414.02 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
413.04 Construction Methods
Machine -cut or rout the rumble strips after completing the pavement surface. Produce rumble strips with the spacing, length, depth, and rumble section shown on the Plans. Use a single pass of a multi -cutter machine or multiple passes of a single -cutter machine to construct the grooves. Remove millings and debris before opening the roadway surface to traffic. Apply fog seal to the rumble strips cut in ASPHALT pavement in accordance with Section 407, “Fog Seal and Tack Coat.”
413.05 Method of Measurement — Vacant
413.06 Basis of Payment
The Department will pay for each pay item at the contract unit price per the specified pay unit as follows: Pay Item: Pay Unit:
A.RUMBLE STRIP -METHOD HMA -CON Linear Foot [Meter]
B.RUMBLE STRIP -METHOD HMA -CYC Linear Foot [Meter]
C.RUMBLE STRIP -METHOD PCC -CYC Linear Foot [Meter]
D.RUMBLE STRIP -METHOD PCC -CON Linear Foot [Meter] Include the cost of the fog seal on rumble strips in hot mix asphalt pavement in the contract unit price for Rumble Strip Method HMA -CON or Rumble Strip Method HMA -CYC.
414.01 Description
This work consists of constructing the following types of portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement on a prepared base: Plain jointed (doweled or undoweled), Continuously reinforced, Bonded overlay (over existing PCC or asphalt pavements), and Unbonded overlay (over existing PCC or asphalt pavements).
414.02 Materials
Provide materials in accordance with the following sections and subsections: Materials: Section or Subsection: Portland Cement Concrete 701 PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.03 Materials: Section or Subsection: Fly Ash 702.01 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag 702.02 Steel Reinforcement, Dowel Bars & Tie Bars 702.03 Provide bent tie bars in accordance with AASHTO M 31/M 31M, “Deformed Billet -Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” Grade 40. Obtain written approval from the Department if using reclaimed PCC materials. The Department will allow the use of reclaimed PCC materials only on temporary pavement. Provide the materials in accordance with Section 701, “Portland Cement Concrete.”
414.03 Equipment
Ensure the equipment is at the job site before construction begins.
A.Plants and Equipmen t Ensure the batching plant includes bins, weighing hoppers, and scales for each size of fine and coarse aggregate. If using cement in bulk, include a bin, hopper, and separate scale for cement. Seal and vent the weighing hoppers to prevent dusting. Ens ure gauges and dials function properly. Give the Department documented evidence that the batching plant produces quality concrete. Ensure the mixing plant is in accordance with AASHTO M 157, “Concrete Uniformity Requirements.” Regularly clean the mixers. Repair or replace the pickup and throw -over blades that are worn one - sixth or more of the original blade width. Provide the manufacturer’s design or permanent marks on the blades to show the blade’s dimensions and configurations in reference to original height and depth. The Department recommends drilling holes with a diameter of ¼ in [6 mm] near the ends and midpoint of each blade as reference points. Vent storage silos for cementitious materials during filling or use. If using a pressurized air system for discharge, ensure that it has moisture traps to reduce caking of materials during storage. The Department will inspect the plants every six months or after every move. Provide certification of scales every six months or after every move, unless otherwise directed by the Resident Engineer.
B.Placing and Finishing Equipment Provide a slip form paver or fixed form method to spread, strike -off, and finish concrete, unless otherwise approved by the Resident Engineer.
1.Slip Form Paver Provide a sli p form paver to spread, consolidate, screed, and float -finish the concrete in one pass of the machine, to minimize hand -finishing. Provide a machine that uses vibrating tubes or arms working in the concrete or with a vibrating screed or pan operating on t he surface. Ensure the machine vibrates for the full width and depth of the pavement.
414.03 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Provide vibrating machines with following frequency ratings: Table 414:1 Vibrator Frequencies Vibrator type Minimum frequency rating, Impulses/min Surface Vibrators 3,500 Internal Type Tube Vibrators 5,000 Spud Vibrators 7,000 Spud Type Internal Vibrators 3,500 Ensure the spud vibrators do not come into contact with the joint, load transfer devices, subgrade, or side forms. Prevent sliding forms from spreading using a rigid, lateral connection.
2.Fixed Form Method
a.Finishing Machine Provide a finishing machine equipped with at least two oscillating -type transverse screeds for finishing the surface to the tolerances required by the Contract. Provide surface pan-type vibrators for pavement thicknesses no greater than 8 in [200 mm] or internal -type vibrators with immersed tubes or multiple spuds to consolidate the full width and depth of the pavement. Attach vibrators to the spreader or the finishing machine, or mount them on a separate carriage. Ensure the frequency ratings are in accordance with Table 414:1, "Vibrator Frequencies." Ensure the vibrators do not come into contact with the joint, load transfer devices, subgrade, or side forms.
b.Vibrating or Rotary Strike -Off Screeds Provide forms and vibrating or rotary strike -off screeds to construct radii, inlet basins, gore areas, lane tapers, intersection quadrants, and areas inaccessible to mainline paving equipment. The Re sident Engineer will not allow segregation or grout buildup. To achieve thorough consolidation and uniformity of the pavement, ensure the spud -type hand operated vibrators have a frequency rating of at least 3,500 impulses per minute.
3.Texturing Equipm ent
a.Burlap Drag Provide fabric texturing equipment that consists of a drag of seamless strips of burlap or cotton that produces a uniform, gritty texture. Ensure a strip of fabric with a width of at least 3 ft [1 m] is in contact with the full width o f the pavement during texturing. Ensure the drag consists of at least two layers of fabric. Ensure the bottom layer of fabric is 6 in [150 mm] wider than the top. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.03
b.Transverse Finish Provide a texturing machine that is a vibrating roller or a comb, equ ipped with steel tines. Ensure the machine is self -propelled and automatically lifts the roller or tine comb bar near the edge of the pavement. The Resident Engineer will allow hand -texturing in areas inaccessible to mechanical equipment.
c.Longitudinal Tining When longitudinally tining concrete pavement, use a mechanically operated tining machine with a single row of metal tines that covers the full width in a single pass at a uniform speed and depth. Provide a tining machine with automatic horizontal and vertical controls to ensure straight and uniform grooves. Ensure the tines produced meet the dimensional requirements of 414.04.I.(6)(a).
C.Concrete Saw Provide a concrete saw that is conventional wet cut type or ear ly entry dry cut type. Provide at least one standby saw. Maintain an ample supply of saw blades at the work site during sawing operations. Provide artificial lighting for night sawing.
D.Forms Provide metal straight -side forms with thicknesses of at le ast 7/32 in [5 mm] and lengths of at least 10 ft [3 m]. Construct forms to a depth equal to the concrete thickness shown on the Plans, and capable of supporting equipment operating on the forms. Use flexible or curved forms with devices for secure setting s capable of withstanding equipment impact and vibration for curves with a radius of 100 ft [30 m] or less. Ensure the flange braces extend out on the base at least two -thirds of the form height. Remove damaged forms, and use repaired forms that the Resid ent Engineer has inspected and approved. Ensure the top face of the form varies no more than ⅛ in in 10 ft [3 mm in 3 m] from a true plane, and alignment varies no more than ¼ in in 10 ft [6 mm in 3 m]. Clean the forms of concrete, grout, and other mater ials. Before use, cover the forms with a form -release agent.
E.Header Boards Set header boards, cut to the cross section of the paving slab, parallel to the transverse joint if stopping paving operations and header boards are used. Design the boards to ensure accurate installation of dowels or tie bars as shown on the Plans.
F.Floats Provide mechanical or hand operated floats to smooth the concrete after strike -off and consolidation. Ensure the trowel blade of hand -operated floats are rigid, straighted ge, from 12 ft to 18 ft [3.6 m to 5.4 m] long, and 8 in to 12 in [200 mm to 300 mm] wide. Ensure the float is capable of working longitudinally or transversely. A finishing machine with the float pan type finisher may be used instead of a mechanical or hand-operated float if this method obtains the surface tolerances required by the Contract.
414.04 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
G.Hand Tools Provide work bridges, 10 ft [3 m] straightedges, and other hand tools to complete the pavement as required by the Contract. Replace warped floats or st raightedges and defective finishing tools.
H.Spraying Equipment Provide fully atomizing equipment to apply the white -pigmented curing membrane. Ensure it is equipped with a tank agitator that will keep the compound mixed. Ensure the Resident Engineer ca n verify the application rate based on tank capacity. Use pressure tank hand sprayers to apply the curing membrane to vertical surfaces, irregular areas, or edges after form removal.
I.Joint Sealing Equipment Provide joint sealing equipment in accordance with Subsection 415.03, “Equipment.”
J.Milling Machine Provide a milling machine in accordance with Subsection 412.03, “Equipment.”
K.Shot Blasting Equipment Provide shot blasting equipment capable of collecting used shot and waste material. The Department will allow the use of recycled shot. Dispose of materials removed in the cleaning operation in accordance with Subsection 104.09, "Removal and Disposal of Salvaged Materials, Structures, and Obstructions."
414.04 Construction Methods
A.Preparation of Existing Surface or Grade
1.General Trim the grade to the elevation shown on the Plans after gra ding and compacting the roadbed . Extend the work at least 3 ft [0.9 m] beyond the edges of the concrete pavement. Ensure that subgrades and bases are in accordance with Subsection 301.04.A, “Tolerances.” Ensure that asphalt base, bond breaker, and leveling course are in accordance with Subsection 401.04.A, “Tolerances.” Ensure the milled surfaces are in accordance with Section 412, “Cold -Milling Pavement.” Correct the alignment and grade elevations of the forms and string lines immediately before placing the concrete. Reset and check disturbed forms or string lines. Fill low areas with concrete during paving operations, not with material trimmed from bases or subgrades. Keep the grade smooth and compacted until pavement placement. Ensure the subgrade or base is uniformly moist when placing the concrete unless waterproof subgrade or base course cover material is required by the Contract.
2.Unbonded Concrete Overlays Construct the bond breaker as specified in the Plans. When asphalt is specified, construct the base or leveling course in accordance with Section 411, “Hot Mix Asphalt / Warm Mix Asphalt.” PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.04 Clean th e pavement surface before placing the asphalt. If required by the Contract, mill the surface before concrete placement in accordance with Section 412, “Cold -Milling Pavement.” After milling, tight blade the surface to remove ri dges and loose material. Evenly distribute any remaining fine particles. Notify the Resident Engineer if milling operations expose underlying concrete pavement. Spray exposed concrete with tack coat and cover with separator fabric.
3.Bonded Concrete Overlays
a.Bonded Overlays on Concrete Pavement Remove medium and high severity pavement cracking before surface preparation and placement of the PCC overlay and replace as indicated. High severity pavement cracks are defined as shattered slabs, D -cracks into the wheel paths, broken slab corners into wheel paths, and cracks wider than ½ in [13 mm] that are faulting, spalled or scaled. Determine pavement -patching limits as approved by the Resident Engineer.
1.Surface Preparation Prepare the entire surf ace to be overlayed by thoroughly cleaning the surface by milling and then shotblasting, or just shotblasting. The Department will not allow the use of water to clean the cold -milled debris from the surface as slurry may develop and weaken the bond betwee n the overlay and the surface. Remove all dirt, oil, laitance, or loose material from the surface and edges. Remove excess joint sealant on the surface; leave joint sealant in the joint slot. Remove pavement markings, raised pavement markers, and adhesi ves. Dispose of materials removed in the cleaning operation in accordance with Subsection 104.09, "Removal and Disposal of Salvaged Materials, Structures, and Obstructions. "
2.Surface Cleaning Clean the entire surface with an oil -free, compressed air blast before applying the overlay to the surface. The Department will allow the use of water for final cleaning only after the shotblasting operation, as approved by the Resident Engineer. Remove all freestanding water b efore placing concrete. After cleaning, the Department will only allow the paving machine and the concrete delivery trucks to use the cleaned surface. Ensure the concrete trucks drive on the prepared surface directly in front of the paving machine. Prev ent contamination of the cleaned pavement surface before placing the overlay. If the concrete becomes contaminated during concrete placement, stop production until the contamination is removed. Do not contaminate the cleaned surface with oil, grease, wate r, mud, or other foreign objects from a concrete truck. Remove the truck from the cleaned surface, remove the contaminants, and ensure the truck is clean and repaired before returning to the project.
3.Joint Identification Identify the exact location of b oth sides of contraction, expansion, and longitudinal joints in the existing pavement for sawing locations.
414.04 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
b.Bonded Overlays on Asphalt Pavement Prepare the surface to be overlaid by cleaning and milling. Remove dirt, oil, laitance, and loose material from the surface and edges. Remove pavement markings, raised pavement markers, and adhesives. Dispose of materials removed in the cleaning operati on in accordance with Subsection 104.09, "Removal and Disposal of Salvaged Materials, Structures, and Obstructions."
B.Handling, Measuring, and Batching Materials Ensure the batch plant and hauling equipment continuous ly supply material to the work site. Deliver fine and coarse aggregate to the plant in advance to allow time for sampling and testing. Ensure the concrete plant contains enough material for a full day of paving operations. Deliver and stockpile material s in accordance with Subsection 106.08, “Storage and Handling of Materials.” Measure and batch materials for concrete in accordance with AASHTO M 157, unless otherwise required by the Contract. Weigh different aggregat e sizes in separate hoppers. Measure the cementitious material by weight. Use separate scales and hoppers with devices that indicate the complete discharge of the batch. Use an electronically -controlled automatic batch weight and printer system that indi cates the net batch weight of material delivered to the transporting truck. Ensure the weights are printed on a ticket that includes the quantities of admixtures and the volume of water incorporated into the load. Ensure the system is calibrated, inspect ed, and certified in accordance with Subsection 109.01.A, “Measurement of Quantities, General.” Ensure the combined weights of the materials, when converted to a volume, are within 2 percent of the volume on the tick et, minus the target air content.
C.Mixing Concrete Mix and deliver concrete in accordance with AASHTO M 157, unless otherwise required by the Contract. Mix the concrete at the work site, in a central -mix plant, or in truck mixers. Obtain the Resident E ngineer’s approval for the type of truck mixer. Do not exceed the manufacturer recommended capacity. Place the mixed concrete no more than 1 hr after the water, cement, and aggregate are combined. Mix the concrete from 45 seconds to 90 seconds if at the work site or a central mixing plant. Mixing time ends when the discharge chute opens. For multiple drum mixers, include the transfer time as part of the mixing time. Remove the contents of the mixer drum before starting the next batch. Control the mixer 's drum speed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. The Resident Engineer may allow 10 percent overload of the mixer if the concrete does not spill and the concrete test data are satisfactory. Ensure that a portion of the mixing water ent ers the drum before the cement and aggregates. Keep a uniform flow of water, and ensure that all water is in the drum within the first 15 seconds of the mixing. Keep the throat of the drum free from accumulations that restrict the flow of materials. Adju st water to improve workability if transit mixers or agitators deliver the PCC. Increase mixing by 30 revolutions when adding water, and maintain the water to cementitious material ratio. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.04
D.Light and Weather Limitations Mix, place, and finish concrete wh en there is enough natural light, unless using artificial lighting approved by the Resident Engineer.
1.Concrete Temperature Ensure the temperature of the mixed concrete is from 50 °F to 90 °F [10 °C to 32 °C] during mixing, delivery, and placement. Pro tect the concrete quality through all weather conditions.
2.Base Surface or Foundation Course Temperature Place the concrete when the base temperature is below 110°F [43°C] when placing an unbonded overlay. Reduce the temperature by spraying a fine wate r fog on the base. Ensure water does not pond in front of the plastic concrete. For waterproof bases, the Department will also allow the following temperature control measures: Apply white curing compound, or Apply lime slurry. Do not place concrete if f rost exists in the base. Place concrete when the base temperature is below 110°F [43°C] if using bonded overlays. Cease paving operations if the base temperature exceeds 110°F [43°C]; do not attempt to reduce the base temperature because water and other a gents prevent proper concrete bonding.
E.Setting Forms If using formed paving equipment, set the forms to line and grade by shimming, or other methods approved by the Resident Engineer. Correct variations in the foundation course that prevent placing forms to the line or grade shown on the Plans. Stake forms in place with at least three pins per 10 ft [3 m] section. Place a pin at each side of the joints. Tightly lock form sections, and ensure that there is no movement. Ensure the forms do not deviate from true line by more than ¼ in [6 mm]. The Resident Engineer will not approve forms that move under the finishing machine. Clean and oil forms before placing the concrete.
F.Placing Concrete
1.General Minimize rehandling when placing concrete on the grade. Discharge concrete into a spreading device and mechanically spread onto the grade to prevent segregation. Use truck mixers, truck agitators, or non -agitating hauling equipment capable of discharging concrete without segregation. Between trans verse joints, place the concrete continuously without using intermediate bulkheads. Hand spread concrete with appropriate tools; do not use handheld vibrators to spread concrete. Ensure soil or foreign materials are not tracked onto the recently placed c oncrete. Ensure concrete cures for at least 3 days before allowing finishing equipment on it for placement of adjacent lanes. Before allowing other equipment onto the pavement, ensure that the concrete attains a strength in accordance with Subsection 414.04.N, “Opening to Traffic.”
414.04 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Ensure continuous forward movement if using a slip -form paver. Coordinate mixing, delivering, and spreading operations to provide uniform progress, minimizing stopping and starting. Stop vibratory and tamping elements if the forward movement of the paver stops. Consolidate concrete against the grade, face of the forms, and joint assemblies. Minimize the operation of vibrators in a single location to that required for consolidation. Deposi t concrete near expansion and contraction joints without displacing the joint assemblies. Remove foreign materials that fall onto the completed slab as approved by the Resident Engineer. Do not place concrete without an inspector present, unless otherwise approved by the Resident Engineer.
2.Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) Use a standard, white, wax -based curing compound on the asphalt at the rate of 1 gal per 150 ft² [1 L per 3.7 m²] to disrupt the bond between the asphalt and the CRCP. Allow the bond breaker to dry before placing the reinforcing steel bars.
a.Preparation of Steel Reinforcement Remove dirt, oil, paint, grease, mill scale, and loose or thick rust from the reinforcing steel. The Department does not consider minor, thin, powdery rust that does not reduce the effective cross section to be detrimental.
b.Placement of Reinforcement for Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Place reinforcement on chairs or high chair bars. Ensure the horizontal position is within ½ in [12 mm] of the longitudinal dimensions and within 2 in [50 mm] of the transverse dimensions shown on the Plans. Place the quantity of longitudinal and transverse members as shown on the Plans. Ensure the vertical position is within ½ in [12 mm] of the lo ngitudinal and transverse dimensions shown on the Plans. Handle the reinforcement so that the bars remain flat and undistorted during concrete placement. Ensure the bars are free from kinks or bends that prevent assembly or installation. If using forms, oil before placing reinforcement. Install the chairs or high chair bars to support reinforcement as shown on the Plans. Arrange the chairs to ensure the reinforcement is not permanently displaced during placement and consolidation. Ensure the base suppo rts the chairs, and prevents overturning and penetration into the base. Space high chair bars adjacent to other transverse members to allow for proper concrete placement; especially important at reinforcement laps. Do not weld chairs to transverse bars. Provide the Resident Engineer with a sample of the chair or high chair bar if requested. Show the chairs and layout on the Working Drawings. If the chairs do not support the reinforcement during concrete placement and finishing, take corrective action to e nsure the final position of the steel as required by the Contract. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.04 If the reinforcement consists of loose bars constructed on the grade, secure the longitudinal bars to the transverse bars using wire ties or clips to maintain the horizontal and vertical positions as indicated .
c.Lap Splices in Reinforcing Steel Lap the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a staggered pattern as shown on the Plans. Secure laps in the longitudinal reinforcement by tying, fastening with clips, or otherwise securely fastening to ensure continuous reinforcement.
3.Unbonded Concrete Overlays Place concrete on the grade to the minimum thickness shown on the Plans. The Department will only allow deviations for profile adjustments, cross -section adjustments, or both to be above the nominal thickness. When adjustments are necessary for grade or yield improvement, the thickness shall not, in any case, be less than the minimum thickness shown on the Plans.
G.Test Specimens Provide concrete necessary for acceptance testing.
H.Joints Construct joints perpendicular to the surface of the slab of the type, dimensions, and locations shown on the Plans. Align the joints using guidelines or devices approved by the Resident Engineer. Ensure the sawed joints are straight and true to line; rep air joints that are not. Seal the sawed joints in accordance with Subsection 415.04, “Construction Methods.”
1.Longitudinal Joints Saw and seal longitudinal contraction joints . Do not construct joints by any other method. Place deformed steel tie bars of a length, size, spacing, and material as indicated, perpendicular to the longitudinal joint. Place tie bars using mechanical equipment after concrete placement, or secure tie ba rs using supports to prevent displacement during concrete placement. Repair or replace loose bars at no additional cost to the Department. The Department will not allow bars to be painted, coated, or enclosed in tubes or sleeves. Saw the longitudinal con traction joint to the depth shown on the Plans, without damaging the pavement or joint. Clean the sawed areas of dust, chalk, and contaminants and fill with an approved joint -sealing material. Allow the joint sealant to cure before allowing construction e quipment and other vehicles on the pavement. Adjacent surfaces should not vary by more than ⅛ in [3 mm] using a 10 ft [3 m] straightedge.
2.Transverse Joints
a.Expansion or Isolation Joint Make the expansion joint filler continuous from form to form. Shape it along the form from the base to the keyway. Provide lengths of joint filler equal to the width of the pavement, or the width of one lane.
414.04 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Use joint filler that is not damaged or repaired. Punch pre -molded joint filler to the diameter of the dowe ls. Unless otherwise directed by the Resident Engineer, use lengths equal to the width of the pavement. If placing two or more traffic lanes of pavement, use pre -molded filler in sections equal to the width of one lane. Clip or lace joint filler section s together if there is more than one section per joint. Extend the bottom edge of the filler to below the bottom of the slab. Unless otherwise required by the Contract, ensure the top edge is 1 in [25 mm] below the surface of the pavement. While the concrete is being placed, protect the top of the filler using a metal channel cap of at least 10-gauge material, with flanges at least 1½ in [38 mm] deep. Withdraw the installing bar after striking off and placing the concrete on both sides of the joint, and leave the pre -molded filler in place. Before removing the installing bar and channel cap, vibrate the concrete and incorporate additional, freshly mixed concrete into depressions left by the installing bar. Expose the filler for the full width of the sl ab. Clean and re -oil the installing bar before installing the next joint. After removing the side forms, open the ends of the transverse joints at the edges of the pavement for the depth of the slab. Before opening the pavement to traffic, seal or top o ut pre -molded joints with joint -sealing filler required by the Contract. Leave a uniform strip of joint -sealing filler slightly below the surface of the pavement. Use steel templates or other joint -forming dividers to construct concrete curbing joints tha t cannot be sawed, and install them at the location s indicated during concrete placement.
b.Contraction Joints Form transverse contraction joints by sawing to the depth as indicated without damaging the pavement or joint. Saw succeeding joints consecuti vely from the beginning to the end of the day’s run, and saw all transverse joints soon enough to prevent uncontrolled transverse cracking. Clean and dry the sawed area. Keep it free from dust, chalk, contaminants, and spalling. Fill the sawed area with joint sealing material. Ensure the curing period for joints is complete before allowing construction equipment and vehicles on the pavement.
c.Transverse Construction Joints for Jointed Pavement Construct transverse construction joints when concrete ope rations are interrupted for more than 30 min, or as field conditions require during concrete operations. Ensure transverse construction joints are not constructed within 10 ft [3 m] of expansion or contraction joints. If, at the time of interruption, not enough concrete has been placed to form a slab at least 10 ft [3 m] long, remove the concrete to the preceding joint and dispose of in accordance with Subsection 104.09, "Removal and Disposal of Salvaged Materials, Str uctures, and Obstructions." Provide a rigid header with holes or slots for dowel bars with the same spacing and dimensions of an expansion joint. Submit alternative header construction methods to the Resident Engineer for approval. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.04
d.Transverse Construc tion Joints for Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Install a transverse construction joint at the end of each work day or when paving operations are interrupted for more than 30 min, or as field conditions require during concrete operations. Form t he joint by placing the concrete against a header board. Extend the longitudinal reinforcing steel through the header board and support from the base to prevent deflections. Cover the reinforcement that extends beyond the header board with sheets of plywo od or other material so that workers can walk on the steel without displacing it and concrete does not spill on the base during screeding operations. Make construction joints and lap splices as shown on the Plans. Use hand vibrators to consolidate pavement areas adjacent to the sides of transverse construction joints and refinish the surface. Extend these areas at least 10 ft [3 m] from the joint. Ensure the adjacent surfaces do not vary by more than ⅛ in [3 mm] using a 10 ft [3 m] straightedge.
3.Light weight Early -Entry Saw Joints The Department will allow the construction of transverse joints using a lightweight, early -entry saw. Ensure the blade is ⅛ in [3 mm] thick and the sawed joint is at least 1½ in [38 mm] deep. Saw joints in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation. Begin sawing the joint when the concrete is hard enough to cut without raveling, chipping, spalling, or tearing. The Resident Engineer will inspect the sawed faces to ensure that early cutting does not cause joint under cutting. Delay sawing if undercutting is deep enough to cause structural weakness or excessive joint roughness. Saw the joints consecutively at the spacing required by the Contract. Immediately after sawing, clean the cut and adjacent concrete surface. Re-spray damaged membrane -cured surfaces. Inspect the lightweight early -entry saw joints the next day. If a crack is not evident within 24 hr, re -saw the joint to a depth of T/3. Clean and seal joints in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendatio ns, unless otherwise required by the Contract. Saw joints directly over existing transverse and longitudinal joints for bonded concrete overlays, and using the following methods: Overlay sections equal to or less than 4 in [100 mm] thick; saw the joints ½ in [12 mm] deeper than the overlay concrete; and Overlay sections thicker than 4 in [100 mm]; saw joints to a depth of T/3. Saw the joints without causing excessive raveling, chipping, spalling, or tearing. Clean and seal joints in accordance with the man ufacturer's recommendations, unless otherwise required by the Contract.
4.Load Transfer Devices The placement method of load transfer devices is optional. Hold or mechanically place load transfer devices as shown on the Plans. Place dowels parallel to the surface and centerline of the slab and vary no more than ⅜ in [9 mm] from the position shown on the Plans. Cap expansion joint
414.04 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
dowels as shown on the Plans. Check the placement of mechanically injected dowel bars using a SOILTEST Model CT-4950A Micro -Covermeter, or an approved equivalent.
I.Final Strike off, Consolidation, and Finishing
1.General Perform strike off, consolidation, and finishing in the following sequence: Strike off and consolidate, Float and remove laitance, Straightedge, and Finis h the final surface. Do not apply water to the concrete surface to assist in finishing operations, unless the Resident Engineer approves otherwise. If the application of water is approved, apply as a fog spray using approved spray equipment.
2.Finishing at Joints Compact the concrete adjacent to the joints using mechanical vibrators to prevent voids between the concrete and the joint material, load transfer devices, and joint assembly units.
3.Slip-Form Paving Use the slip -form paver to strike -off, con solidate, and initially finish the concrete. At the beginning of the day’s paving operation, straightedge the construction joint and the initial slab longitudinally and transversely until the machine produces slab smoothness in accordance with Subsection 401.04.A, “Tolerances.” Ensure the edge of the pavement slab meets the elevations as indicated, and test using a 10 ft [3 m] straightedge perpendicular to the centerline of the roadway. Ensure the outer 6 in [150 mm] of the pavement does not deviate more than ¼ in [6 mm] from the bottom of the straightedge. Test for compliance throughout the paving operation. Correct valleys or depressions that do not drain, at no additional cost to the Department. Limit hand -finishi ng to correction of surface defects.
4.Fixed -Form Paving
a.Machine Finishing Strike -off and screed freshly placed concrete using a finishing machine. Ensure the machine consolidates the pavement and creates a uniform texture. Keep the tops of the forms clean. To prevent an irregular finish, ensure the machine travels on the forms without lifting, wobbling, or moving unnecessarily. Maintain a uniform ridge of concrete in front of the screed during the first pass of the finishing machine. Use a vib rator in accordance with Subsection 414.03.B, “Placing and Finishing Equipment,” to vibrate the full width of concrete paving slabs. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.04
b.Hand Finishing The Resident Engineer will allow hand -finishing methods under the following conditions: If the paving equipment breaks down, the concrete deposited on grade and in transit; and In narrow or irregular areas. Hand finish in accordance with Subsection 401.04.A, “Tolerances.” Use a por table screed to strike -off the freshly placed concrete. Use a screed at least 2 ft [0.6 m] longer than the maximum width of the slab. Use a vibrator or other equipment to consolidate the freshly placed concrete. Move the screed on the forms , in the same direction as the paving operation , with combination of longitudinal and transverse shearing motions. Ensure the ends of the screed do not rise from the side forms during strike -off. Repeat this process to produce a uniform surface and textur e, free of porous areas.
c.Floating Use a float to smooth and true the concrete after consolidating and striking -off the concrete. Use long -handled floats to smooth and fill -in porous areas. Maintain the crown in the pavement. After floating, remove ex cess water and laitance with a straightedge. Lap successive passes one -half the length of the float blade.
5.Straightedge Testing and Surface Correction Use a 10 ft [3 m] straightedge to test the smoothness of the concrete surface while the concrete is still plastic and after floating and removing excess water. Hold the straightedge against the surface parallel to the road centerline. Advance the straightedge in successive stages of no more than one -half the length of the straightedge. Fill depression s with freshly mixed concrete, then strike -off, consolidate, and refinish. Cut and refinish high areas. Ensure that the adjacent surfaces across joints are smooth. Continue straightedge testing and surface corrections until the entire surface conforms t o the grade and typical section shown on the Plans.
6.Texturing Use a texture drag before the pavement final finish to produce a uniform surface of gritty texture on the entire pavement surface. For pavement at least 16 ft [4.8 m] wide, mount the drag on a bridge. Clean the drag of encrusted mortar; Replace permanently encrusted drags with new ones.
a.Final Groove Finish Mechanically groove and texture the driving lanes and ramps in a transverse direction when dragging is complete , as approved by the Resident Engineer. Unless otherwise required by the Contract, the Department will not require transverse grooves on shoulders.
414.04 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Tine the surface as specified herein, on any roads or streets with a posted speed limit of 45 mph or less or obtain written appr oval from the appropriate local official to provide an alternate finish. At least 14 days before beginning paving, submit the proposal with documentation of local support to the Resident Engineer. Written approval from the Resident Engineer replaces the need for a change order, price adjustment, or both.
1.Transverse Finish Construct transverse grooves perpendicular to the centerline of the pavement. Transverse grooving consists of creating transverse grooves from ⅛ in to 3/16 in [3 mm to 4.8 mm] wide, from ⅛ in to 3/16 in [3 mm to 4.8 mm] deep, and spaced on a rake as shown on the Plans. Repeat the grooving pattern across the pavement. Form the grooves in the plastic concrete without tearing or bringing the coarse aggregate to the surface. Ensure the machine automatically lifts the roller or tines near the edge of pavement. Ensure the overlap between grooving passes is less than 3 in [75 mm]. Use hand -groove methods in areas inaccessible to mechanical grooving equipment. Identify the location of trans verse contraction joints and ensure the nearest grooves are from 1 in to 3 in [25 mm to 75 mm] from the contraction joints before tining transverse grooves.
2.Longitudinal Finish Construct longitudinal grooves parallel to the centerline of the pavement w hen specified in the Contract . Longitudinal tining consists of creating longitudinal grooves from ⅛ in to 3/16 in [3 mm to 4.8 mm] wide, from ⅛ in to 3/16 in [3 mm to 4.8 mm] deep, and spaced from ½ in to 1 in [12 mm to 25 mm] apart. Ensure the tining op eration is done at such a time and manner that the desired surface texture is achieved while minimizing displacement of the larger aggregate particles and before the surface permanently sets. Start the grooves at least 6 in [150 mm] from the edge of the p avement. If the concrete pavement has concrete curbs, start the grooves at least 12 in [300 mm] from the face of curb. Ensure a 2 in to 3 in [50 mm to 75 mm] wide strip of pavement, centered about any intermediate longitudinal joints in the concrete pave ment surface, is protected from longitudinal surface tining for the length of the concrete pavement surface. Use hand -tining methods in small, isolated areas inaccessible to mechanical grooving equipment. Alternates to longitudinal tining may be allowed with the approval of the Engineer.
b.Edging at Forms and Joints Round the edges of the pavement along the sides of the slab to the radius as shown on the Plans after the final finish , but before the conc rete sets. Produce a well -defined and continuous radius and obtain a smooth, dense mortar finish. At the joints, broom the surface to eliminate tool marks adjacent to the joints without damaging joint edges. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.04 Test the joint smoothness before the concrete has set and make corrections in accordance with Subsection 414.04.H, "Joints."
J.Curing Cover and cure the entire surface of the newly placed concrete immediately after completing the texturing operations so marring of the concrete will not occur, in accordance with one of the following methods: Cotton or burlap mats, Impervious membrane method, White polyethylene sheeting, or Curing for cold weather. Failure to provide sufficient cover material, or lack of water to a dequately take care of both curing and other requirements, shall be cause for immediate suspension of concrete operations. The Department will not allow the concrete to be left exposed for more than 30 min between stages of curing or during the curing per iod.
1.Cotton or Burlap Mats Cover the pavement surface with mats. Use mats long enough or wide enough to extend beyond the edges of the slab by at least twice the thickness of the pavement. Saturate the mats with water. Secure the mats to keep in con tact with the surface. Ensure the mats are moist for 72 hr after concrete placement, unless otherwise required by the Contract or directed by the Resident Engineer.
2.Impervious Membrane Uniformly spray the pavement with white -pigmented curing compound in accordance with Subsection 701.07.C, “Liquid Membrane Curing Compounds” immediately after texturing operations and before the concrete sets . If the pavement is initially cured with cotton or burlap mats, apply the curing compound after removing the mats. Avoid applying the curing compound during rain. Use a mechanical sprayer, in accordance with Subsection 414.03.H, “Spraying Equipment” to apply the curing compound at a minim um rate of 1 gal per 200 ft² [1 L per 5 m²]. If the temperature on the roadway is more than 100 °F [38 °C], apply the curing compound at a minimum rate of 1 gal per 150 ft² [1 L per 3.75 m²]. Ensure the compound is thoroughly mixed and the pigment is unif ormly dispersed. The Resident Engineer will allow hand spraying irregular widths, shapes, and surfaces exposed by removed forms. Ensure the curing compound is not applied to the inside faces of joints. Ensure the curing compound creates a film that will harden within 4 hr of application. Use additional compound to repair damage to the membrane that occurs during the curing period. Apply curing compound to the sides of the slabs upon removing the side forms .
414.04 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Apply the curing compound immediately after texturing operations for bonded overlays at a minimum rate of 1 gal per 100 ft² [1 L per 2.5 m²], or as recommended by the manufacturer, to prevent moisture loss.
3.White Polyethylene Sheeting Cover the surface and sides of the pavement with polyethylene sheeting. Use sheeting long enough or wide enough to extend beyond the edges of the slab by at least twice the thickness of the pavement. Overlap adjacent sheeting units at least 18 in [450 mm]. Secure the sheeting to keep it in contact with the surfac e. Ensure the sheeting remains in place for 72 hr after concrete placement, unless otherwise required by the Contract or directed by the Resident Engineer.
4.Curing for Cold Weather Maintain the quality and strength of the concrete during cold weather. Replace frost -damaged concrete at no additional cost to the Department.
K.Removing Forms Avoid damag ing the pavement while removing forms. Cure the sides of the slab in accordance with Subsection 414.04.J(2), “Im pervious Membrane.” Repair honeycombed areas.
L.Sawing and Sealing Joints Saw and seal joints in accordance with Subsection 415.04, “Construction Methods.” Provide joints as shown on the Plans.
M.Protection of Pavem ent Protect the pavement from damage due to any traffic. If damage occurs to the pavement before the area is open to traffic, repair or replace the damaged sections at no additional cost to the Department.
N.Opening to Traffic Do not allow traffic on the pavement for at least 14 days after concrete placement, unless otherwise approved by the Resident Engineer. The Resident Engineer may approve opening the pavement to traffic when it reaches the strength requirement in accordance with Subsection 701.01, “Mix Design and Proportioning.” With the approval of the Resident Engineer, the Contractor may use maturity meters for the basis of form removal or opening roadways to traffic, at no additional cost to the Department. Submit a plan for the use of maturity meters.
O.High -Early -Strengt h Concrete Pavement Use high early -strength concrete pavement in accordance with Section 701, “Portland Cement Concrete.” Do not allow traffic on the pavement until it reaches the strength requirement in accordance with Subsection 701.01, “Mix Design and Proportioning.”
P.Protection Against Rain Protect the surface from rain. Repair or replace damage due to rain, at no additional cost to the Department. PORTL AND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.04
Q.Tolerances
1.Surface Construct a finished pavement surface as shown on the Plans and in accordance with Subsection 401.04.A(1), “Surface Elevation and Smoothness.”
2.Width Construct a finished pavement width as shown on the Plans and in accordanc e with Subsection 401.04.A(2), “Width.”
3.Thickness Determine the thickness of the pavement after grinding operations using the average of three caliper measurements of cores, tested in accordance with AASHTO T 24/T24 M. Thickness will be in accordance with Subsection 414.04.R, “Acceptance of Pavement. ”
R.Acceptance of Pavement While the Contractor shall be fully and exclusively responsible for producing an acceptable product , acceptance responsibility rests with the Engineer. Determination of acceptability and pay factors for gradation, air content, strength, and thickness will be made in accordance with Table 414:2, “Acceptance Schedule.” The pay adjustments for the characteristics will be based on the following equations:
10.(4 ACGTSCPF ) )(1 (P P C C CUPQ CUPQ CPF PA Where CPF = Combined pay factor, S = Pay factor for strength, T = Pay factor for thickness, G = Pay factor for gradation, AC = Pay factor for air content, PA = Pay adjustment, CQ = Cubic yards [cubic meters] of concrete in a 2,500 yd² [2,500 m²] lot (partial lots prorated), CCUP = Contract unit price of concrete only ($/yd³ [$/m³]), PQ = Square yards [square meters] of concrete in a 2,500 yd² [2,500 m²] lot (partial lots prorated), and PCUP = Contract unit price of concrete placement ($/yd² [$/m²]).
414.04 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
Note: CCUP and CQ include only the concrete material. PCUP and PQ include all other labor and materials required in the concrete pavement (reinforcing steel, dowels, curing compound, etc.). Pay adjustments will be based on the individual pay factors shown in Table 414:2 on a lot to lot basis. A lot will normally be defined as 2,500 yd² [2,500 m²]. To ensure the overall quality of the material and workmanship, the Resident Engineer may reduce the size of a lot when multiple concrete placements occur. If test results ar e incomplete at that time, the Resident Engineer will make an interim adjustment assuming pay factors of 1.00 for the then unknown characteristics and will correct later when testing is complete. The total adjustment in pay for the four characteristics (g radation, air content, strength, and thickness) in the Table 414:2 will be the sum of the pay adjustments on individual lots. The Department will use random samples to test concrete and will test for all control test characte ristics except smoothness on a lot to lot basis in accordance with the following requirements. Determination of acceptability and pay adjustments for smoothness, when applicable, will be covered by separate specifications. However, the Resident Engineer will reject any load of mixture that is visually unacceptable for reasons of being too wet, excessively segregated, or otherwise obviously deficient. Furthermore, the Department will extensively test sections of completed pavement that appear to be seriou sly inadequate based on visual observation or knowledge of other deficiencies. The Department will not use the results of such tests for pay adjustment purposes, but will use them to determine whether the section is totally unacceptable and must be remove d. The Resident Engineer may reject pavement slabs with unsound concrete, uncontrolled cracking, malfunctioning sawed joints, spalling, honeycombing, surface irregularities, insufficient thickness, or other deficiencies associated with poor quality paveme nts.
a.Engineer's Acceptance Procedures Once a lot has been defined, maintain its identity throughout the mixing and placement process. The Department will use pay factors, determined from random sampling and testing of a lot at the appropriate location s, in computing its pay adjustment. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT 414.04 The Engineer will use Table 414:2 for acceptance and calculating pay factors. Table 414:2 Acceptance Schedule Characteristics 1 Test Pay Factor a Gradation c - Deviation from the target (without regard to signs): Coarse or fine aggregates % passing No. 200 sieve Target Spec. Range, % 0 1 0.01 –0.60 1−0.10 x 0.61 –1.80 1.03−0.15 x >1.80 Unacceptable b Air content c - Deviation from the target (without regard to signs): Target = 6.0% 0–1.50 1 1.51 –3.00 −0.10 x²+0.29 x+0.79 >3.00 Unacceptable b Strength d – Deviation from minimum strength of target (considering signs): Target = 3,000 psi 0–1,000 psi Pay Factor=(Actual Strength/Specified Strength) >1,000 psi Unacceptable b Thickness e – Deviation from minimum (considering signs) (English): % Deficient 0–2.0 1 2.1–4.0 1.10−0.05( PD) 4.1–6.0 1.30−0.10( PD) 6.1–8.0 1.60−0.15( PD) >8.0 Unacceptable b a Where x is the Average of Deviations and PD is Percent Deficient. b Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, products testing in this range are unacceptable and shall be removed and replaced at no additional cost to the Department. c Gradation and air content – 1 specimen and 1 test for each characteristic per sublot. d Strength – 3 cylinders per lot averaged and considered as 1 test in Table 414:2. e Thickness – After grinding operations, determine the thickness of the pavement using the average of 3 cores at times and locations directed by the Engineer. To determin e the average thickness for a lot, the Department will only consider the minimum thickness plus 2 percent for core thicknesses greater than 2 percent thicker than the minimum thickness (e.g. if the minimum thickness shown on the Plans equals 10 in [250 mm] , the Department will only consider 10.2 in [255 mm] for the average thickness determination for a core thickness of 10.3 in [257.5 mm]). The Department will not include in its average thickness determination measurements that are more than 8 percent thinn er than the minimum thickness shown on the Plans, or the
414.06 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
measurements from exploratory cores. If the measurement of any core is thinner than the minimum thickness shown on the Plans by 8 percent or more, take exploratory cores at intervals of at least 10 ft [3 m], parallel to the centerline until the Department finds a core that is less than 8 percent thinner than the minimum thickness. Fill core holes with concrete as required by the Contract.
b.Unacceptable or Rejected Work Replace rejected slabs with new pavement at no additional cost to the Department. When replacing rejected slabs, remove a width of at least one lane and a length of at least 15 ft [4.5 m]. If the removal is within 15 ft [4.5 m] of any transverse joint, remove the slab to the joint. If a deficient unit does not warrant removal, as directed by the Resident Engineer, the Department will not pay for the deficient unit.
414.05 Method of Measuremen T
The Resident Engineer will measure PCC placement, of the type shown on the Plans, by the area of accepted and complete -in-place pavement. The Resident Engineer will measure the volume of PCC used for new pavement construction (except for detours and crossovers), without regard to thickness, type of cement, or type of pavement, based on the act ual length paved multiplied by the actual width and the theoretical thickness shown on the Plans. The width for measurement will be the width from outside to outside of the completed pavement. The Resident Engineer will measure the volume of PCC used for overlaying existing pavement, bonded or unbonded, using the ticket count, or other documentation approved by the Resident Engineer. The Resident Engineer will measure detours and crossovers as shown on the Plans.
414.06 Basis of Payment
The Department will pay for each pay item at the contract unit price per the specified pay unit as follows: Pay Item: Pay Unit:
A.P.C. CONCRETE PAVEMENT (PLACEMENT) Square Yard [Square Meter]
B.DOWEL JOINTED P.C.C. PAVT. (PLACEMENT) Square Yard [Square Meter]
C.CONT. REINF. P.C.C. PAVT. (PLACEMENT) Square Yard [Square Meter]
D.BONDED P.C.C. OVERLAY (PLACEMENT) Square Yard [Square Meter]
E.FULL DEPTH P.C.C. PATCH (PLACEMENT) Square Yard [Square Meter]
F.PARTL. DEPTH P.C.C. PATCH (PLACEMENT) Square Yard [S quare Meter]
G.P.C. CONCRETE FOR PAVEMENT Cubic Yard [Cubic Meter]
H.P.C. RAILROAD APPROACH SLABS Square Yard [Square Meter]
I.TERMINAL JOINT Each
J.TERMINAL JOINT SLEEPER SLAB Square Yard [Square Meter] CONCRETE JOINT SEALING 415.03 Include the cost of placing concrete pavements, including relevant labor and material (except the PCC), and the cost of reinforcing steel, load transfer devices, joint fillers, and joint sealants in the contract unit price for the relevant “Placement” pay items. The Department will not pay f or substitutions of high early -strength concrete for standard PCC. Steel, concrete, and materials needed for approach slab construction is to be included in the contract unit price for P.C. Railroad Approach Slabs . Steel, concrete, and other materials needed for joint construction is to be included in the contract unit price for Terminal Joints . Steel, concrete, and other materials needed for slab construction is to be included in the contract unit price for Terminal Joint Sleeper Slabs . The Department considers the cost of coring and filling core holes to be included in the contract unit price for the relevant portland cement concrete pavement pay items. The Department will pay adjusted prices for deficient units of pavement in accordance with Subsection 414.04.R, “Acceptance of Pavement.” SECTION 415 CONCRETE JOINT SEALING
415.01 Description
This work consists of sawing, cleaning, and sealing joints in existing portland cement concrete pavement.
415.02 Materials
Provide materials in accordance with Subsection 701.08, “Joint Fillers an d Sealer.”
415.03 Equipment
Provide the following equipment:
A.Concrete Saw Provide concrete saws capable of sawing concrete joints to the dimensions shown on the Plans.
B.High -Pressure Water Pumping System Provide high -pressure w ater pumping systems capable of flushing concrete slurry from sawed joints.
C.Sand Blasting Unit Provide compressed air sand blasting units capable of cleaning joint surfaces as specified. Ensure the units include traps to remove free water and oil from the compressed air.
Source: Oklahoma Standard Specifications for Highway Construction, 2019 Edition. Pages 270–290 of 935.