408These prices for asphalt shall also include heat stabilization additive(s), furnishing samples, and main - taining traffic. Patching will be paid for at the contract unit price for the various items used unless a reconditioning item is included in the Contract. Payment will be made under: ————————————————————————————Pay Item Pay Unit————————————————————————————Asphalt concrete base course (Type) Ton Asphalt concrete (Type) (Class) Ton Asphalt concrete curb backup material Ton Liquid asphalt cement Ton Rumble strip (Asphalt) Linear foot Liquid asphalt coating (Rumble strips) Square yard Saw-cut asphalt concrete (depth) Linear foot———————————————————————————— SECTION 316—HYDRAULIC CEMENT CONCRETE P A VEMENT
316.01 Description
This work shall consist of constructing reinforced, non-reinforced, or continuously reinforced hydraulic cement concrete pavement and approach slabs composed of hydraulic cement concrete, with or without reinforcement as specified, on a prepared subgrade or base course in accordance with these specifications and within the specified tolerances for the lines, grades, thicknesses, and cross sections shown on the plans or as established by the Engineer.
316.02 Materials
a.Concrete shall be central mixed and shall conform to Section 217, Table II-17 for Class A3 paving concrete except that the slump shall not be more than 2 inches for placement by the slipform method. Concrete for placement by the slipform method shall be sufficiently cohesive to prevent detrimental sloughing at the pavement edges as the forms advance. Transit mixed concrete may be furnished for use in constructing approach slabs, ramps, transitions, connections, crossovers, and other miscellaneous pavement. Aggregate used in concrete for pavement and approach slabs that are used as riding surfaces shall be nonpolishing aggregate.
b.Reinforcing steel dowels, tie bars, hook bolts, and welded wire fabric shall conform to Section 223.
c.Wide flange beams used in the anchor slab of continuously reinforced pavement shall conform to ASTM A36.
d.Joint sealer and filler shall conform to Section 212.
e.Load transfer devices shall be fabricated of steel and shall be of an approved type and design.
f.Curing materials shall conform to Section 220.315.08 409316.03—Equipment Equipment and tools necessary for handling materials and performing the work shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. The Contractor shall provide the equipment and tools specified herein, or their approved equivalent, and they shall be of such capacity that the rate of placing concrete and finishing pavement will be continuous. If any piece of equipment does not have sufficient capacity to keep pace with the other operations, the Contractor shall limit the size of the batch or otherwise limit the rate of production to preclude improper placement, poor workmanship, or frequent delays.
a.Forms: Straight side forms shall be made of metal at least 7/32 inch in thickness and shall be furnished in sections at least 10 feet in length. Forms shall have a depth at least equal to the prescribed edge thickness of the concrete, without horizontal joints, and a base width equal to at least the depth of the forms. Flexible or curved forms of proper radius shall be used for curves with a radius of 100 feet or less. The design of flexible or curved forms shall be acceptable to the Engineer. Forms shall be provided with adequate devices for secure anchorage and placement so that when set they will withstand the impact and vibration of consolidating and finishing without visible springing, deformation or settlement. Flange braces shall extend outward on the base at least 2/3 the height of the form. The Engineer will not permit the use of forms that are bent, twisted, or broken or that have battered top surfaces. The Contractor shall not use repaired forms unless the Engineer has inspected and approved them. Built-in forms shall not be used except where the total area of pavement on the project is less than 2,000 square yards. The top face of the form shall not vary from a true plane more than 1/8 inch in 10 feet, and the vertical side shall not vary from a true plane more than 1/4 inch. Forms shall have provisions for locking the ends of abutting form sections together tightly and for secure setting.
b.Subgrade Machine: The machine shall be of an approved mechanical type, capable of preparing the subgrade to within 1/4 inch of the grade shown on the plans or established by the Engineer.
c.Subgrade Roller: The roller shall be of an approved type and capable of obtaining the required density.
d.Bulkheads: Bulkheads for construction joints shall be of sufficient strength to prevent deform- ation of the joint and shall be constructed to permit dowels or other reinforcement to extend through the joint.
e.Work Bridges: Work bridges shall be provided by the Contractor.
f.Mechanical Spreader: The mechanical spreader shall be a self-powered, self-propelled unit capable of placing the concrete mechanically on the subgrade over the full width and depth of the pavement. The spreader shall be equipped with a hopper or other type of spreading equipment that will distribute the concrete over the subgrade without segregation. The concrete shall not be placed directly on the subgrade from the hauling equipment except in areas where hand labor must be performed.
g.Vibrators: Vibrators for full-width vibration of concrete pavements shall be internal vibrators with multiple spuds. They may be attached to the spreader or mounted on a separate carriage 316.03 410operating directly behind the spreader. The frequency of vibrators shall be at least 7,000 impulses per minute. When spud internal vibrators, either hand operated or attached to spreaders, are used adjacent to forms, they shall have a frequency of at least 3,500 impulses per minute. Vibration shall be controlled by the forward movement of the spreader so that vibration automati - cally ceases when the forward movement of the spreader is stopped.
h.Spraying Equipment: The Contractor shall provide mechanical spraying equipment mounted on movable bridges when liquid membrane-forming compound is used for curing concrete pavement. The equipment shall be the full atomizing type equipped with a tank agitator and a gage to measure the quantity of material applied. The equipment shall be capable of continuously agitating the mem - brane during application.
i.Concrete Saw: When sawing joints is elected or specified, the Contractor shall provide sawing equipment with a water-cooled, diamond-edged saw blade or an abrasive wheel having an adequate number of units and power to complete the sawing to the required dimensions.
j.Slipform Paver: The paver shall be designed to consolidate, screed, and float finish the freshly placed concrete in one complete pass of the machine and in a manner so that a minimum of hand finishing shall be necessary to provide a dense and homogeneous pavement. The paver shall be equipped to vibrate the concrete thoroughly for the full width and depth of the strip of pavement being placed.
316.04 Procedures
a.Concrete Base Course: The subgrade or subbase upon which the base course is to be placed shall be prepared in accordance with the applicable provisions of these Specifications for such course. The construction of a hydraulic cement concrete base course shall conform to these Specifications except for floating and final finishing of the surface. The Contractor shall finish the surface so that there will be no deviation of more than 1/4 inch between any two contact points when tested with a 10-foot straightedge placed parallel with the centerline. Once placed the Contractor shall apply a heavily broomed texture to the surface.
b.Preparing Grade: The Contractor shall prepare the subgrade according to Section 305. The course upon which the concrete pavement will rest, including the area that will support the paving equipment, shall be graded and compacted to the required profile. The subgrade or subbase course shall be brought to the proper cross section before or after side forms have been securely set to grade. The Contractor shall ensure the finished grade is maintained in a smooth and compacted condition until pavement is placed. The subgrade or subbase course shall be uniformly moist when concrete is placed, however, the Contractor’ s method of moistening shall not be such as to form mud or pools of water.
c.Placing Reinforcing Steel for Continuously Reinforced Pavement: The Contractor shall provide a “leave out” joint as detailed on the plans at each location where five or more consecutive days will elapse between placement operations. Longitudinal bars shall be positioned in the finished 316.03 411pavement within ±1/2 inch of the specified vertical position and ±1 inch of the specified horizontal position with a cover of at least 2 inches. The Contractor may install prebent deformed tie bars, Grade 40 or 60, in the joint between the mainline and ramp pavement to facilitate the use of the slipform paver. Bars shall be prebent with equipment designed especially for fabricating 90-degree bends in 5/8-inch deformed bars without damage to the bars. Side forms of the slipform paver shall be designed in a manner so that the prebent tie bars can be inserted in an appropriate slot and will pass between the edge of the pavement and the inside face of the trailing forms as the paver advances. If the Contractor elects to place the reinforced concrete pavement in two layers, he shall ensure the entire width of the bottom layer is vibrated and struck off to such length and depth that the sheet of fabric or bar mat may be placed full length on the concrete in its final position without further manipulation. The reinforcement shall then be placed directly on the concrete, after which the top layer of concrete shall be placed, struck off, and screeded. Any portion of the bottom layer of concrete that has been placed more than 30 minutes without being covered with the top layer shall be removed and replaced with freshly mixed concrete at the Contractor’ s expense. The reinforcement may be positioned in advance of concrete placement or placed by approved mechanical or vibratory means in fresh concrete after spreading when reinforced concrete is placed in one layer. Reinforcing steel shall be straight, and its surface condition shall conform to Section 406.03(b).
d.Setting Forms: The Contractor shall compact the foundation under forms to grade so that the forms, when set, will be firmly in contact for their entire length and at the specified grade. The Con - tractor shall fill any foundation grade that the Engineer finds to be low with granular material in lifts of 1/2 inch or less for a distance of 18 inches on each side of the base of the form and thoroughly compact. The Contractor shall correct any imperfections or variations above grade by tamping or cutting as necessary. The Contractor shall set forms at least 500 feet in advance of concrete placement, unless, in the opinion of the Engineer, site conditions make this impracticable. After the forms have been set, the grade shall be thoroughly tamped at the inside and outside edges of the base of forms. The Contractor shall ensure forms on any section of pavement are staked into place with a sufficient number of pins of sufficient length to hold the form at the correct line and grade. Form sections shall be tightly locked, free from play or movement. The top of the form, when tested with a 10- foot straightedge, shall not deviate more than 1/8 inch and the longitudinal axis of the vertical face shall not vary more than 1/4 inch from the straightedge. The Engineer will not permit any excessive settlement or springing of forms under the finishing machine. Forms shall be cleaned and oiled prior to concrete placement. The Contractor shall check and correct the alignment and grade elevation of forms immediately before concrete placement. The Contractor shall reset and recheck any form that has been disturbed or any grade has become unstable.
e.Placing Concrete: The Contractor shall ensure concrete is placed on the grade in a quantity that will provide a uniform and adequate supply for the finishing equipment. Spreading shall be accom - plished with a mechanical spreader. Necessary hand spreading shall be performed using square- faced shovels. The Engineer will not allow the use of rakes or hoes nor will workers be allowed to walk in the freshly mixed concrete with boots or shoes coated with soil or foreign substances.316.04 412Where concrete is due to be placed from an adjoining previously constructed lane and mechani - cal equipment shall be operated from the existing lane during the placement, the concrete in that lane shall have attained a modulus of rupture strength of at least 450 pounds per square inch. Test specimens for this purpose shall conform to ASTM C31 and shall be tested in accordance with ASTM C293. The Engineer will not permit equipment that will damage the surface of the existing pavement. Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated against forms and joint assemblies by means of full- width vibration. The Contractor shall not allow vibrators to come in contact with a joint assembly, reinforcement, or side forms. The Contractor shall not operate the vibrator for more than 15 seconds in any one location. When fabric or bar mat reinforcement is placed by mechanical equipment that uses vibration or a tamping action, other vibratory equipment may be eliminated except in areas adjacent to side forms. Concrete shall be placed as close to expansion and contraction joints as is possible without disturbing the joints. Concrete shall be placed over and around dowels in a manner that dowels are fully embedded without displacement. Concrete for continuously reinforced pavement shall be placed through the openings in the steel in one lift and vibrated with an internal vibrator for the entire width and depth of the placement. The Contractor shall give special attention to the consolidation of the concrete in the immediate vicinity of construction joints and other areas where the performance of vibrators mounted on the paving equipment is questionable. Following concrete placement, concrete shall be struck off to conform to the cross section shown on the plans and to an elevation such that when the concrete is properly consolidated and finished, the surface of the pavement shall conform to the tolerances specified herein for the elevation and grade shown on the plans or as established by the Engineer. The Contractor shall furnish adequate lighting to ensure proper accomplishing and inspection of the work if the Engineer permits concrete operations to extend after sunset.
f.Test Specimens: The Contractor shall furnish the concrete necessary for casting test beams in accordance with (o) herein. Beams shall be cured by a designated method as specified for the pavement in accordance with ASTM C31.
g.Jointed Pavement: Joints shall be installed in a manner and at such times and temperatures to prevent random or uncontrolled cracking. If random or uncontrolled cracking occurs, the Contractor shall remove and replace sufficient concrete on each side of the cracking to form a slab at least 10 feet long. Transverse construction joints shall be constructed at each end of the slab in accordance with the applicable provisions of 4. herein.
1.Longitudinal joints: Deformed tie bars of the specified length, size, spacing, and material shall be placed perpendicular to the longitudinal joints. They shall be placed by approved mechanical equipment and rigidly secured by chairs or other approved supports to prevent displacement or by the insertion of bars with an approved hand tool. When adjacent lanes of pavement are constructed separately, approved two-piece connectors shall be used. Longitudinal joints shall be sawed, formed, or created using a strip insert. Longitudinal center joints shall be installed in a manner so that full contact is made at intersections with transverse joints.316.04 413 a. Formed joints: Formed joints shall consist of a groove extending downward from, and normal to, the surface of the pavement and shall be formed by an approved nonmetallic or removable device that consistently demonstrates its ability to produce in fresh concrete a joint having the dimensions and line indicated on the plans. The groove shall be sealed with a premolded or poured joint material as required.
b.Strip insert joints: A longitudinal weakened plane joint may be furnished at traffic lane lines in multilane monolithic concrete pavement in lieu of forming or sawing such joints. Strip insert joints shall be formed by placing a continuous strip of plastic or other approved material. The insert strip shall be of sufficient width to form a weakened plane to the depth shown on the plans. The thickness of the insert material shall be at least 20 mils. Strip insert joints shall not be sawed. The insert strip shall be inserted with a mechanical device that places the material in a continuous strip. Splices will be permitted provided they are effective in maintaining the continuity of the insert strip. The top edge of the insert strip shall be positioned flush with the finished surface. The insert strip shall not be deformed from a vertical position during installation or in subsequent finishing operations performed on the concrete. The alignment of the finished joint shall be uniformly parallel with the centerline of the pavement and free from local irregularities in alignment that are more than 1/2 inch in 10 feet. The mechanical installation device shall vibrate the concrete during the insertion of the strip in a manner to cause the disturbed concrete to return evenly along the sides of the strip without segregating or developing voids. If the Contractor is unable to furnish a satisfactory strip insert joint consistently, he shall, upon being notified by the Engineer, discontinue furnishing such joints and furnish other approved formed or sawed joints without additional compensation.
c.Sawed joints: Longitudinal sawed joints shall be cut with approved concrete saws. Suitable guidelines or devices shall be used to ensure cutting the longitudinal joint on the true line as shown as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to permit sawing without chipping, spalling, or tearing. Concrete faces of the saw cut shall be protected from drying until the end of the specified curing period. Sawed joints shall be thoroughly cleaned and dried prior to being sealed.
2.Transverse expansion joints: Transverse expansion joints shall be formed in accordance with 1.a. herein and shall be sealed using Type D material. Expansion joint filler shall be continuous from form to form, shaped to the subgrade. Preformed joint filler shall be furnished in lengths equal to the pavement width or the width of one lane. Damaged or repaired joint filler shall not be used. Expansion joint filler shall be held in a position perpendicular to the subgrade. An approved installing bar, or other device, shall be used, if required, to secure preformed joint filler at the proper grade and alignment during placing and finishing of concrete. Finished joints shall not deviate more than 1/4 inch in the horizontal alignment from a straight line. If joint filler is assembled in sections, there shall be no offsets between adjacent units.
3.Transverse contraction joints: Transverse contraction joints shall consist of planes of weakness created by cutting grooves in the surface of the pavement and, when shown on the plans, shall include load transfer assemblies.316.04 414Edges of concrete adjacent to the joint may be rounded or beveled to a radius or length approved by the Engineer. Any joint having an insufficient opening shall be resawed or ground to the proper size. Where a joint opening is larger than that specified, the Contractor may be required to build up the joint with epoxy mortar or to furnish a larger size seal as determined by the Engineer. The cost of any such additional work or material shall be borne by the Contractor.
4.Transverse construction joints:
a.Jointed pavement: Unless specified expansion joints occur at the same points, transverse construction joints shall be constructed at the end of each day’ s work or when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the concreting operations. A transverse con - struction joint shall not be constructed within 10 feet of an expansion joint, contraction joint, or plane of weakness. If sufficient concrete has not been mixed at the time of inter - ruption to form a slab at least 10 feet long, the excess concrete back to the last preceding joint shall be removed and disposed of as directed. An approved header board, cut to the required cross section, shall be used to form joints. Deformed dowel bars shall be used in transverse construction joints whose location does not coincide with the specified location of a transverse expansion or contraction joint.
b.Continuously reinforced concrete pavement: Transverse construction joints shall be formed by the use of an approved header board in accordance with 4.a. herein. The header shall consist of two sections; one being placed above and one being placed below the reinforcing mat, and shall be furnished with openings to accommodate the longitudinal steel and additional reinforcement required. At any location where a “leave out” is necessary for a detour, at least 100 feet shall be maintained between transverse construction joints.
5.Load transfer devices: Plain dowels shall be held in position parallel with the surface and centerline of the slab by a metal device that is left in the pavement. The entire free end of each dowel shall be painted with one coat of approved paint. When the paint has dried and immediately before dowels are placed in position, the free end shall be thoroughly coated with an approved lubricant. A metal or plastic dowel cap of approved design to cover 2 inches, ±1/4 inch, of the dowel, with a closed end, and with a suitable stop to hold the end of the sleeve at least 1 inch from the end of the dowel bar shall be furnished for each dowel bar used in expansion joints. Caps or sleeves shall fit the dowel bar tightly, and the closed end shall be mortartight. Dowels, plastic coated in accordance with Federal Specification L-C-530 C or epoxy coated in accordance with ASTM A775, may be used in lieu of painted and lubricated dowel bars. In lieu of using dowel assemblies at contraction joints, dowel bars may be placed in the full thickness of pavement by an approved device.
6.Isolation joints at structures: Isolation joints shall be formed by placing a strip of 1/2-inch preformed expansion joint filler around each structure that extends into or through the pavement before concrete is placed at that location.
h.Final Striking Off, Consolidating, and Finishing: The sequence of operations shall be as follows: (1) striking off, (2) consolidating, (3) floating, (4) removing laitance, (5) straightedging, 316.04 415and (6) finishing. If the application of moisture to the surface is permitted, it shall be applied as a fog spray by means of approved spray equipment.
1.Finishing at joints: Concrete adjacent to joints shall be mechanically vibrated to prevent voids and segregation from occurring against the joint material. Concrete under and around load transfer devices, joint assembly units, and other features designed to extend into the pavement shall also be mechanically vibrated.
a.Machine finishing: Concrete shall be spread as soon as placed, struck off, and screeded by an approved finishing machine. Vibration for the full width of the paving slabs shall be provided in accordance Section 316.03(g). The machine shall be operated over each area of pavement as many times and at such intervals as are necessary to result in proper consolidation and develop a surface of uniform texture. Excessive manipulation of a given area shall be avoided. During the first pass of the finishing machine, a uniform roll of concrete shall be maintained ahead of the front screed for its entire length. If a uniform and satisfactory density of concrete is not obtained at joints, along forms, at structures, and throughout the pavement, the Contractor will be required to furnish equipment and use methods that will produce pavement conforming to the requirements specified herein.
b.Hand finishing: Hand finishing will be permitted only under the following conditions:
1.to finish concrete already deposited on the grade in the event of a break-down of mechanical equipment; and (2) to finish narrow widths, approach slabs, or other areas of irregular dimensions where the operation of mechanical equipment is impractical. Concrete shall be struck off as it is placed and screeded with an approved portable screed. If reinforcement is required, the bottom layer of concrete shall be screeded prior to placement of reinforcement. Consolidation shall be attained by the use of an approved vibrator or other approved equipment. Hand finishing shall be kept to the absolute minimum necessary to attain a surface that has a uniform texture, is true to the approximate grade and cross section, and has a closed surface.
2.Floating: After concrete has been struck off and consolidated, it shall be further smoothed and made true by means of a float using one of the following methods as specified or permitted:
a.Mechanical method: A mechanical float shall be adjusted so that its full length will be in continuous contact with the surface of the pavement. If necessary, long-handled floats having blades at least 5 feet in length and 6 inches in width may be used to smooth and fill in open-textured areas in the pavement. Long- handled floats shall not be used to float the entire surface of the pavement in lieu of, or supplementing, the prescribed method of floating.
b.Hand method : This method will be permitted only in those instances specified in 1.b. herein. Following strike off by an approved screed, concrete shall be smoothed with a 316.04 416darby to level raised spots or fill depressions. Long-handled floats or hand floats of wood or metal, as the area dictates, may be used in lieu of darbies to smooth and level the concrete surface. Excessive bleed water shall be wasted over the side forms after each pass of the float.
3.Straightedge testing and surface correction: After floating has been completed and excess water removed, but while concrete is still fresh, the surface of the concrete shall be tested for trueness with a 10-foot straightedge. The Contractor shall furnish and use an accurate 10-foot straightedge swung from handles 3 feet longer than 1/2 the width of the slab. The straightedge shall be held in contact with the surface in successive positions parallel with the pavement centerline, and the entire area shall be gone over from one side of the slab to the other as necessary. Advancement along the pavement shall be in successive stages of not more than 1/2 the length of the straightedge. Depressions shall be immediately filled with freshly mixed concrete, stuck off, consolidated, refinished, and retested. High areas shall be cut down and refinished. Special attention shall be given to ensure that the surface across joints conforms to the requirements for smoothness. Straightedge testing and surface corrections shall continue until the entire surface is free from observable departures from the straightedge and the slab conforms to the required grade and cross section.
4.Final finish (texture): Prior to grooving, multi-ply damp fabric shall be dragged over the pavement surface to provide a gritty texture on ridges between grooves. The roadway pavement riding surface shall be textured with (1) uniformly pronounced grooves approximately 1/8 inch in depth and 1/8 inch in width on approximately 3/4-inch centers and transverse to the pavement centerline, or (2) a combination of uniformly pronounced grooves approximately 1/8 inch in depth and 1/8 inch in width on approximately 3/4-inch centers and longitudinal to the pavement centerline and additional grooves 1/8 inch in depth and 1/8 inch in width on grooves 1/8 inch in depth and 1/8 inch in width on approximately 3-inch centers and transverse to the pavement center line.
i.Stenciling Station Numbers and Dates: Before concrete takes its final set and after finishing operations are completed, the Contractor shall stencil station numbers and dates into the pavement in accordance with the standard drawings. The dies for numbering and dating will be furnished by and remain the property of the Department. Dies or numerals lost or damaged by the Contractor shall be replaced at his expense.
j.Curing:
1.Membrane-forming compounds: The entire surface of the pavement shall be sprayed uniformly with a white-pigmented membrane-forming compound immediately following the texturing operation. The compound shall be applied under constant pressure at the rate of 100 to 150 square feet per gallon by mechanical sprayers mounted on movable bridges. On textured surfaces, the rate shall be as close to 100 square feet as possible. Application shall be such that an even, continuous membrane is produced on the concrete surface. At the time of use, the compound shall be in a thoroughly mixed condition, with the pigment uniformly dispersed throughout the vehicle. During application, the compound shall be continuously and effectively agitated. Hand spraying of odd widths or shapes and concrete surfaces exposed by removing forms and sawing joints will be permitted. The membrane shall harden 30 minutes after application. Personnel and equipment shall be kept off the freshly applied material to prevent damage to the seal. If the membrane becomes 316.04 417damaged within the initial 72 hours, damaged portions shall be repaired immediately with additional compound. Upon removal of side forms, sides of exposed slabs shall be protected immediately to provide a curing treatment equal to that provided for the surface. If the slipform method of paving is used, edges of pavement shall be cured in the same manner and at the same time as the surface.
2.PE film: When PE film is used for curing, it shall be white. However, from November 1 to April 1, clear or opaque PE film will be permitted.
3.Protection in cold weather: The Contractor shall prevent the temperature at the surface of the concrete from falling below 40 degrees F during the first 72 hours immediately following concrete placement. Protective material shall be left in place for an additional 48 hours if freezing air temperatures are expected to continue. Such protection shall be furnished in addition to the curing material required elsewhere in these specifications. The Contractor shall be responsible for the quality of the concrete placed during cold weather. Concrete damaged by the action of frost or by freezing shall be removed and replaced at the Contractor’ s expense.
4.Curing in hot, low-humidity, or windy weather: Care shall be taken in hot, dry, or windy weather to protect the concrete from shrinkage cracking by applying the curing medium at the earliest possible time after finishing operations and after the sheen has disappeared from the surface of the pavement.
k.Surface Test: As soon as concrete has hardened sufficiently, the pavement surface will be tested by the Engineer with a 10-foot straightedge. Areas showing high spots of more than 3/16 inch on mainline pavement and approach slabs but not exceeding 1/2 inch in 10 feet shall be marked and, after the concrete has attained the design compressive strength, cut down with an approved cutting tool to an elevation where the area or spot will not show surface deviations in excess of 3/16 inch. Areas showing high spots of more than 3/8 inch on ramps when tested with a 10-foot straightedge shall be marked and, after the concrete has attained the design compressive strength, corrected to within the 3/8-inch tolerance by removing and replacing or by cutting as specified herein. If the slipform method of paving is used, a straightedge tolerance of ±1/4 inch in 10 feet will be permitted for the area within 6 inches of the slipformed edge except for pavement adjacent to connections and ramps. Equipment for cutting shall be designed to cut the surface of the pavement in a longitudinal direction parallel with the centerline and in a uniform planing action. However, the cutting operation shall not produce a polished pavement surface. The equipment shall be adjustable so as to vary the depth of the cut as required. Bush hammering, rubbing with carborundum stone, or hand grinding will not be permitted. Where the departure from the specified cross section exceeds 0.20 percent on mainline pavement, the pavement shall be removed and replaced by and at the expense of the Contractor.
l.Removing Forms: Forms shall not be removed from freshly placed concrete until it has set for at least 12 hours. Forms shall be removed carefully to avoid damage to the pavement. After forms are removed, the sides of the slab shall be cured as specified by one of the methods described herein. Major honeycombed areas will be considered defective work and shall be removed and replaced. Any area of section removed shall be not less than 10 feet in length or less than the full width of the lane involved. When it is necessary to remove and replace a section of pavement, any remaining portion of the slab adjacent to the joints that is less than 10 feet in length shall also be removed and replaced.316.04 418(m) Sealing Joints: Before pavement is opened to traffic, including the Contractor’ s equipment, and as soon after completion of the curing period as practicable, joints required to be sealed shall be filled with joint-sealing material. Just prior to sealing or resealing, each joint shall be thoroughly cleaned by brushing, routing, sawing, grinding, blast cleaning, or any combination thereof to eliminate oil, grease, existing joint material, membrane-forming compound, laitance, protrusions or hardened concrete, dirt, or other foreign material that cannot be removed by means of compressed air to a depth at which the sealer and backup material, if required, are to be installed. Dust and loose material shall be removed from the joint with oil-free and water-free compressed air delivered at a minimum of 120 cubic feet of air per minute and a nozzle pressure of at least 90 pounds per square inch. Existing joint material extending outside the joint shall be removed. Joint material shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’ s recommendations, however, in the absence of specific recommendations or plan details, the following provisions shall apply.
1.Preformed seals shall be installed by machines that are designed especially for such installation and shall not damage the seal. Types A and D material shall be installed by machine. The seal shall be installed with its vertical axis parallel with the interfaces of the joint.
2.The method of installing preformed seals shall be such that the seal is not stretched more than 5 percent of the length of the joint. The method of installation shall be checked for stretching, using transverse joint sealer. The check shall consist of installing sealer in five joints, the full width of the pavement, and removing the sealer immediately after installation and checking the length. If the measured length of any of the five sealers is less than 95 percent of the minimum theoretical length required to seal the joint, the installation method shall be modified so that stretching greater than 5 percent no longer occurs. Once sealing operations have started, 1 joint per every 100 shall be removed and checked for stretch in excess of 5 percent. If a stretched condition is detected, the joint sealers on either side shall be removed until the condition disappears. Affected joints shall be resealed in a satisfactory manner at the Contractor’ s expense. .
3.For rounded or beveled joints, seal or sealant shall be installed in a depth of at least 1/8 but not more than 1/4 inch below the bottom edge of the rounding or bevel. For joints with vertical sides, seals or sealant shall be installed at a depth of 1/4 inch, ±1/16 inch, below the level of the pavement surface.
4.Hot-poured sealer shall be applied to a completely dry joint. The ambient air temperature shall not be below 40 degrees F . The joint shall be filled with hot-poured sealer by means of a sealing device that will not cause air to be entrapped in the joint. Sufficient passes shall be made to achieve the filled joint requirement.
5.Material for hot-poured sealer shall be stirred during heating so that localized overheating does not occur.
6.Sealer shall not be placed directly on the filler but shall be prevented from bonding to the filler by a carefully placed strip of waxed or silicone paper, plastic tape, aluminum foil, or other suitable material placed over the filler before sealer is applied. Masking tape or other means shall be used to avoid spilling sealer onto adjacent concrete surfaces. Excess sealer on such surfaces shall be cleaned off before the material has set without damaging the material in the joint. 316.04 419 7. Silicone sealer shall not be applied when the air temperature is below 40 degrees F . Sealer shall fill the joint and shall be applied inside the joint from the bottom up by means of an application device that will not cause air to be entrapped. Immediately after application, sealer shall be tooled to form a recess below the pavement surface in accordance with the standard drawings. The use of soap, water, or oil as a tooling aid will not be permitted. Primer, if used with silicone sealer, shall be applied to the joint faces prior to installation of backup material. Backup material shall be approximately 25 percent larger than the joint width and shall be installed in the joint such that it is not displaced during the sealing application. Sealing material shall be applied in a manner so that it will not be spilled on the exposed surfaces of the concrete. Excess material on the surface of the concrete pavement shall be removed immediately, and the pavement surface cleaned. The use of sand or similar material as a cover for the seal will not be permitted.
n.Protecting Pavement: The Contractor shall protect the pavement and its appurtenances against public traffic and traffic caused by his employees and agents. This shall include furnishing watch - persons and flaggers to direct traffic and erecting and maintaining warning signs, lights, pavement bridges, or crossovers. In order that the concrete may be properly protected against the effects of rain before it has attained final set, the Contractor shall have covering material available at the work site, such as burlap, cotton mats, curing paper, or plastic sheeting. If the slipform method of paving is used, the Contractor shall also have material available at all times for protecting the edges of unhardened concrete. Protective materials shall consist of standard metal forms or wood planks having a nominal thickness of at least 2 inches and a nominal width of at least the thickness of the pavement at its edges. When rain appears imminent, concrete placement operations shall be halted and available personnel shall assist in covering the surface of unhardened concrete. A layer of coarse burlap shall be applied to the surface of fresh concrete prior to the application of PE film or other protective coverings that tend to “wipe out” or reduce the texture upon contact. The Engineer will carefully consider any damage to the pavement occurring prior to final accep - tance and may allow the Contractor to repair such damage or require the damaged pavement to be replaced.
o.Opening to Traffic: The Contractor shall not open pavement to traffic until specimen beams conforming to (f) herein have attained a modulus of rupture strength of 600 pounds per square inch when tested by the third point loading method in accordance with ASTM C78. The Contractor may use the Maturity Test Method in accordance with ASTM C 1074 to confirm the development of satisfactory strength gain to open the pavement to traffic provided the maturity test results are based upon the same concrete mix design as used in the pavement as approved by the Engineer. In the absence of such tests, The Contractor shall not open the roadway pavement to traffic until 14 days after the concrete is placed. Prior to opening to traffic, the Contractor shall clean the pavement, seal and trim all joints, and install all permanent traffic markings and messages.
p.Saw-Cut Hydraulic Cement Concrete Pavement: This work shall consist of saw-cutting the existing hydraulic cement concrete pavement to a depth shown on the plans and as directed by the Engineer.316.04 420316.05—Thickness and Finished Grade Tolerances The Engineer will determine the thickness of pavement by average caliper measurements of cores taken from the pavement in accordance with VTM-26. The Engineer will evaluate areas found to be deficient in thickness by more than 1.00 inch, and if in his judgment the deficient areas warrant removal, the Contractor shall remove and replace such areas with concrete of the thickness specified on the plans. The Engineer will calculate the deficient area as the product of the full width of the slab or lane of pavement multiplied by the sum of the distances in each direction from the deficient core along the centerline of the pavement to the first actual cores found not deficient in thickness by more than 1.00 inch. The Contractor shall fill cored test holes with the same type of concrete as in the pavement. After placement of the final pavement layer, finished grade elevations shall be within +/– 0.04 foot of the elevations indicated in the plans, unless otherwise specified, provided that the actual cross slope does not vary more than 0.20 percent from the design cross slope indicated in the plans and the pavement thickness conforms to the thickness tolerances specified herein. If the Engineer determines either the finished grade elevations or cross slope exceeds the tolerances specified, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval a plan of corrective action. Finished grades shall be constructed to the proposed cross sections, and cross slopes shall be constructed to the proposed typical section slopes indicated on the plans. The Contractor shall correct or replace areas found to deviate from the indicated cross slopes by 0.20 percent or more at no additional cost to the Department.
316.06 Measurement and Payment
Hydraulic cement concrete pavement will be measured in square yards of concrete pavement and will be paid for at the contract unit price per square yard. This price shall include furnishing and placing materials, including dowels, reinforcement, and joint material, provided that for any pavement found deficient in average thickness, as described in VTM-26, by more than 0.20 inch but not more than 1.00 inch only the reduced price stated herein will be paid. The width of measurement will be the width of the pavement shown on the typical cross section of the plans, additional widening where called for, or as otherwise directed in writing by the Engineer. The length will be measured horizontally along the centerline of each roadway or ramp. Concrete entrance pavement, concrete launching ramps, and anchor slabs will be measured in square yards of surface area and will be paid for at the contract unit price per square yard. Bridge approach slabs, when a pay item, will be measured in cubic yards of concrete and pounds of reinforcing steel and will be paid for at the contract unit price per cubic yard of concrete and per pound of reinforcing steel. Bridge approach expansion joints will be measured in linear feet of transverse measure and will be paid for at the contract unit price per linear foot. This price shall include subslab excavating and furnishing and placing materials. No additional payment over the contract unit price will be made for any pavement that has an average thickness in excess of that specified on the plans.316.05 421Resealing joints, when a pay item, will be measured in linear feet and will be paid for at the contract unit price per linear foot. This price shall include joint preparation, furnishing and placing sealer, and removing and disposing of debris. Saw-cut hydraulic cement concrete pavement will be measured in feet for the depth specified and will be paid for at the contract unit price per foot. This price shall include saw-cutting the hydraulic cement concrete pavement to the depth specified. Price adjustments: Where the average thickness of pavement is deficient by more than 0.20 but not more than 1.00 inch, payment will be made at an adjusted price as specified by the following: Deficiency in Thickness (in) % of Contract Unit Price Allowed 0.00-0.20 100 0.21-0.30 80 0.31-0.40 72 0.41-0.50 68 0.51-0.75 57 0.76-1.00 50 When the thickness of pavement is deficient by more than 1.00 inch and the Engineer determines that the area of such deficiency should not be removed and replaced, there will be no payment for the area retained. Payment will be made under: —————————————————————————————————————Pay Item Pay Unit—————————————————————————————————————Hydraulic cement base course (Depth) Square yard Plain hydraulic cement concrete pavement (Depth) Square yard Reinforced hydraulic cement concrete pavement (Depth) Square yard Continuously reinforced hydraulic cement concrete pavement (Depth) Square yard Concrete, Class A4, bridge approach slab Cubic yard Reinforcing steel, bridge approach slab Pound Bridge approach expansion joint Linear foot Concrete entrance pavement (Depth) Square yard Concrete launching ramp (Standard) Square yard Anchor slabs (Type) Square yard Resealing (Type) joints (Material) Linear foot Saw-cut hydraulic cement concrete pavement (depth) Linear foot————————————————————————————————————— SECTION 317— STONE MATRIX ASPHALT CONCRETE PLACEMENT
317.01 Description
This specification covers the furnishing, installation, and acceptance criteria for constructing stone matrix asphalt (SMA) concrete pavement. SMA shall be in accordance with these specifications and Section 315.317.01
Source: Virginia Road and Bridge Specifications, 2020 Edition. Pages 436–448 of 1,065.