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9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting
9-14.1 Materials Submittals and Acceptance
Standard Specification Section MaterialFor each material used the Contractor shall submit a materials certificate of compliance in accordance with Section 1-06.2 along with the following information to the Engineer
9-14.2(1) Topsoil Type A Compliance with the applicable section.
9-14.2(2) Topsoil Type B
9-14.2(3) Topsoil Type C
9-14.3 Seed
9-14.4 Fertilizer
9-14.5 Mulch and
Amendments
9-14.5(1) Straw
9-14.5(2) Hydraulically
Applied Erosion Control ProductsTest results, dated within 3 years prior to the date of application, from an independent, accredited laboratory, as approved by the Engineer, that show the product meets requirements of this section.
9-14.5(2)A Long-Term Mulch in SectionTest results reported on WSDOT Form 220-042 documenting that the mulch meets the requirements in Section 9-14.5(2) Table 1 and Section 9-14.5(2)A, Table 2
of this section.
9-14.5(2)B Moderate-Term MulchTest results reported on WSDOT Form 220-043 documenting that the mulch meets the requirements in Section 9-14.5(2) Table 1 and the applicable requirements
of these sections.9-14.5(2)C Short-Term Mulch
9-14.5(3) Bark and Wood Chip MulchCompliance with the applicable section.
9-14.5(4) Wood Strand MulchA satisfactory test report, performed in accordance with WSDOT T 125 and compliance with this section.
9-14.5(6) Agriculture
Grade GypsumCompliance with the applicable section.
9-14.5(7) Tackifier Test results that show the tackifier meets requirements
of Section 9-14.5(2) Table 1 and compliance with this section. M 41-10 Page 9-87 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting 9-14Standard Specification Section MaterialFor each material used the Contractor shall submit a materials certificate of compliance in accordance with Section 1-06.2 along with the following information to the Engineer
9-14.5(8) Compost Cert & following information is required to be submitted
14 days prior to application.
a.A copy of the Solid Waste Handling Permit issued to the manufacturer by the Jurisdictional Health Department in accordance with https:/ /apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default. aspx?cite=173-350 (Minimum Functional Standards for Solid Waste Handling).
b.Compost Test Data submitted on WSDOT Form 220- 038 that show the compost complies with the processes, testing, and standards specified in WAC 173-350 and this section. An independent Seal of Testing Assurance (STA) Program certified laboratory shall perform the testing within 90 calendar days of application.
c.A copy of the manufacturer’s annual Seal of Testing Assurance STA certification as issued by the U.S. Composting Council.
d.A sample of the compost approved for use.e) A list of feed stocks by volume for each compost type.f) Compliance with the applicable section.
9-14.5(9) Horticultural
Grade PerliteTest results reported on WSDOT Form 220-037 documenting that the horticultural grade perlite meets the requirements of this section.
9-14.6(2) Biodegradable Erosion Control BlanketIndependent laboratory test results reported on WSDOT
Form 220-039 documenting that the biodegradable erosion control blanket meets the requirements of Section 9-14.6(2)A, 9-14.6(2)B or 9-14.6(2)C.
9-14.6(5) Wattles Compliance with the applicable section.
9-14.6(6) Compost Socks
9-14.7 Plant Materials If cuttings are taken from private property the contractor shall submit a copy of the written permission to the Engineer prior to cuttings being collected.
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9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting9-14.2 Topsoil
Topsoil shall not contain recycled materials, foreign materials, or Noxious and Nuisance weeds of any Class designated by authorized State or County officials. Aggregate shall not comprise more than 10 percent by volume of Topsoil and shall not be greater than two inches in diameter.
9-14.2(1) Topsoil Type A
Topsoil Type A shall be as specified in the Special Provisions.
9-14.2(2) Topsoil Type B
Topsoil Type B shall be native topsoil taken from within the project limits either from the area where roadway excavation is to be performed or from strippings from borrow, pit, or quarry sites, or from other designated sources. In the production of Topsoil Type B, all vegetative matter, less than 4 feet in height, shall become a part of the topsoil.
9-14.2(3) Topsoil Type C
Topsoil Type C shall be native topsoil meeting the requirements of Topsoil Type B but obtained from a source provided by the Contractor outside of the Contracting Agency owned right of way.
9-14.3 Seed
Seed of the type specified shall be certified in accordance with WAC 16-302 . Seed mixes shall be commercially prepared and supplied in sealed containers. The labels shall show:
1.Common and botanical names of seed,
2.Lot number,
3.Net weight,
4.Pounds of Pure live seed (PLS) in the mix,
5.Origin of seed. All seed vendors must have a business license issued by supplier’s state or provincial Department of Licensing with a “seed dealer” endorsement.
9-14.4 Fertilizer
Fertilizer shall be a standard commercial grade of organic or inorganic fertilizer of the kind and quality specified. It may be separate or in a mixture containing the percentage of total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid, and water-soluble potash or sulfur in the amounts specified. All fertilizers shall be furnished in standard unopened containers with weight, name of plant nutrients, and manufacturer’s guaranteed statement of analysis clearly marked, all in accordance with State and Federal laws. Fertilizer shall be supplied in one of the following forms:
1.A dry free-flowing granular fertilizer, suitable for application by agricultural fertilizer spreader.
2.A soluble form that will permit complete suspension of insoluble particles in water, suitable for application by power sprayer.
3.A homogeneous pellet, suitable for application through a ferti-blast gun.
4.A tablet or other form of controlled release with a minimum of a 6 month release period.
5.A liquid suitable for application by a power sprayer or hydroseeder. M 41-10 Page 9-89 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting 9-149-14.5 Mulch and Amendments All amendments shall be delivered to the site in the original, unopened containers bearing the manufacturer’s guaranteed chemical analysis and name. In lieu of containers, amendments may be furnished in bulk. A Manufacturer’s Certificate of Compliance shall accompany each delivery. Compost and other organic amendments shall be accompanied with all applicable health certificates and permits.
9-14.5(1) Straw
Straw shall be in an air-dried condition, free of noxious weeds, seeds, and other materials detrimental to plant life. Hay is not acceptable. All straw material shall be Certified Weed-Free Straw using North American Weed Management Association (NAWMA) standards or the Washington Wilderness Hay and Mulch (WWHAM) program run by the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Information can be found at www.nwcb.wa.gov . In lieu of Certified Weed-Free Straw, the Contractor shall submit documentation that the material is steam or heat treated to kill seeds, or shall submit U.S., Washington State, or other states’ Department of Agriculture laboratory test reports, dated within 90 days prior to the date of application, showing that there are no viable seeds in the straw.
9-14.5(2) Hydraulically Applied Erosion Control Products (HECPs)
All HECPs shall be made of natural plant fibers unaltered by synthetic materials, and in a dry condition, free of noxious weeds, seeds, chemical printing ink, germination inhibitors, herbicide residue, chlorine bleach, rock, metal, plastic, and other materials detrimental to plant life. The HECP shall be suitable for spreading with a hydroseeder. All HECPs shall be furnished premixed by the manufacturer with Organic or Synthetic Tackifier as specified in Section 9-14.5(7) . The product shall be hydrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. The Contractor shall submit test results, dated within 3 years prior to the date of application, from an independent, accredited laboratory, as approved by the Engineer, showing that the product meets the following requirements: Page 9-90 M 41-10
9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside PlantingTable 1 HECP Requirements
These test requirements apply to the fully mixed product, including tackifiers, dyes, or other additives that may be included in the HECP final product in its sprayable form. Properties Test Method Requirements Acute ToxicityEPA-821-R-02-012 Methods for Measuring Acute Toxicity of Effluents. Test leachate from recommended application rate receiving 2 inches of rainfall per hour using static test for No- Observed-Adverse-Effect-Concentration (NOEC).Four replicates are required with no statistically significant reduction in survival in 100 percent leachate for a Daphnid at 48 hours and Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) at 96 hours. Solvents EPA 8260 (SW846) Benzene – < 0.03 mg/kg Methylene chloride – < 0.02 mg/kg Naphthalene – < 5 mg/kg Tetrachloroethylene – < 0.05 mg/kg Toluene – < 7 mg/kg Trichloroethylene – < 0.03 mg/kg Xylenes – < 9 mg/kg Heavy MetalsEPA 6010 or 6020 (SW856) Antimony – < 4 mg/kg Arsenic – < 6 mg/kg Barium – < 80 mg/kg Boron – < 160 mg/kg Cadmium – < 2 mg/kg Total Chromium – < 4 mg/kg Copper – < 10 mg/kg Lead – < 5 mg/kg Nickel – < 2 mg/kg Selenium – < 10 mg/kg Strontium – < 40 mg/kg Zinc – < 30 mg/kg Heavy MetalsEPA 6010 or 6020 (SW856) or EPA 7470 or 7471 (SW856) Mercury – < 2 mg/kg M 41-10 Page 9-91 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting 9-14If the HECP contains cotton or straw, the Contractor shall submit documentation that the material has been steam or heat treated to kill seeds, or shall submit U.S., Washington State, or other states’ Department of Agriculture laboratory test reports, dated within 90 days prior to the date of application, showing that there are no viable seeds in the mulch. The HECP shall be manufactured in such a manner that, when agitated in slurry tanks with water, the fibers will become uniformly suspended, without clumping, to form a homogeneous slurry. When hydraulically applied, the material shall form a strong moisture-holding mat that allows the continuous absorption and infiltration of water. If the HECP contains a dye to facilitate placement and inspection of the material, it shall be nontoxic to plants, animals, and aquatic life and shall not stain concrete or painted surfaces. The HECP shall not be harmful to plants, animals, and aquatic life.
9-14.5(2)A Long-Term Mulch
Long-Term Mulch shall adhere to the soil, create a blanket-like mass and bond with the soil surface to create a continuous, porous, absorbent, and flexible erosion-resistant blanket that allows for seed germination and plant growth. Long-Term Mulch shall meet the requirements in Table 2 , Long-Term Mulch Test Requirements. Products containing cellulose fiber produced from paper or paper components will not be approved or accepted. With the exception of seed and water, field mixing of additives or components is not acceptable. Table 2 Long-Term Mulch Test Requirements The Contractor shall supply independent test results from the National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP) on 5-year intervals generated on or after November 1, 2015 showing that the product meets the Cover-Factor (C Factor) in accordance with ASTM D6459. Properties Test Method Requirements Performance in Protecting Slopes from Rainfall-Induced ErosionASTM D6459. Test in one soil type. Soil tested shall be sandy loam as defined by the NRCS Soil Texture Triangle.C Factor = 0.01 maximum using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) The Contractor shall submit test results from an independent, accredited laboratory, on 5-year intervals generated on or after July 15 of 2017 showing that the product meets the following requirements. Properties Test Method Requirements Water Holding CapacityASTM D7367 800 percent minimum Organic Matter ContentAASHTO T 267 90 percent minimum Seed Germination EnhancementASTM D7322 Long Term 420 percent minimum
9-14.5(2)B Moderate-Term Mulch
Within 48 hours of application, the Moderate-Term Mulch shall bond with the soil surface to create a continuous, absorbent, flexible, erosion-resistant blanket. Moderate-Term Mulch shall effectively perform the intended erosion control function in accordance with Section 8-01.3(1) for a minimum of 3 months, or until temporary vegetation has been established, whichever comes first. Page 9-92 M 41-10
9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting9-14.5(2)C Short-Term Mulch
Short-Term Mulch shall effectively perform the intended erosion control function in accordance with Section 8-01.3(1) for a minimum of 2 months, or until temporary vegetation has been established, whichever comes first. Short-Term Mulch shall not be used in conjunction with permanent seeding.
9-14.5(3) Bark or Wood Chip Mulch
Bark or wood chip mulch shall be derived from fir, pine, or hemlock species. It shall not contain resin, tannin, or other compounds in quantities that would be detrimental to plant life. Sawdust shall not be used as mulch. Mulch produced from finished wood products or construction debris will not be allowed. Bark or wood chips when tested shall be in accordance with WSDOT T 123 and shall meet the following loose volume gradation: Sieve SizePercent Passing Minimum Maximum 2″ 95 100 No. 4 0 30
9-14.5(4) Wood Strand Mulch
Wood strand mulch shall be a blend of angular, loose, long, thin wood pieces that are frayed, with a high length-to-width ratio, and it shall be derived from native conifer or deciduous trees. A minimum of 95 percent of the wood strand shall have lengths between 2 and 10 inches. At least 50 percent of the length of each strand shall have a width and thickness between 1/16 and ½ inch. No single strand shall have a width or thickness greater than ½ inch. The mulch shall not contain salt, preservatives, glue, resin, tannin, or other compounds in quantities that would be detrimental to plant life. Sawdust or wood chips or shavings will not be acceptable. This product shall not be harmful to plants, animals, and aquatic life.
9-14.5(5) Agricultural Grade Dolomite Lime
Agricultural grade dolomite lime shall be in a pelletized or granular form, meeting the grading requirements of ASTM C602 for Class E.
9-14.5(6) Agricultural Grade Gypsum
Agricultural grade gypsum shall consist of Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4·2H2O) in a pelletized or granular form and shall meet the following grading requirements; Sieve Size Percent Passing ¼” 99 – 100 No. 20 20 max All percentages are by weight. M 41-10 Page 9-93 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting 9-149-14.5(7) Tackifier Tackifiers are used as a tie-down for soil, compost, seed, and/or mulch. Tackifiers shall contain no growth or germination-inhibiting materials and shall not reduce infiltration rates. Tackifiers shall hydrate in water and readily blend with other slurry materials. Tackifiers shall include a mulch tracer added to visible aid uniform application, and shall not be harmful to plants, animals, or aquatic life.
9-14.5(7)A Organic Tackifier
Organic tackifiers shall be derived from natural plant sources and shall not be harmful to plants, animals, and aquatic life.
9-14.5(7)B Synthetic Tackifier
Synthetic tackifiers shall not be harmful to plants, animals, and aquatic life.
9-14.5(8) Compost
Compost products shall be the result of the biological degradation and transformation of organic materials under controlled conditions designed to promote aerobic decomposition. Compost shall be stable with regard to oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide generation. Compost shall be mature with regard to its suitability for serving as a soil amendment or an erosion control BMP as defined below. The compost shall have a moisture content that has no visible free water or dust produced when handling the material. Compost production and quality shall comply with WAC 173-350 . Compost products shall meet the following physical criteria:
1.Compost material shall be tested in accordance with U.S. Composting Council Testing Methods for the Examination of Compost and Composting (TMECC) 02.02-B, “Sample Sieving for Aggregate Size Classification”. Fine compost shall meet the following gradation: Sieve SizePercent Passing Minimum Maximum 1″ 100 ⅝″ 90 100 ¼″ 75 100 Note: Maximum particle length of 4 inches. Medium compost shall meet the following gradation: Sieve SizePercent Passing Minimum Maximum 1″ 100 ⅝″ 85 100 ¼″ 70 85 Note: Maximum particle length of 4 inches. Medium compost shall have a carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) between 18:1 and 35:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio shall be calculated using the dry weight of “Organic Carbon” using TMECC 04.01A divided by the dry weight of “Total N” using TMECC 04.02D. Page 9-94 M 41-10
9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside PlantingCoarse compost shall meet the following gradation:
Sieve SizePercent Passing Minimum Maximum 2″ 100 1″ 90 100 ¾″ 70 100 ¼″ 40 60 Note: Maximum particle length of 6 inches. Coarse compost shall have a carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) between 25:1 and 35:1. The carbon to nitrogen ratio shall be calculated using the dry weight of “Organic Carbon” using TMECC 04.01A divided by the dry weight of “Total N” using TMECC 04.02D.
2.The pH shall be between 6.0 and 8.5 when tested in accordance with U.S. Composting Council TMECC 04.11-A, “1:5 Slurry pH”.
3.Physical contaminants, defined in WAC 173-350 (e.g. plastic, concrete, ceramics, metal) shall be less than 0.5 percent by weight as determined by U.S. Composting Council TMECC 03.08-A “Classification of Inerts by Sieve Size”.
4.Minimum organic matter shall be 40 percent by dry weight basis as determined by U.S. Composting Council TMECC 05.07A “Loss-On-Ignition Organic Matter Method (LOI)”.
5.Soluble salt contents shall be less than 4.0 mmhos/cm when tested in accordance with U.S. Composting Council TMECC 04.10 “Electrical Conductivity”.
6.Maturity shall be greater than 80 percent in accordance with U.S. Composting Council TMECC 05.05-A, “Germination and Root Elongation”.
7.Stability shall be 7-mg CO2–C/g OM/day or below in accordance with U.S. Composting Council TMECC 05.08-B “Carbon Dioxide Evolution Rate”.
8.The compost product shall originate from organic feedstocks as defined in WAC 173-350 as “Wood waste”, “Yard debris”, “Post-consumer food waste”, “Preconsumer animal-based wastes”, and/or “Preconsumer vegetative waste”. The Contractor shall provide a list of feedstock sources by percentage in the final compost product.
9.The Engineer may also evaluate compost for maturity using U.S. Composting Council TMECC 05.08-E “Solvita® Maturity Index”. Fine compost shall score a number 6 or above on the Solvita® Compost Maturity Test. Medium and Coarse compost shall score a 5 or above on the Solvita® Compost Maturity Test.
9-14.5(9) Horticultural Grade Perlite
Horticultural grade perlite shall be in a pelletized or granular form. Horticultural grade perlite shall meet the following requirements for quality and grading: Quality Requirements Property Test Method1Requirement pH (of water slurry) PI 202 6.5 – 8.0 Bulk Density, lb/ft3PI 200 2 – 10 1PI, abbreviation for the Perlite Institute M 41-10 Page 9-95 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting 9-14Gradation Requirements Sieve Size Percent Passing No. 4 99 – 100 No. 18 30 max No. 30 10 max All percentages are by weight.
9-14.6 Erosion Control Devices
9-14.6(1) Polyacrylamide (PAM)
PAM is used as a tie-down for soil, compost, or seed, and is also used as a flocculent. PAM products shall meet ANSI/NSF Standard 60 for drinking water treatment with an AMD content not to exceed 0.05 percent. PAM shall be anionic and shall be linear, and not cross-linked. The minimum average molecular weight shall be greater than 5-mg/ mole. The charge density shall be no less than 15 percent and no greater than 30 percent. The product shall contain at least 80 percent active ingredients and have a moisture content not exceeding 10 percent by weight. PAM shall be delivered in a dry granular or powder form.
9-14.6(2) Biodegradable Erosion Control Blanket
Biodegradable erosion control blankets, including netting if present, shall be made of natural plant fibers unaltered by synthetic materials. All blanket material shall be kept in place until permanent vegetation has been established, or for a minimum of 6 months, whichever comes first.
9-14.6(2)A Biodegradable Erosion Control Blanket for Slopes Steeper than 3:1 (H:V)
Table 6 Properties ASTM Test MethodRequirements for Slopes Steeper than 3:1 Protecting Slopes from Rainfall-Induced ErosionASTM D6459 Soil tested shall be sandy loam as defined by the NRCS** Soil Texture TriangleC factor = 0.04 maximum for cumulative R-Factor<231 Mass Per Unit Area ASTM D6475 7.6 oz./sq. yd. minimum Light Penetration ASTM D6567 44% maximum Tensile Strength MD × XD*ASTM D6818 10.0 × 6.0 pounds/inch minimum Tensile Elongation MD × XD*ASTM D6818 38% × 33% maximum *MD is Machine Design and XD is Cross Direction **Natural Resource Conservation Services Page 9-96 M 41-10
9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting9-14.6(2)B Biodegradable Erosion Control Blanket for Slopes Flatter than 3:1 (H:V)
Table 7 Properties ASTM Test MethodSlope Flatter than 3:1 Requirements Protecting Slopes from Rainfall-Induced ErosionASTM D6459 Soil tested shall be sandy loam as defined by the NRCS** Soil Texture TriangleC factor = 0.15 maximum for cumulative R-Factor<231 Mass Per Unit Area ASTM D6475 7.6 oz./sq. yd. minimum Light Penetration ASTM D6567 40% maximum Tensile Strength MD × XD*ASTM D6818 6.5 × 2.3 pounds/inch minimum Tensile Elongation MD × XD*ASTM D6818 38% × 33% maximum *MD is Machine Design and XD is Cross Direction **Natural Resource Conservation Services
9-14.6(2)C Biodegradable Erosion Control Blanket for Ditches
Table 8 Properties Test Method Requirements Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion ASTM D6460 Soil tested shall be sandy loam as defined by the NRCS** Soil Texture TriangleLimiting Shear (TLimit) = 2.0 psf minimum. Limiting Velocity (VLimit) = 7.5 ft/sec flow minimum. Mass per Unit Area ASTM D6475 7.4 oz./ sq. yd. minimum Light Penetration ASTM D6567 65% maximum Tensile Strength MD × XD*ASTM D6818 9.6 × 3.2 lbs/inch minimum Tensile Elongation MD × XD*ASTM D6818 38% × 33% maximum *MD is Machine Design and XD is Cross Direction **Natural Resource Conservation Services
9-14.6(3) Plastic Covering
Plastic covering shall meet the requirements of ASTM D4397 for polyethylene sheeting.
9-14.6(4) Check Dams
All materials used for check dams shall be non-toxic and not pose a threat to wildlife when installed. M 41-10 Page 9-97 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting 9-149-14.6(4)A Biodegradable Check Dams Biodegradable check dams shall meet the following requirements: Wattle Section 9-14.6(5) Compost Sock Section 9-14.6(6) Coir Log Section 9-14.6(7) The Contractor may substitute a different biodegradable check dam as long as it complies with the following and is accepted by the Engineer:
1.Made of natural plant fiber unaltered by synthetic material.
2.Netting if present shall be made of natural plant fibers unaltered by synthetic materials. Materials shall effectively perform the intended erosion control function until permanent vegetation has been established or for a minimum of 6 months, whichever comes first.
3.Straw bales shall not be used as check dams.
9-14.6(4)B Non-biodegradable Check Dams
Non-biodegradable check dams shall meet the following requirements:
1.Geotextile materials shall conform to Section 9-33 for silt fence.
2.Other such devices that meet the requirements of Section 9-14.6(4) and shall be approved by the Engineer prior to installation.
9-14.6(5) Wattles
Wattles shall consist of cylinders of plant material such as weed-free straw, coir, wood chips, excelsior, or wood fiber or shavings encased within netting made of natural plant fibers unaltered by synthetic materials. Wattles shall be a minimum of 8 inches in diameter. Netting material shall be clean, evenly woven, and free of encrusted concrete or other contaminating materials such as preservatives. Netting material shall be free from cuts, tears, or weak places and shall effectively perform the intended erosion control function until permanent vegetation has been established or for a minimum of 6 months, whichever comes first. If wood chip filler is used, it shall meet the material requirements as specified in Section
9-14.5(3) If straw filler is used, it shall meet the material requirements as specified
in Section 9-14.5(1) . If wood shavings are used, 80 percent of the fibers shall have a minimum length of 6 inches between 0.030 and 0.50 inches wide and between 0.017 and 0.13 inches thick. Stakes for wattles shall be made of wood from untreated Douglas fir, hemlock, or pine species.
9-14.6(6) Compost Socks
Compost socks shall consist of fabric made of natural plant fibers unaltered by synthetic materials. The compost sock shall be filled with Medium Compost as specified in Section
9-14.5(8) Compost socks shall be at least 8 inches in diameter. The sock shall be clean,
evenly woven; free of encrusted concrete or other contaminating materials; free from cuts, tears, broken or missing yarns; free of thin, open, or weak areas; and free of any type of preservative. Sock fabric shall effectively perform the intended erosion control function until permanent vegetation has been established or for a minimum of 6 months, whichever comes first. Stakes for compost socks shall be made of wood from untreated Douglas fir, hemlock, or pine species. Page 9-98 M 41-10
9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting9-14.6(7) C oir Log
Coir logs shall be made of 100 percent durable coconut (coir) fiber uniformly compacted within woven netting made of bristle coir twine with a minimum tensile strength of 80 lbs. The netting shall have nominal 2 by 2-inch openings. Log segments shall have a maximum length of 20 feet, with a minimum diameter as shown in the Plans. Logs shall have a minimum density of 7 lbs/cf. Stakes shall be untreated Douglas fir, hemlock, or pine species. Wood stakes shall have a notch to secure the rope ties. Rope ties shall be made of ¼-inch diameter commercially available hemp rope.
9-14.6(8) H igh Visibility Fencing
High visibility fence shall be UV stabilized, orange, high-density polyethylene or polypropylene mesh. Support posts shall be wood or steel in accordance with Standard Plan I-10.10. The posts shall have sufficient strength and durability to support the fence through the life of the project.
9-14.6(9) H igh Visibility Silt Fence
High visibility silt fence shall be a minimum of 5 feet in height, high visibility orange, UV stabilized and shall meet the geotextile requirements in Section 9-33 Table 6. Support posts shall be in accordance with the Standard Plans. The posts shall have sufficient strength and durability to support the fence through the life of the project.
9-14.7 Plant Materials
9-14.7(1) D escription
Bareroot plants are grown in the ground and harvested without soil or growing medium around their roots. Container plants are grown in pots or flats that prevent root growth beyond the sides and bottom of the container. Balled and burlapped plants are grown in the ground and harvested with soil around a core of undisturbed roots. This rootball is wrapped in burlap and tied or placed in a wire basket or other supportive structure. Cuttings are live plant material without a previously developed root system. Source plants for cuttings shall be dormant when cuttings are taken and all cuts shall be made with a sharp instrument. Cuttings may be collected. If cuttings are collected, the requirement to be nursery grown or held in nursery conditions does not apply. Written permission shall be obtained from property owners and provided to the Engineer before cuttings are collected. The Contractor shall collect cuttings in accordance with applicable sensitive area ordinances. Cuttings shall meet the following requirements:
1.Liv e branch cuttings shall have flexible top growth with terminal buds and may have side branches. The rooting end shall be cut at an approximate 45-degree angle.
2.Liv e stake cuttings shall have a straight top cut immediately above a bud. The lower, rooting end shall be cut at an approximate 45-degree angle. Live stakes are cut from one to two year old wood. Live stake cuttings shall be cut and installed with the bark intact with no branches or stems attached, and be ½ to 1½ inch in diameter.
3.Liv e pole cuttings shall have a diameter between 2 inches and 3.5 inches. Live poles shall have no more than three branches that must be located at the top end of the pole and those branches shall be pruned back to the first bud from the main stem. Rhizomes shall be a prostrate or subterranean stem, usually rooting at the nodes and becoming erect at the apex. Rhizomes shall have a minimum of two growth points. Tubers shall be a thickened and short subterranean branch having numerous buds or eyes. M 41-10 Page 9-99 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting 9-149-14.7(2) Quality At the time of delivery, all plant material furnished shall meet the grades established by the latest edition of the American Standard for Nursery Stock, (ASNS) ANSI Z60.1 and shall conform to the size and acceptable conditions as listed in the Contract, and shall be free of all foreign plant material. All plant material shall comply with State and Federal laws with respect to inspection for plant diseases and insect infestation. Plants must meet Washington State Department of Agriculture plant quarantines and have a certificate of inspection. Plants originating in Canada must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate stating the plants meet USDA health requirements. All plant material shall be purchased from a nursery licensed to sell plants in their state or province. Live woody or herbaceous plant material, except cuttings, rhizomes, and tubers, shall be vigorous, well formed, with well developed fibrous root systems, free from dead branches, and from damage caused by an absence or an excess of heat or moisture, insects, disease, mechanical or other causes detrimental to good plant development. Evergreen plants shall be well foliated and of good color. Deciduous trees that have solitary leaders shall have only the lateral branches thinned by pruning. All conifer trees shall have only one leader (growing apex) and one terminal bud, and shall not be sheared or shaped. Trees having a damaged or missing leader, multiple leaders, or Y-crotches shall be rejected. Root balls of plant materials shall be solidly held together by a fibrous root system and shall be composed only of the soil in which the plant has been actually growing. Balled and burlapped rootballs shall be securely wrapped with jute burlap or other packing material not injurious to the plant life. Root balls shall be free of weed or foreign plant growth. Plant materials shall be nursery grown stock. Plant material, with the exception of cuttings, gathered from native stands shall be held under nursery conditions for a minimum of one full growing season, shall be free of all foreign plant material, and meet all of the requirements of these Specifications, the Plans, and the Special Provisions. Container grown plants shall be plants transplanted into a container and grown in that container sufficiently long for new fibrous roots to have developed so that the root mass will retain its shape and hold together when removed from the container, without having roots that circle the pot. Plant material which is root bound, as determined by the Engineer, shall be rejected. Container plants shall be free of weed or foreign plant growth. Container sizes for plant material of a larger grade than provided for in the container grown Specifications of the ASNS shall be determined by the volume of the root ball specified in the ASNS for the same size plant material. All bare root plant materials shall have a heavy fibrous root system and be dormant at the time of planting. Average height to spread proportions and branching shall be in accordance with the applicable sections, illustrations, and accompanying notes of the ASNS. Plants specified or identified as “Street Tree Grade” shall be trees with straight trunks, full and symmetrical branching, central leader, and be developed, grown, and propagated with a full branching crown. A “Street Tree Grade” designation requires the highest grade of nursery shade or ornamental tree production which shall be supplied. Street trees with improperly pruned, broken, or damaged branches, trunk, or root structure shall be rejected. In all cases, whether supplied balled and burlapped or in a container, the root crown (top of root structure) of the tree shall be at the top of the finish soil level. Trees supplied and delivered in a nursery fabric bag will not be accepted. Page 9-100 M 41-10
9-14 Erosion Control and Roadside PlantingPlants that have been determined by the Engineer to have suffered damage for the
following reasons will be rejected:
1.Girdling of the roots, stem, or a major branch.
2.Deformities of the stem or major branches.
3.Lack of symmetry.
4.Dead or defoliated tops or branches.
5.Defects, injury, and condition that render the plant unsuitable for its intended use. Plants that are grafted shall have roots of the same genus as the specified plant.
9-14.7(3) Handling and Shipping
Handling and shipping shall be done in a manner that is not detrimental to the plants. The nursery shall furnish a notice of shipment in triplicate at the time of shipment of each truck load or other lot of plant material. The original copy shall be delivered to the Engineer, the duplicate to the consignee and the triplicate shall accompany the shipment to be furnished to the Inspector at the job site. The notice shall contain the following information:
1.Name of shipper.
2.Date of shipment.
3.Name of commodity (including all names as specified in the Contract).
4.Consignee and delivery point.
5.State Contract number.
6.Point from which shipped.
7.Quantity contained.
8.Size (height, runner length, caliper, etc., as required).
9.Signature of shipper by authorized representative. To acclimate plant materials to Northwest conditions, all plant materials used on a project shall be grown continuously outdoors north of the 42nd Latitude (Oregon-California border) from not later than August 1 of the year prior to the time of planting. All container grown plants shall be handled by the container. All balled and burlapped plants shall be handled by the ball. Plant material shall be packed for shipment in accordance with prevailing practice for the type of plant being shipped, and shall be protected at all times against drying, sun, wind, heat, freezing, and similar detrimental conditions both during shipment and during related handling. Where necessary, plant material shall be temporarily heeled in. When transported in closed vehicles, plants shall receive adequate ventilation to prevent sweating. When transported in open vehicles, plants shall be protected by tarpaulins or other suitable cover material.
9-14.7(4) Sod
The sod shall be field grown one calendar year or older, have a well developed root structure, and be free of all weeds, disease, and insect damage. Prior to cutting, the sod shall be green, in an active and vigorous state of growth, and mowed to a height not exceeding 1 inch. The sod shall be cut with a minimum of 1 inch of soil adhering. M 41-10 Page 9-101 Erosion Control and Roadside Planting 9-149-14.8 Stakes, Guys, and Wrapping The minimum size of wire used for guying shall be 12-gauge, soft drawn. Hose for guying shall be nylon, rubber, or reinforced plastic and shall have an inside diameter of at least 1 inch. Tree wrap shall be a crinkled waterproof paper weighing not less than 4 pounds per 100 square feet and shall be made up of two sheets cemented together with asphalt.
Source: Washington Standard Specifications for Road, Bridge, and Municipal Construction, 2024 Edition. Pages 996–1011 of 1,151.