352-1 Description.
Grind existing concrete pavement in the areas designated on the Plans. Grind new concrete pavement the full width of the travel lanes. Do not grind shoulders or roundabout aprons unless indicated in the Plans or required to promote drainage.
352-2 Equipment.
Provide a power driven self -propelled machine that is specifically designed to grind portland cement concrete pavement with diamond -impregnated grinding blad es. Provide, operate, and maintain in working condition all necessary equipment to ensure performance of the work in the allotted time. Use equipment of the size, shape, and dimensions that does not restrict the movement of traffic in areas outside the des ignated limits of construction. The equipment will be of a size that can cut or plane at least 3 feet wide or as approved by the Engineer. Use equipment that is capable of grinding specified surfaces without causing spalls at cracks, joints, or other locat ions. The equipment will be capable of removing any slurry or residue resulting from the grinding operation.
352-3 Construction Methods.
Schedule and proceed with the construction operation in a manner that produces a uniform finished surface. Grind in a manner that eliminates joint or crack faults while providing positive lateral drainage by maintaining a constant cross -slope between grinding extremities in each lane. Grind transition, auxiliary or ramp lane as required from the mainline edge to provide positive drainage and an acceptable riding surface. Grind parallel to the centerline until the pavement surfaces of adjacent sides of transverse joints and cracks are in the same plane. Grind the concrete pavement to eliminate the faulting at joints and cr acks, maintain the overall smoothness within the limits specified, and texture over the majority of the pavement surface. Take all necessary precautions to minimize the number of minor depressions in the first place and only resolve to grind such areas if necessary. Continue grinding if accumulated total areas of minor depressions exceed 30% of the total area of a 0.1 mile section or if directed by the Engineer. Maintain the cross slope of the pavement as shown in the Plans. Establish and obtain the Engine er’s approval for a means to continuously remove grinding residue. Remove solid residue from pavement surfaces before traffic action or wind blows such residue. Do not allow residue to flow across lanes or shoulders used by public traffic or into gutters or other drainage facilities. Do not allow the discharge of any residue runoff into adjacent rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, or other bodies of water.
352-4 Final Surface Finish.
After the curing period, use a grinding process that produces a pavement surf ace that is true to grade and uniform in appearance with a longitudinal line type texture. Provide a line type texture that contains parallel longitudinal corrugations that present a narrow ridge with a corduroy type appearance. Provide a surface finish wi th the peaks of the ridges approximately 1/32 inch higher than the bottoms of the grooves and with approximately 60 evenly spaced grooves per foot. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents Grind to produce areas of uniform and neat surface appearance, beginning and ending at lines perpendicular to the pavement centerline.
352-5 Acceptance Testing for Surface Tolerance.
Test the pavement surface for smoothness with a 10 foot long straightedge, a 10 foot long rolling straightedge, or a California Type Profilograph while the Engineer observes the operations as described below. For pavement surfaces not meeting the smoothness requirements, provide corrective work and retesting to ens ure conformity approved by the Engineer.
1.Testing with a 10 foot straightedge: Use this straightedge for longitudinal profiling, parallel to centerline, within 15 feet of a bridge approach or existing pavement which is being joined. Use it for all tran sverse profiling of cross slopes, approaches, and as otherwise directed with respect to ( 2) or (3) below. Furnish and operate a 10 foot straightedge. When portland cement concrete pavement abuts bridge approaches or pavement not under this Contract, ens ure that the longitudinal slope deviations of the finished pavement do not exceed 1/8 inch in 10 foot length. Produce transverse slope deviations of the finished pavement that do not exceed 1/8 inch with the straightedge laid in a direction perpendicula r to the centerline.
2.Testing with a 10 foot rolling straightedge: Use this straightedge for longitudinal profiling of short pavement sections up to 250 feet long, including mainline and non-mainline sections on tangent sections and on horizontal curve s with a centerline radius of curve less than 1,000 feet and the pavement within the superelevation transition of such curves, turn lanes, ramps, tapers, and other non -mainline pavements as directed. Furnish and operate the straightedge. Provide and ope rate a 10 foot rolling straightedge of a design acceptable to the Engineer, able to accurately measure surface irregularities exceeding 1/8 inch in a 10 foot effective length of the straightedge. When tested with a straightedge, ensure that the finished pavement profile provides a uniform surface with no deviation greater than 1/8 inch in a 10 foot length. Perform the profiling in lines parallel to the centerline, at not more than 4 foot transversal spacing, and extending across the transverse joints. The Contractor may confine checking through traffic lanes with the straightedge to joints and obvious irregularities as directed.
3.Testing With A California Type Profilograph:
a.General: Use the profilograph on all longitudinal profiling of mainli ne full width pavement lanes longer than 250 feet and as otherwise directed. The following terms are defined:
1.Profilograph: A longitudinal profile testing apparatus used to measure a pavement’s surface profile deviations.
2.Profile Trace or Profilogram: A surface profile record generated along the individual wheel paths using a profilograph. Such a record is analyzed to determine the rate of roughness (or smoothness) and to identify changes in the longitudinal pavement surface elevation that exceed a specified threshold along the pavement length traversed by the profilograph.
3.Profile Index (PI): A profile measurement is a series of numbers representing elevation relative to a specified reference. A Profile Index (PI) is a summary value calculated from these numbers above and below a blanking band over a specified length of pavement. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents
4.Blanking Band: A band of 0.2 inch uniform height with its longitudinal center positioned optimally between the highs and the lows of the profilogram depicting at least 100 ft of pavement.
b.Equipment: Furnish, calibrate, and operate a California Type Profilograph device in accordance with FM 5-558E. The electronic model of a California Type Profilograph performs computerized data analysis, and is ma nufactured by Cox and Sons, Inc. of Colfax, California - Model CS 8200 or better.
c.Surface Test: Produce a riding surface meeting the requirements of FM 5-558E and having a Profile Index meeting the requirements herein. Start and terminate the profile 15 feet from each bridge approach or existing pavement, which is being joined. Take at least two pavement profile traces with bump option turned on. Locate the position of the profiles in the traffic wheel paths. Take the profiles in the direction of the traffic and parallel to and approximately 3 feet from the outside edges of each traffic lane. The Contractor may take additional profiles to define the limits of an out -of-tolerance surface variation. Upon completion of each day’s testing, submit t he profilograms to the Engineer for review to determine the pavement section in compliance with these requirements. The Engineer will retain those profilograms meeting these requirements. The Engineer will return profilograms with deficiencies to the Contr actor for use to correct section deficiencies. The Engineer will retain the corrected profilograms, along with the deficient profilograms, for comparison purposes of the circumstances between the two profilograms. Ensure that pavement tested meets the Profile Index requirements and is applicable to the profilogram for each profile trace:
1.Ensure that pavement on tangent alignment and horizontal curves having a centerline radius of curve 2,000 feet or more has a Profile Index of 5 inches per mile or less.
2.Ensure that pavement on horizontal curves having a centerline radius of curve 1,000 feet or more but less than 2,000 feet and pavement within the superelevation transition of such curves has a Profile Index of 7 inches per mile or less.
3.Ensure that the pavement riding surfaces have all deviations in excess of 0.3 inch in 25 feet removed. The Engineer will evaluate the pavement in 0.1 mile consecutive sections. Grind all areas represented by individual points having deviations in excess of 0.3 inch in 25 feet or less pavement length, until such points do not exceed 0.3 inch. After removing all individual deviations in excess of 0.3 inch in 25 feet, perform additional grinding as necessary to reduce the Profile Index to the spe cified requirements. Surface smoothness tests with a California Type Profilograph on bridges are specified in 400 -15. Ensure that the pavement within 15 feet of a bridge approach (or existing pavement which is being joined) complies with the testing re quirements of a 10 foot straightedge. Visually inspect transverse joints and random cracks to ensure that the adjacent surfaces are in the same plane. Where misalignment of the planes of the surfaces on adjacent sides of the joints or cracks is in exce ss of 1/16 inch, grind the pavement until the surfaces are flush. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents
352-6 Surface Corrections.
After the curing period, test the surface for pavement surface smoothness in accordance with 352-5. Plainly mark all variations from the required tolerances. Where pavement surfaces do not meet the smoothness requirements, the Engineer will require corrective work and retesting to ensure conformity. Eliminate high spots exceeding 1/8 inch in 10 feet, but not in excess of 0.3 inch in 25 feet, by gri nding either with an approved machine or with a carborundum brick and water. Do not use bush -hammering or other destructive means for removing irregularities. As directed by the Engineer, retexture corrected high areas to give skid resistance comparable to the surrounding area. Operate all milling, cutting, or grinding equipment to produce a reasonably uniform finished surface without spalling the pavement joints within corrected areas. The Engineer will not require extra grinding to eliminate minor depres sions in order to provide 100% texturing of the pavement surface. Maintain the cross slope of the pavement as shown in the Plans. Repair all joint seals destroyed by grinding at no expense to the Department. Remove and replace any area of pavement which, after grinding, still shows a deviation in excess of the allowable tolerance. Ensure that the area removed and replaced is the full length between transverse joints and the full width of the lane involved. Replace any area of concrete pavement with concret e that meets the requirements of Sections 353. Bear the costs of all surface corrections required and of all required removal and replacement of defective surface concrete. If the grinding operation removes more than a total length of 100 consecutive feet of the grooves, then re -groove the entire width of the pavement for the deficient area.
352-7 Method of Measurement.
The quantity to be paid for will be the plan quantity, in square yards, completed and accepted.
352-8 Basis of Payment.
Price and paymen t will be full compensation for all work and materials specified in this Section, including furnishing all labor, materials, tools, equipment, testing, and incidentals and for doing all work involved in grinding existing or new concrete pavement , removing residue, and cleaning the pavement, including necessary disposal of residue and furnishing any water or air used in cleaning the pavement. Pay adjustments based on the surface smoothness will be made in accordance with Table 352-1. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents Table 352-1 Profile Index Pay Factors Average Profile Index (inches/mile) per 0.1 mile Section Pay Factor Curvature Radius ≥2,000 ft 1,000 ft ≤ Curvature Radius < 2,000 ft PI ≤ 2 PI ≤ 4 1.05 2 < PI ≤ 5 4 < PI ≤7 1.00 PI > 5 PI > 7 Corrective work required The Pay Factor will be based on the initial measured average Profile Index, prior to any corrective work. The Pay Factor will be applied to the bid price for Grinding Concrete Pavement. The Pay Adjustment will be computed by multiplying the Pa y Factor times the unit bid price for grinding concrete pavement times the plan surface area of grinding concrete pavement. The Pay Adjustment will apply to the total area of the 0.1 mile section for the lane width represented by the profilograms for the a verage Profile Index. Payment will be made under: Item No. 352 - 70- Grinding Concrete Pavement - per square yard. FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents SECTION 353 CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLAB REPLACEMENT
353-1 Description.
Replace the existing defective area of concrete pavement with portland cement concrete free of any uncontrolled cracks. Repair the damaged area of adjacent slabs, caused by slab removal at no cost to the Department. When using the maturity method, s ubmit a strength - maturity relationship curve as determined by FM 3-C 1074 for opening to traffic during design mix verification.
353-2 Materials.
Meet the following requ irements: Portland Cement Concrete* ................................ Section 346 Curing Materials ................................ ................. Section 925 Epoxy Compounds ................................ ..............Section 926 Dowel Bar Assembly** ................................ ......Section 931 Post-Installed Anchor Systems for Structural Applications in Concrete Elements ..................... Section 937 Accelerating Admixtures .......... ASTM C494, Type C and E *For concrete pavement slab replacement, the use of supplementary cementitious materials is optional. **Concrete pavement containing only dowel bars will be considered non - reinforced concrete.
353-3 Composition of Concrete.
353-3.1 Mixture Proportions: Designate the actual proportions to be used to produce a
concrete with a minimum 28 day compressive strength of 3,000 psi. Prior to producing concrete, submit the design mix for approval on a form acceptable to the Department. Provide a mix design that will produce a concrete with a minimum compressive strength of 1,600 psi, designated for opening to traffic, at the time period specified in the Contract Documents. Perform the plastic property tests in accordance wit h Section 346 prior to the addition of the accelerator. Use mixes approved by the Department and obtain concrete from a plant that is currently on the Department’s Production Facility listing. Producers seeking inclusion on the list shall meet the requirem ents of Section 105. Make necessary adjustment to the concrete mix -water to account for the amount of water in the accelerating admixture solution.
353-3.2 Delivery Certification: Submit a delivery ticket in accordance with Section 346.
353-3.3 Demonstration Slab: Prior to batching production concrete, demonstrate the
ability to furnish replacement slabs by constructing a demonstration slab at the project site . Demonstrate production techniques for slab removal, dowel installation, concre te placement, finishing, slab curing, sample preparation and curing, and proper timing of joint sawing. Demonstrate the ability to achieve the required compressive strengths. Demonstrate proficiency to the Engineer the ability to determine when the concret e has achieved a compressive strength of 1,600 psi by testing concrete cylinders or by using the maturity -strength curve . Use cylinders to verify the concrete compressive strength at 28 days. Schedule construction of the demonstration slab at the time specified in the Contract Documents. If the Engineer determines FY 2023-24 Return to Table of Contents
Source: Florida Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2024 Edition. Pages 378–382 of 1,299.