4-5 SECTIO N 404 – BITUMINOU S SURFAC E TREATMEN TS
404.01 DESCRIPTION . This work shall consist of furnishing and applying a bituminous treatment on an
approved surface.
404.02 MATERIALS . Materials shall meet the requirements of the following subsections:
Anionic Emulsified Asphalt ................................ ................................ ....................... 702.02(a) Cationic Emulsified Asphalt ................................ ................................ ...................... 702.0 2(b) Polymer -Modified Emulsified Asphalt ................................ ................................ ......702.02(c) Sand Cover ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 704.11(a)
404.03 WEATHER LIMITATIONS . Bituminous material shall only be applied when the following
conditions prevail.
a.The ambient a ir and pavement surface temperature, in the shade and away from artificial heat, meets the minimum requirements specified in Table 404.03A , and the temperatures are rising. TABLE 404.03A – MINIMUM TEMPERATURES REQUIRED FOR SURFACE TREATMENT Surface Treatment Min. Air Temperature Min. Surface Temperature Emulsified asphalt tack coat 35°F 35°F Polymer -modified emulsified asphalt tack coat 50°F 50°F Emulsified asphalt fog seal 50°F 60°F Emulsified asphalt seal coat with sand cover 60°F 60°F
b.The road surface is sufficiently dry.
c.Weather and other conditions are favorable and expected to remain so until the material has reached the point where adverse weather conditions will not negatively impact the quality. 4-6 404.04 EQUIPMENT .
a.Distributor . Distributors shall be designed, equipped, maintained, and operated such that bituminous material at even heat may be applied uniformly on variable widths up to 24 feet at the specified ra te for the item being placed. Distributors shall include a suitable hand spray nozzle and hose, a tachometer, pressure gauges, accurate volume measuring devices or a calibrated tank, a measuring stick, and a thermometer for measuring temperatures of tank c ontents. Distributors shall be equipped with a power unit for the pump and full circulation spray bars adjustable laterally and vertically. The distributor shall provide means for obtaining a sample of the emulsified asphalt, and as needed, the lines sha ll be flushed prior to sampling to ensure there are no residual cleaning solvents in the sample. With the approval of the Engineer, traveling or stationary plants or other equipment of proven performance may be used by the Contractor instead of the spe cified equipment.
b.Aggregate Spreader . Aggregate spreaders shall be mounted on the asphalt distributor and shall have a minimum capacity of 2,000 pounds. The hopper shall have vibratory agitation to facilitate material flow. The aggregate spinners shall be variable speed, capable of distributing aggregate consistently over variable roadway widths in a single pass. All controls shall be cab -mounted and capable of being operated during the application of the asphalt emulsion by the distributor operator.
c.Self-Priming Paver . Self -priming pavers shall meet the requirements of Section 407 .
d.Transporting Equipment . Tanks for motor transport trucks shall be made of either steel or aluminum with a minimum capacity of 1,500 gallons, insulated, equipped with baffle plates to prevent surging, and equipped with the necessary units to heat the bituminous content in accordance with these specifications. Heating of motor transport truck tanks by distributors to bring the material to the proper tempera ture will not be permitted. The Contractor shall furnish the necessary heating units for the motor transport trucks and the operators for the heating units.
404.05 PREPARATION OF SURFACES . All surfaces to be treated shall be dry, patched, and free of
irregularities in order to provide a reasonably smooth and uniform surface. Any necessary surface preparation, patching, or crack sealing shall be performed in accordance with Section 406 and Section 417. The Contractor shall clean the surfaces prior to treatment and remove all loose or objectionable material, dust, and debris. All drop inlets, catch basins, and manholes shall be covered prior to application of the treatment and uncovered after application. 4-7 404.06 APPLICATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS .
a.General Requirements . A load ticket shall be supplied for each load of bituminous material such that the weight o f actual project usage can be determined.
b.Emulsified Asphalt Tack Coat . Emulsified asphalt tack coat shall be a grade RS -1, RS -1h, CRS - 1, or CRS -1h emulsified asphalt. It shall be applied uniformly and completely to all vertical and horizontal surfaces to be paved by distributors or other methods ap proved by the Engineer. The application rate shall be as specified in Table 404.06A . TABLE 404.06A – EMULSIFIED ASPHALT APPLICATION RATE Surface Type Application Rate (gal/SY) New bituminous concrete 0.040 – 0.060 Existing bituminous concrete 0.060 – 0.080 Coarse - or fine -milled surface 0.080 – 0.100 Cold mix 0.060 – 0.080 Portland cement concrete 0.080 – 0.100 The tack coat shall not be applied to more than 50% of the width of the road surface at a time, unless all traffic is detoured, in which case the tack coat may be applied to the full width. The tack coat shall be applied just prior to the placement of the bituminous concrete pavement and shall progress sufficiently ahead of the paving so that the surface to be paved will be broken such that the surface consists of residual asphalt only. Contact surfaces such as curbing, gutters, and manholes shall be coated with a thin, uniform coat of emulsified asphalt immediately before the bituminous concrete mixture is placed against them.
c.Polymer -Modified Emulsified Asphalt Tack Coat . Polymer -modified emulsified asphalt tack coat shall be a grade CRS -1P emulsified asphalt. It shall be uniformly applied across the entire width to be overlaid by a self -priming paver at the temperature recomme nded by the self -priming paver manufacturer. The application rate shall be as specified in Table 404.06B . TABLE 404.06B – POLYMER -MODIFIED EMULSIFIED ASPHALT APPLICATION RATE BWC Mix Type Application Rate (gal/SY) Type A 0.125 – 0.175 Type B 0.165 – 0.215 Type C 0.200 – 0.250 4-8 The Contractor shall continuously monitor the application rate, with the Agency verifying the rate on a daily basis using the following formula : 𝑅𝐴= 𝑀𝐸− 𝑀𝑆 𝐴 where: RA = Polymer -modified emulsified asphalt application rate (gallons/square yard) ME = Ending meter reading (gallons) MS = Starting meter reading (gallons) A = Area of bonded wearing course (square yards) Field adjustments to the specified application rate o f polymer -modified emulsified asphalt shall be determined based upon the existing surface condition of the pavement. Adjustments to the specified polymer -modified emulsified asphalt application rate shall be approved by the Engineer.
d.Emulsified Asphalt Fog Seal . Emulsified asphalt fog seal shall be a grade CSS -1h emulsified asphalt diluted in accordance with Subsection 702.02 . It shall be applied in a uniform, continuous spread over the area to be treated by distributors or other methods approved by the Engineer at the temperature recommended by the manufacturer. The application rat e shall be as specified in Table 404.06C , or as directed by the Engineer. TABLE 404.06C – EMULSIFIED ASPHALT FOG SEAL APPLICATION RATE Surface Type Application Rate (gal/SY) All 0.100 – 0.200 The Contractor shall maintain the treated surfaces until the Contract is complete and the work accepted. Holes or irregularities shall be repaired by filling them with material acceptable to the Engineer.
e.Emulsified Asphalt Seal Coat with Sand Cover Material . Emulsified asphalt seal coat shall be a grade SS -1, SS -1h, CSS -1, or CSS -1h emulsified asphalt diluted in accordance with Subsection
702.02 It shall be applied by distributors in a uniform, continuous spread over the area to be treated
at the temperature recommended by the manufacturer. The application rate shall be as specified in Table 404.06D , or as directed by the Engineer. 4-9 TABLE 404.06D – EMULSIFIED ASPHALT SEAL COAT APPLICATION RATE Surface Type Application Rate (gal/SY) All 0.100 – 0.140 Sand cover material, meeting the requirements of Subsection 704.11(a) or as approved by the Engineer, shall be applied immediately after the emulsified asphalt, prior to the emulsion breaking or curing, using an aggregate spreader attached to the distributor. The application rate for sand cover material shall be as specifie d in Table 404.06E , or as directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall be required to apply additional sand cover material above the prescribed rate in the event excessive emulsified asphalt is applied. TABLE 404.06E – SAND COVER APPLICATION RATE Surface Type Application Rate (lbs/SY) All 0.350 – 0.650 Following application of the sand cover material, the Contractor shall perform pavement friction testing in accordance with AASHTO T 242 . The surface shall exhibit a minimum skid resistance value of 35. One test shall be performed each day of production. T ests shall be conducted using the standard ribbed tire as specified by AASHTO M 261 . Testing equipment shall have been calibrated no more than 3 years before the start of testing. Calibration documents shall be provided to the Engineer prior to testing. The Contractor shall maintain the treated surfaces until the Contract is complete and the work accepted. Holes or irregularities shall be repaired by filling them with material acceptable to the Engineer.
404.07 TRAFFIC CONTROL . Equipment or traffic will not be allowed on the emulsion treated surface
until the emulsion has fully cured and the treatment will not “pick up” under traffic, or as directed by the Engineer.
404.08 PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES , VEHICLES, AND TREES . The Contractor shall use care in
applying bituminous material and protecting surfaces of adjacent structures, vehicles, and trees from being spattered with the material. The use of skirting or end panels may be required to control application widths and limit overspray. 4-10 404.09 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT . The quantity of Tack Coat, Emulsified Asphalt; Tack Coat, Polymer -Modified Emulsified Asphalt; Fog Seal, Emulsified Asphalt; and Seal Coat, Emulsified Asphalt to be measured for payment will be the number of hundredweight used in the complete and accepted work. The quantity of Cover Material, Sand to be measured for payment will be the number of pounds used in the complete and accepted work.
404.10 BASIS OF PAYME NT. The accepted quantity of Tack Coat, Emulsified Asphalt; Tack Coat,
Polymer -Modified Emulsified Asphalt; Fog Seal, Emulsified Asphalt; and Seal Coat, Emulsified Asphalt will be paid for at the Contract unit price per hundredweight. Payment will be full compensation for cleaning the roadway surface; furnishing, transporting, and placing the emulsified asphalt; and for furnishing all materials, labor, tools, equipment, and incidentals necessary to complete the work. The quantity of Cover Material, Sand wil l be paid for at the Contract unit price per pound. Payment will be full compensation for furnishing, hauling, and placing the material specified; performing friction testing and supplying test reports; and for furnishing all labor, tools, testing apparatu ses, equipment, and incidentals necessary to complete the work. Surface preparation, patching, and crack sealing will be paid for separately in accordance with Section 406 and Section 417 . Payment will be made under: Pay Item Pay Unit 404.1100 Tack Coat, Emulsified Asphalt ................................ ................................ .Hundredweight 404.1200 Tack Coat, Polymer -Modified Emulsified Asphalt ................................ ..Hundredweight 404.3100 Fog Seal, Emulsified Asphalt ................................ ................................ ...Hundredweight 404.5100 Seal Coat, Emulsified Asph alt ................................ ................................ ..Hundredweight 404.8100 Cover Material, Sand ................................ ................................ ................ Pound 4-11 SECTIO N 406 – BITUMINOU S CONCRET E PAVEMENT 406.0 1 DESCRIPTION . This work shall consist of constructing one or more courses of Superpave bituminous concrete pavement on a prepared foundation in accordance with these specifications and in conformance with the lines, grades, thicknesses, and typical cross -sections shown on the Plans or established by the Engineer. The Agency will accept this work under quality assurance provisions, in accordance with these specifications and the provisions of AASHTO M 323 except where otherwise noted in Section 702 , Section 704, Section 716 , and the Agency’s Bitumi nous Concrete Policy Manual . 406.0 2 MATERIALS . Materials shall meet the requirements of the following subsections: Performance -Graded Asphalt Binder ................................ ................................ ......... 702.01 Emulsified Asphalt ................................ ................................ ................................ .....702.02 Warm -Mix Asphalt Technologies ................................ ................................ .............. 702.03 Anti-Strip Additives ................................ ................................ ................................ ...702.04 Aggregate for Bituminous Concrete Mixtures ................................ ........................... 704.10 Recycled Asphalt Materials ................................ ................................ ....................... 704.2 2 General Bituminous Concrete Mixture Design Requirements ................................ ..716.02(a) Superpave Mixtures ................................ ................................ ................................ ...716.02(b) Bituminous Mixing Plant and Laboratory ................................ ................................ .716.03 Preparing and Mixing Bituminous Concrete Mixtures ................................ .............. 716.04 406.0 3 AGENC Y MATERIA L EVALUATION . Material evaluation and acceptance by the Agency will follow the procedures outlined in this subsection for the applicable quality assurance tier and Contract item. Acceptance sampling of bituminous materials by the Agency will be on a statistically random basis in accordance with the specified requirements, and the material will be evaluated for acceptance based on the results of these tests. Contractor quality control samples will not be used to evaluate, accept, reject, or determine pay factors for any material. Material may be sampled at either the production facility or on the project site and may be tested at either the production facility ’s qualified laboratory or at the Agency’s Mate rials Testing and Certification Section Central Laboratory .
a.General Requirements .
1.Control of the Mixture . The actual mixture produced shall not vary from the job mix formula target values by more than production tolerances specified in Table 406.03A . For the purposes of verification sampling, the tolerances in Table 406.03A will be considered the specificati on limits for an individual sample. Continued production outside these ranges will be grounds to halt production and revoke the mix design.
Source: Vermont Standard Specifications for Construction, 2024 Edition. Pages 323–328 of 1,380.