with Section 105.10. Pipe conforming to AASHTO M242 shall also be certified in accordance with Section 105.10.
2.Elliptical pipe shall conform to AASHTO M207, class as specified. Elliptical pipe that does not have values listed in the AASHTO M207 design tables for wall thickness, compressive strength, and reinforcement shall be certified in accordance with Section 105.10.
3.Fine aggregate shall conform to Section 202 for quality except that the void content, grading, and uniformity shall be controlled as necessary to produce the specified level of strength and absorption.
4.Coarse aggregate shall conform to Section 203 for Grade A crushed stone or gravel.232.02 235 (5) Positioning of reinforcement when two layers of wire or bar reinforcement are used shall be such that welded joints are at an angle of approximately 60 degrees to each other.
6.Strength tests shall be performed by the three-edge bearing method in accordance with AASHTO T280 or by control cylinders tested in accordance with ASTM C31 and C39 or by the testing of cores in accordance with ASTM C42. Control cylinders for acceptance testing shall be cured under the same conditions as the concrete the cylinders represent. Hand cast pipe and end sections may be tested in accordance with ASTM C31 and C39. Concrete pipe may be shipped after reaching 85 percent of design strength as determined by control cylinders or cores.
7.Absorption tests shall be performed in accordance with AASHTO T280 on specimens of broken pipe or cores.
2.Concrete pipe for underdrains shall conform to AASHTO M86, Class I, and the perforation requirements of AASHTO M175, Type I, except that spalls shall be not more than 1 1/2 inches in diameter or 3/16 inch in depth and shall not adjoin. When used as underdrainage outlet pipe, pipe shall not be perforated. Porous concrete pipe for underdrains shall conform to AASHTO M176, standard strength.
3.Concrete pipe for water lines, water mains, and sanitary sewers:
a.Concrete pressure pipe (steel cylinder) shall conform to AWWA C300, AWWA C301, or AWWA C303 for the size, minimum working pressure, protective coating, seal coat, and type of joint as specified.
b.Nonreinforced concrete sanitary sewer pipe shall conform to AASHTO M86 for the class specified.
c.Reinforced concrete water pipe (noncylinder) shall conform to AWWA C302 for size, minimum working pressure, seal coat, protective coating, and type of joint specified.
d.Reinforced concrete sanitary sewer pipe shall conform to AASHTO M170 for the class specified.
b.Cast Iron and Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings:
1.Cast iron pipe shall conform to ASTM A888 for the class specified.
2.Ductile iron pipe shall conform to AWWA C151 for size, joint type, class, type of coating and lining as specified, and minimum working pressure if applicable. Flanged joints shall conform to AWWA C115.
3.Fittings for cast iron and ductile iron pipe for water lines, water mains, and sanitary sewers shall conform to AWWA C110 (ANSI A21.10) or AWWA C153 (ANSI A21.53) for size, joint type, pressure rating, and type of coating and lining as specified.
4.Cement mortar linings shall conform to AWWA C104 (ANSI A21.4).232.02 236(c) Steel Pipe:
1.Corrugated steel culvert pipe and pipe arches shall conform to AASHTO M36 except that helically formed pipe shall be tested in accordance with AASHTO T249 at the rate of one test per week per corrugation machine per work shift. The Contractor shall maintain records of such test for a period of 24 months. Pipe shall be fabricated from materials conforming to AASHTO M218 for galvanized pipe, AASHTO M274 for aluminum coated pipe, AASHTO M246 for polymer coated pipe and AASHTO M289 for aluminum zinc alloy coated pipe. Steel spiral rib pipe shall be of smooth wall spiral rib construction. When connecting bands or flared end sections are required, helically formed pipe shall have rerolled ends with a minimum of two annular corrugations. End sections shall be produced in accordance with AASHTO M36 from materials conforming to the applicable requirements of AASHTO M218 for use with galvanized pipe, AASHTO M274 for use with aluminum-coated or polymer coated pipe, or AASHTO M289 for use with aluminum zinc alloy-coated pipe. Joints shall be installed as specified on the plans, in the event the joint is not specified, it shall be a Silt-Tight joint.
2.Corrugated steel pipe for underdrains shall conform to AASHTO M36.
3.Black and galvanized steel pipe:
a.Black steel pipe for bridge deck drains and drainage systems shall conform to ASTM A53, extra strong (Schedule 80), with a wall thickness of at least 0.337 inch except that the hydrostatic test will not be required.
b.Galvanized steel pipe for handrails shall conform to ASTM A120 or ASTM A53 for standard or extra strong pipe as indicated except that the hydrostatic test will not be required.
c.Black and galvanized steel pipe for miscellaneous items shall conform to ASTM A53 except that the hydrostatic test will be required only when the pipe is used as pressure pipe.
4.Smooth wall pipe (jacked or casing for general use):
a.Steel encasement pipe shall conform to ASTM A139 or ASTM A53 with minimum wall thickness of 0.500 inch and shall have beveled edges suitable for welding or be threaded. The hydrostatic test for such pipe will not be required.
b.Pipe for jacking shall be of sufficient strength, diameter, and wall thickness to accomplish the specific task without deflection or damage and shall be approved by the Engineer.
5.Steel water pipe, flanges, and fittings:
a.Steel pipe shall conform to AWWA C200 for the minimum design working pressure, wall thickness, and type of pipe ends as specified. The protective coating shall conform to AWWA C203 for coal tar protective coating, and the lining shall conform to AWWA C205 for cement mortar lining.
b.Flanges shall conform to AWWA C207 as specified for pressure rating and size.232.02 237 c. Fittings shall conform to AWWA C208.
6.Galvanized steel water pipe and fittings:
a.Galvanized steel pipe shall conform to ASTM A53, Schedule 40 or 80, for the size; method of manufacture; type, plain or threaded; couplings; and class specified.
b.Fittings shall be galvanized malleable iron conforming to ASTM A47. Threads shall conform to ANSI B2.1.
7.Polymer coated steel pipe shall conform to Section (c)1 herein. Polymer coating material shall conform to AASHTO M246. Polymer coating shall have a minimum thickness of 0.10 inch and shall be applied to both sides of the pipe material. Polymer coating shall be labeled with the brand name of the material and the manufacture in accordance with AASHTO M246.
8.Corrugated steel double wall pipe shall conform to Section (c)1 herein. Corrugated steel double wall pipe shall consist of a standard corrugated steel exterior shell that meets the struc - tural requirements for the pipe and a smooth interior steel liner. The interior liner is to be continuously attached to the exterior shell along the lock seam. The interior liner is to have a minimum thickness of 0.052 inches. Both the exterior shell and the interior liner are to have a polymer coating applied to both sides of the pipe material in accordance with Section (c) 8, herein.
d.Structural Plate Pipe, Pipe Arches, and Arches: Pipe, pipe arches, and arches shall conform to AASHTO M167 for corrugated steel pipe and AASHTO M219 for aluminum alloy pipe.
e.Aluminum Alloy Pipe:
1.Corrugated aluminum alloy culvert pipe and pipe arches shall conform to AASHTO M196. Material used to produce end sections for use with corrugated aluminum alloy pipe shall con - form to AASHTO M196. Aluminum spiral rib pipe used for storm drains shall conform to AASHTO M196 except that it shall be of smooth wall, spiral ribbed construction. Connecting bands for aluminum drain - pipe shall conform to the thickness and the corrugations or ribs of the pipe to which they are connecting.
2.Corrugated aluminum alloy pipe underdrains shall conform to AASHTO M196, Type III. When used as underdrainage outlet pipe, pipe shall not be perforated.
f.Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Pipe:
1.PVC water and pressure sewer pipe shall conform to AWWA C-900, PC-150 for water facilities and ASTM D1785 for pressure sewers, and shall have a pressure rating of at least 150 pounds per square inch.
2.PVC gravity sewer pipe shall conform to ASTM D3034, SDR35; ASTM F794, Series 46; or ASTM F949.
3.PVC ribbed pipe for culverts and storm drains shall conform to AASHTO M304 or ASTM F949.232.02 238 4. PVC underdrains shall conform to ASTM F758, Type PS 28; or ASTM F949.
g.Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Pipe and Centrifugally Cast Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer Mortar Pipe and Fittings: Pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM D2996, ASTM D2997, or AWWA C950 with a continuous rating of at least 150 pounds per square inch at 150 degrees F for pipe, fittings, and adhesive joints.
h.ABS Pipe:
1.ABS semiround underdrain pipe with top shield shall be at least 4 5/8 inches in diameter with drain holes 1/4 or 3/8 inch in diameter drilled at least 7/8 inch apart under the roof line. Pipe shall weigh at least 0.80 pound per foot. When used as combination underdrains, pipe shall not be perforated.
2.ABS sewer pipe and fittings shall conform to ASTM D2680 for the type of joints specified and shall have a pressure rating of at least 150 pounds per square inch.
i.Polyethylene (PE) Pipe:
1.PE corrugated underdrain pipe shall conform to AASHTO M252. Pipe shall be supplied in individual lengths with no lengths shorter than 10 feet. The Department will only allow coil pipe in 4-inch or 6-inch diameters if it is machine installed. If the pipe starts to recoil during installation, the Contractor shall cease operations until a method of anchoring the pipe in the trench is approved. When used as underdrainage outlet pipe, the pipe shall be smooth wall, nonperforated.
2.PE corrugated culvert pipe shall conform to AASHTO M294. PE pipe used for storm drains and entrances shall conform to classification Type S. For all other applications, PE pipe shall be Type C or S.
3.PE pipe and fittings shall conform to AWWA C-901 for water mains and ASTM D2239, Grade P34, for sanitary sewers and shall have a pressure rating of at least 150 pounds per square inch.
j.Copper Water Pipe or Tubing: Copper water pipe or tubing shall conform to ASTM B88 and shall have the cast or wrought pattern. Fittings for concealed soft drawn pipe may be the flared mechani - cal type. Unions shall be the ground joint type.
k.Polybutylene Pipe and Fittings: Pipe and fittings shall conform to AWWA C902 for water mains.
l.Polypropylene (PP) Pipe: PP corrugated culvert and storm drain pipe and its fittings and joining systems shall conform to AASHTO M330. Pipes with nominal diameters of 12 inches through 30 inches, inclusive, shall be Type S (double-wall). Pipes with nominal diameters of 36 inches through 60 inches, inclusive, shall be Type S or Type D (triple-wall). The Department will not permit the use of PP less than 12 inches or greater than 60 inches in nominal diameter.
m.Pipe joints shall meet the requirements of AASHTO R 82 for Soil-Tight, Silt-Tight, Leak-Resistant or other special design, except that leak-resistant joints shall not require infiltration or exfiltration testing in the field, and joints shall be on VDOT Materials Division Approved List for pipe joints. Pipe Joint systems shall be submitted to the Materials Division certifying the system meets the requirements for Soil-Tight, Silt-Tight, Leak-Resistant or Special Design in order to be on the ap - proved list.232.02 239(n) Pipe to Structure Connections and Waterstops: Manufactured pipe connection systems for connecting pipe to drainage structures shall be submitted to the Materials Division certifying the system meets the requirements for Soil-Tight, Silt-Tight, or Leak-Resistant in order to be on the approved list. When resilient connectors for silt tight connections are specified for concrete pipe to concrete structures, the connectors shall meet the requirements of ASTM C1478. When resilient connectors for leak resistant connections are specified for flexible pipe to concrete structures, the connectors shall meet the requirements of ASTM F2510. When waterstops are specified, they shall meet the requirements of ASTM F2510, Section 4.1 Mate - rials and Manufacture and Section 4.2 Mechanical Devices. The waterstop shall have a 1 inch min - imum keylok anchor embedded into the concrete or mortar connection on pipe sizes below 18 inch diameter and 1.5 inch for pipe 18 inches and greater in diameter. There shall be a minimum 2 inches of concrete or mortar connection around the rubber gasket to permit proper consolidation around the gasket. All waterstops shall be secured to the pipe with a take-up clamp before applying mortar. SECTION 233—GAL V ANIZING
233.01 Description
These specifications cover the use and repair of zinc coatings (galvanizing) on a variety of materials.
233.02 Detail Requirements
Galvanizing of fabricated items shall be performed after fabrication. Galvanized items shall be stored off the ground in a manner that will allow free drainage of water from galvanized surfaces.
a.Galvanizing of iron and steel hardware shall conform to ASTM A153 for the hot-dip process or ASTM B695, Class 50, for the mechanical process.
b.Galvanizing of rolled, pressed, and forged steel shapes, plates, bars, and strips shall conform to ASTM A123.
233.03 Repair of Galvanized Surfaces
Galvanizing surfaces that have been damaged or have uncoated areas shall be repaired in accordance with ASTM A780 except that repair materials shall not contain lead or cadmium. SECTION 234—GLASS BEADS FOR REFLECTORIZING TRAFFIC MARKINGS
234.01 Description
This specification covers glass beads applied on the surface or incorporated into traffic-marking materials so as to produce a retroreflective surface.234.01
Source: Virginia Road and Bridge Specifications, 2020 Edition. Pages 261–266 of 1,065.