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General Provisions (00100-00999)

401— BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT

DE · 2025 Standard SpecificationsBook pages 141–145View official source ↗

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SECTION 401 131 DIVISION 400 — BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

401.1Description .

This work consists of providing, placing, and compacting bituminous pavement.

401.2Materials .

A.Release Agents Section 1010

B.Tack Coat Section 1011

C.Thin Lift Tack Coat PG 64 -22

D.Asphalt Production Section 1014

E.Joint Sealant Section 1042 .1.B

401.3Construction .

A.Before Paving.

Conduct a pre -paving meeting to discuss joint layout, material delivery, striping layout, maintenance of traffic for paving, and equipment. Include the engineer, the Department’s Materials & Research Section, and other appropriate parties.

B.Mix Design.

Develop the JMF in accordance with Section 1014 and submit test results for review a minimum of 30 calendar days before application. Include aggregate type and gradation and percentages of polymer -modified emulsion, water, and cement by dry aggregate weigh t.

C.Delivery of Mixture.

Deliver no less than 100 tons per hour to the project site or as approved by the engineer.

D.Hauling Equipment.

1.Provide trucks with tight, clean , smooth, metal beds thinly coated with an emulsified oil, soap

solution, or other approved release agent to prevent the bituminous mixture from adhering to the truck bed.

2.Ensure that truck beds have no holes or cracks and are free from debris.

3.Provide truck bed tarps made of canvas or other waterproof material, and free of rips, tears, and

holes, that will cover the truck bed from front to back and will overlap the sides and rear of the truck body.

a.Fasten the front of the tarp to the truck body and protect the fastening using an air foil or air

dam.

b.Use a minimum of 3 straps on the sides to hold the tarp over the sides of the body. If the tarp

does not reach over the back of the body, straps on the rear of body are also required. BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SECTION 401 132 E. Paver .

1.Use a self -propelled unit with a screed or strike -off assembly that automatically controls grade

leveling and slope, is heated, and is capable of spreading and finishing bituminous pavement materials to the specified lane widths and thicknesses.

2.Equip the paver with an attachment that confines the material at the end of the gate and

extrudes the asphalt material to form a compacted wedge -shaped pavement safety edge.

3.Equip the paver with a tack spray application system for thin lift paving operations.

F.Rollers.

1.Provide a self -propelled static or vibratory steel wheel type roller equipped with scrapers or a

pneumatic -tire oscillating type roller equipped with smooth tires of equal size and diameter.

2.Use rollers equipped with a system for moistening each wheel or roller while in use.

3.Use a number and weight of rollers sufficient to compact the mixture to the required density

without crushing aggregate or displacing the mixture.

4.Do not use rollers that mar the surface.

G.Weather Limitations.

1.Place bituminous pavement materials only when the surface is dry and unfrozen, and the

weather is not foggy or rainy. The Department will consider the presence of frost particles in the roadbed or on the surface as a reason to prohibit placement.

2.Do not place subsequent lifts, release materials, or open to traffic until the mat temperature is

below 140 degrees F.

3.The Department will not allow placement of bituminous concrete when the air temperature at

the paving location is below the temperatures indicated in Table 401 .3-1 below. Table 401 .3-1. Minimum Ambient Air Temperature for Placement of Types of Bituminous Concrete Material Type Temperature BCBC 32 ° F B 32 °F C 40 °F Stone Matrix Asphalt, Thin Lift, and Wedge Lift 50 °F

H.Preparing Base or Existing Surface.

Clear surface of debris. Apply and cure tack coat before placing the mixture. Apply a tack coat on all curbs, gutters, manholes, or other structure surfaces the mixture will contact.

I.Tack Coat.

1.Dry and broom -clean surface ahead of tack coat application.

2.Use a distributor designed, equipped, calibrated, maintained, and operated to apply material

uniformly on surfaces with varying widths and up to 15 -feet wide. Provide a distributor capable of maintaining a uniform distributing pressure and controlling the application rate. D istributor is BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SECTION 401 133 to be equipped with a tachometer, pressure gauges, accurate volume -measuring devices or a calibrated tank, a thermometer for measuring temperatures of tank contents, a power -operated pump, and full circulation spray bars with lateral and vertical adjustmen ts. Provide nozzles according to the manufacturer’s recommendations for the material selected for application. Use hand -spraying equipment for small areas or locations with irregular shapes . Maintain distribution equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Store distributor tank cleaning records inside the distributor cabin and make records available to the Department upon request of the engineer.

3.Apply tack coat in advance of paving operation at a uniform coverage in accordance with the

application rate shown in Table 401 .3-2. Apply at a temperature in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

4.Do not permit activity on the tack surface until the material has set per the manufacturer’s

recommendations, but no farther than needed for the current day’s operation. Temperature, humidity, and dampness will affect the breaking and setting of all emu lsions.

5.The engineer may test the application rate and residual application rate in accordance with

ASTM D2995. Table 401 .3-2. Tack Coat Application Rates Surface Type Residual Rate (gallons per sy) Application Rate, (gallons per sy) New Asphalt 0.03 - 0.05 0.05 – 0.08 Existing (aged) Asphalt 0.05 - 0.07 0.08 – 0.11 Milled Surface (asphalt and PCC) 0.06 – 0.08 0.09 – 0.12 PCC 0.04 – 0.07 0.06 – 0.11

J.Placement.

1.Place the mixture in a continuous operation using an approved paver. The Department will not

allow stopping the paver to adjust the attachment described in Section 401.3.E.2. at crossroads, driveways, or obstructions.

2.Ensure that the outside edges of pavement are in true alignment parallel to the roadway

centerline with the longitudinal joint in the surface course at the lane line. Plan placement of the surface course to ensure that the longitudinal joints in the sur face course are parallel to the lane lines and not in the wheel path of vehicles using the roadway. Conduct surface course paving operations to utilize the full lane width unless directed by the engineer. Make longitudinal joints parallel to the centerline unless otherwise specified in the contract. Place a longitudinal joint between the travel way and shoulder on the shoulder side with a 6 -inch offset of the lane line. Establish and follow reference lines or other approved markings to control the true alignment of the longitudinal joints.

3.When paving multiple lifts or courses, offset individual successive lifts a minimum of 6 -inches.

4.Place tack in the following locations:

a.On the face of all vertical joints

b.Between the base course and wearing course.

c.Between subsequent bases courses.

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SECTION 401 134 d. If the subsequent base course is placed within 24 -hours of the preceding course and the preceding course has not be subjected to traffic or precipitation , tack may be omitted.

5.If the contractor cannot complete spreading and compacting a full truck load of mixture by

sunset, do not unload the truck unless the engineer has granted approval for nighttime paving.

K.Compaction.

Compact the bituminous pavement mixture after spreading, striking off, and correcting surface irregularities.

L.Compaction Testing.

1.Perform quality control of pavement compaction by testing in -place pavement density. The

contractor is limited to taking a single core on the first day of paving or after the change of a JMF for gauge calibration. Repair core holes in accordance with 40 1699 - Quality Control/Quality Assurance of Bituminous Concrete.

2.The engineer will perform quality assurance testing, evaluate material production, and evaluate

compaction quality in accordance with 401699 - Quality Control/Quality Assurance of Bituminous Concrete.

M.Joints.

Construct joints to meet surface and compaction requirements. Tack all vertical contact surfaces before placing new mixture against the surface . Except for joints created from newly placed adjacent passes, seal all new pavement joints that do not call for an overlay . Seal all joint openings . Submit the joint sealant material appropriate for the dimension off the opening for approval. For joint openings exceeding 1/4 -inch width, the engineer may require corrective action . For butt joints, construct in accordance with Section 762.

N.Wearing Surface.

The maximum allowable longitudinal or transverse deviation is 1/4 -inch in 10 -feet. Provide a 10 - foot straight edge for testing.

401.4Method of Measurement.

A.The quantity of bituminous pavement materials will be measured as the actual number of tons

placed and accepted. The weight will be calculated in accordance with Section 109.1.

B.The Department will not measure the safety edge.

401.5Basis of Payment.

A.The Department will pay for the accepted quantity of bituminous pavement materials at the

contract unit price per ton. Payment constitutes full compensation for:

1.Preparing the surface;

2.providing, preparing, and placing all materials, including tack coat, and safety edge;

3.removing material from around manholes, drainage valves, and similar features;

4.removing and replacing excess asphalt cement; and

5.constructing the safety edge.

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SECTION 401 135 B. The Department will pay for Superpave Type B, placed instead of Superpave Type BCBC, at the contract unit price for Superpave Type BCBC. The Department will make the asphalt cement cost adjustment based on the virgin asphalt of the Superpave Type B.

C.The Department will apply any incentive or disincentive pay adjustments as established by special

provision 401699.

D.The Department will withhold the final 5 percent payment for the final riding surface until the

rideability submission is made as established by special provision 401580 .

E.The Department will not pay for corrective action as directed by the engineer for joint openings

exceeding 1/4 -inch width. ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT 401005 SUPERPAVE, TYPE C, 9.5 mm, PG 64 -22 (CARBONATE STONE) TON 401006 SUPERPAVE, TYPE C, 9.5 mm, PG 70 -22 (CARBONATE STONE) TON 401007 SUPERPAVE, TYPE C, 9.5 mm, PG 76 -22 (CARBONATE STONE) TON 401014 SUPERPAVE, TYPE B, PG 64 -22 TON 401015 SUPERPAVE, TYPE B, PG 70 -22 TON 401016 SUPERPAVE, TYPE B, PG 76 -22 TON 401021 SUPERPAVE, TYPE BCBC, PG 64 -22 TON 401029 SUPERPAVE TYPE C, 9.5 mm, PG 64 -22, PATCHING TON 401030 SUPERPAVE TYPE B, PG 64 -22, PATCHING TON 401031 SUPERPAVE TYPE BCBC, PG 64 -22, PATCHING TON 401036 SUPERPAVE TYPE C, 9.5 mm, PG 64 -22, WEDGE TON 401037 SUPERPAVE TYPE B, PG 64 -22, WEDGE TON 401044 SUPERPAVE TYPE C, 9.5 mm, PG 64 -22 (NON -CARBONATE STONE) TON 401045 SUPERPAVE TYPE C, 9.5 mm, PG 70 -22 (NON -CARBONATE STONE) TON 401046 SUPERPAVE TYPE C, 9.5 mm, PG 76 -22 (NON -CARBONATE STONE) TON 401047 SUPERPAVE TYPE C, 12.5 mm, PG 76 -22 (NON -CARBONATE STONE) TON 401053 SUPERPAVE TYPE C , 4.75 mm (THIN LIFT) , PG 64-22, TON 401054 SUPERPAVE TYPE C , 4.75 mm (THIN LIFT) , PG 70 -22, TON 401055 SUPERPAVE TYPE C , 4.75 mm (THIN LIFT) , PG 76 -22, TON

Source: Delaware Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2025 Edition. Pages 141–145 of 779.

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301 — GRADED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE ................................ ................................ .......... 128

500 — RIGID PAVEMENT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 139