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9-34 Pavement Marking Material9-34 Pavement Marking Material
9-34.1 General
Pavement marking materials in this section consist of paint, plastic, tape or raised pavement markers as described in Sections 8-22 and 8-23 as listed below: Low VOC Solvent Based Paint Low VOC Waterborne Paint Temporary Pavement Marking Paint Type A – Liquid Hot Applied Thermoplastic Type B – Pre-Formed Fused Thermoplastic Type C – Cold Applied Pre-Formed Tape Type D – Liquid Cold Applied Methyl Methacrylate Glass Beads Temporary Pavement Marking Tape Temporary Raised Pavement Markings
9-34.2 Paint
White and yellow paint shall comply with the Specifications for low VOC (volatile organic compound) solvent-based paint or low VOC waterborne paint. Blue paint for “Access Parking Space Symbol with Background” and black paint for contrast markings shall be chosen from a WSDOT QPL-listed manufacturer for white and yellow paint. Blue and black paint shall comply with the requirements of yellow paint in Section
9-34.2(4) and Section 9- 34.2(5) , with the exception that blue and black paints do not need
to meet the requirements for titanium dioxide, directional reflectance, and contrast ratio.
9-34.2(1) Vacant
9-34.2(2) Color
Paint draw-downs shall be prepared according to ASTM D823. For white, the color shall closely match SAE AMS Standard 595, color number 37875. For yellow, the color shall closely match SAE AMS Standard 595, color number 33538. For blue, the color shall closely match SAE AMS Standard 595, color number 35180. For black, the color shall closely match SAE AMS Standard 595, color number 37038.
9-34.2(3) Prohibited Materials
Traffic paint shall not contain mercury, lead, chromium, diarylide pigments, toluene, chlorinated solvents, hydrolysable chlorine derivatives, ethylene-based glycol ethers and their acetates, nor any other EPA hazardous waste material over the regulatory levels per CFR 40 Part 261.24. M 41-10 Page 9-221 Pavement Marking Material 9-349-34.2(4) Low VOC Solvent Based Paint Paint Properties Test MethodLow VOC Solvent-Based Paint White Yellow Min. Max. Min. Max. Density of Paint (lb/gal) ASTM D1475 11.8 11.8 Viscosity, KU ASTM D562 @35°F @50°F 105 105 @77°F 75 85 75 85 @90°F @120°F 65 65 Nonvolatile Content, % by weight ASTM D2369 65 65 Pigment Content, % by weight ASTM D2698 53 53 Titanium Dioxide Content (lb/gal), Rutile Type IIASTM D5381 1.0 0.2 Volatile Organic Content (VOC) lbs/galASTM D3960 1.25 1.25 Directional Reflectance %, @ 15 mils wetWSDOT T 314 80 50 Package Stability ASTM D1849 6 6 Bleeding, % ASTM D8681 90 90 Flexibility ASTM D5222 No cracking, flaking, or loss of adhesion Settling Properties during Storage, inchASTM D130938 8 Skinning ASTM D154 The paint shall not skin within 48 hours in a ¾ filled, tightly closed container 1The reflectance of the paint over asphalt paper shall be a minimum of 90 percent of the reflectance measurement of the paint over a taped (nonbleeding) surface. 2The paint shall be applied at a wet film thickness of 6 mils to a 3 by 5 inch panel that has been solvent cleaned and lightly buffed with steel wool. With the panel kept in a horizontal position, the paint shall be allowed to dry for 18 hours at 77° ± 2°F, and then baked for 3 hours at 140° ± 2°F. The panel shall be cooled to 77° ± 2°F for at least 30 minutes, bent over a 0.25 inch mandrel, and then examined without magnification. The paint shall show no cracking, flaking, or loss of adhesion. 3The sample shall show no more than 0.5 inch of clear material over the opaque portion of the paint and there shall be no settling below a rating of eight. Page 9-222 M 41-10
9-34 Pavement Marking Material9-34.2(5) Low VOC Waterborne Paint
Paint Properties Test MethodStandard Waterborne Paint Type 1 and 2Semi-Durable Waterborne Paint Type 3High-Build Waterborne Paint Type 4Cold Weather Waterborne Paint Type 5 White Yellow White Yellow White Yellow White Yellow Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Density of Paint (lb/ gal)ASTM D1475 Within ± 0.3 of qualification sampleWithin ± 0.3 of qualification sampleWithin ± 0.3 of qualification sample12.5 12.5 Viscosity, KU ASTM D562 @35°F 95 95 @77°F 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95 87 87 @90°F 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Nonvolatile Content, % by weightASTM D2369 75 75 77 77 77 77 70 70 Pigment Content, % by weightASTM D3723 68 68 65 65 Nonvolatile Vehicle (NVV), % by weightASTM D2369 ASTM D3723140 40 43 43 43 43 40 40 Volatile Organic Content (VOC) lbs/galASTM D3960 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 Fineness of Grind, (Hegman Scale)ASTM D1210 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Contrast Ratio, @ 15 mils wetASTM D2805 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.99 0.98 Directional Reflectance %, @ 15 mils wetWSDOT T 314 88 50 88 50 90 50 87 50 Flash Point, °F ASTM D93 100° 100° 100° 100° pH ASTM E70 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 Laboratory Dry Time (Minutes)ASTM D711 10 10 10 10 10 10 Vehicle Composition ASTM D2621 100% acrylic emulsion 100% acrylic emulsion 100% cross-linking acrylic4 100% acrylic emulsion Freeze-Thaw Stability, KUASTM D2243 and D562@ 5 cycles show no coagulation or change in viscosity greater than ± 10 KU @ 5 cycles show no coagulation or change in viscosity greater than ± 10 KU@ 5 cycles show no coagulation or change in viscosity greater than ± 10 KU @ 3 cycles show no coagulation or change in viscosity greater than ± 10 KU M 41-10 Page 9-223 Pavement Marking Material 9-34Paint Properties Test MethodStandard Waterborne Paint Type 1 and 2Semi-Durable Waterborne Paint Type 3High-Build Waterborne Paint Type 4Cold Weather Waterborne Paint Type 5 White Yellow White Yellow White Yellow White Yellow Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Heat Stability ASTM D5622 ± 10 KU from the initial viscosity± 10 KU from the initial viscosity± 10 KU from the initial viscosity± 10 KU from the initial Viscosity Low Temperature Film FormationASTM D28053No Cracks No Cracks No Cracks Cold Flexibility5 ASTM D522 Pass at 0.5 in mandrel8 Pass at 0.25 in mandrel Test Deck Durability6ASTM D913 ≥70% paint retention in wheel track8≥70% paint retention in wheel track Mud Cracking See note 7 No Cracks No Cracks No Cracks 1Use the following formula for calculating nonvolatile in vehicle (NVV): NVV = (N-P/100-P)×100. Where: N= % of nonvolatile content as determined by ASTM D2369 and P= % of pigment content as determined by ASTM D3723. 2Put approximately 15-fluid ounces of paint in a 1-pint lined container, close the container, seal it with tape, and put it an oven maintained at 140° ± 2°F for 7 days. Equilibrate the paint at 77° ± 2°F and mix thoroughly with gentle stirring. Perform consistency test as specified in ASTM D562. Consistency shall not vary by ±10 KU from the initial viscosity. 3Apply paint at 15 mils wet per ASTM D2805 over a 2A Leneta Chart. Immediately and carefully lay the applied film horizontally in a refrigerator that maintains a temperature of 35°F. After 24 hours, remove the applied film and inspect. Paint film should show no cracks when held at arm’s length and observed by the naked eye. 4Cross-linking acrylic shall meet the requirements of federal specification TT-P-1952F Section 3.1.1. 5Cold Flexibility: The paint shall be applied to an aluminum panel at a wet film thickness of 15 mils and allowed to dry under ambient conditions (50±10% RH and 72±5 ˚F) for 24 hours. A cylindrical mandrel apparatus (in accordance with ASTM D522 method B) shall be put in a 40°F refrigerator when the paint is drawn down. After 24 hours, the aluminum panel with dry paint shall be put in the 40°F refrigerator with the mandrel apparatus for 2 hours. After 2 hours, the panel and test apparatus shall be removed and immediately tested to according to ASTM D522 to evaluate cold flexibility. Paint must show no evidence of cracking, chipping or flaking when bent 180 degrees over a mandrel bar of specified diameter. 6NTPEP test deck, or a test deck conforming to ASTM D713, shall be conducted for a minimum of six months with the following additional requirements: it shall be applied at 15 wet mils to a test deck that is located at 40N latitude or higher with at least 10,000 ADT and which was applied during the months of September through November. 7Paint is applied to an approximately 4”×12” aluminum panel using a drawdown bar with a 50 mil gap. The coated panel is allowed to dry under ambient conditions (50±10% RH and 72±5 ˚F) for 24 hours. Visual evaluation of the dry film shall reveal no cracks. 8Only applies to Standard Waterborne Paint Type 2. Page 9-224 M 41-10
9-34 Pavement Marking Material9-34.2(6) Temporary Pavement Marking Paint
Paint used for temporary pavement marking shall conform to the requirements of
9-34.3 Plastic
White and yellow plastic pavement marking materials shall comply with the Specifications for: Type A – Liquid hot applied thermoplastic Type B – Pre-formed fused thermoplastic Type C – Cold applied pre-formed tape Type D – Liquid cold applied methyl methacrylate For black, the color shall closely match SAE AMS Standard 595, color number 37038, and shall be chosen from a WSDOT QPL-listed manufacturer for white or yellow plastic. Black plastic shall comply with Sections 9-34.3(2) , 9-34.3(3) , and 9-34.3(4) for yellow, except for retroreflectance.
9-34.3(1) Type A – Liquid Hot Applied Thermoplastic
Type A material consists of a mixture of pigment, fillers, resins and glass beads that is applied to the pavement in the molten state by extrusion or by spraying. The material can be applied at a continuously uniform thickness or it can be applied with a profiled pattern. Glass beads, intermixed and top dress, shall conform to the manufacturer’s recommendations necessary to meet the retroreflectance requirements. Type A material shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 249 and the following: Resin – The resin shall be alkyd or hydrocarbon. Retroreflectance – ASTM E1710 Newly applied pavement markings shall have a minimum initial coefficient of retroreflective luminance of 250 mcd·m-2·lx-1 for white and 175 mcd·m-2·lx-1 for yellow in accordance with ASTM E1710 when measured with a 30-meter retroreflectometer. WSDOT will measure retroreflectivity for compliance with a Delta LTL-X retroreflectometer. Skid Resistance – ASTM E303 45 BPN units minimum
9-34.3(2) Type B – Pre-Formed Fused Thermoplastic
Type B material consists of a mixture of pigment, fillers, resins and glass beads that is factory produced in sheet form. The material is applied by heating the pavement and top heating the material. The material shall contain intermixed glass beads. The material shall conform to AASHTO M 249, with the exception of the relevant differences for the materials being applied in the pre-formed state and the following: Resin – The resin shall be alkyd or hydrocarbon. The sample material submitted for approval shall be fused to a suitable substrate prior to performing the following tests. Retroreflectance – ASTM E1710 The fused samples shall have a minimum initial coefficient of retroreflective luminance of 250 mcd·m-2·lx-1 for white and 175 mcd·m-2·lx-1 for yellow in accordance with ASTM E1710 when measured with a 30-meter retroreflectometer. WSDOT will measure retroreflectivity for compliance with a Delta LTL-X retroreflectometer. M 41-10 Page 9-225 Pavement Marking Material 9-34Skid Resistance – ASTM E303 45 BPN units minimum The blue color shall match SAE AMS Standard 595, color number 35180, and the tolerance of variation shall match that shown in the FHWA “Highway Blue Color Tolerance Chart”. The red color shall match SAE AMS Standard 595, color number 11136, and the tolerance of variation shall match that shown in the FHWA “Highway Red Color Tolerance Chart”.
9-34.3(3) Type C – Cold Applied Pre-Formed Tape
Type C material consists of plastic pre-formed tape that is applied cold to the pavement. The tape shall be capable of adhering to new and existing hot mix asphalt or cement concrete pavement. If the tape manufacturer recommends the use of a surface primer or adhesive, use a type approved by the pavement marking manufacturer. The tape shall also be capable of being inlaid into fresh hot mix asphalt during the final rolling process. The material is identified by the following designations: Type C-1 tape has a surface pattern with retroreflective elements exposed on the raised areas and faces and intermixed within its body and shall conform to ASTM D4505, Reflectivity Level I, Class 2 or 3, Skid Resistance Level A. Type C-2 tape has retroreflective elements exposed on its surface and intermixed within its body and shall conform to the requirements of ASTM D4505, Reflectivity Level II, Class 2 or 3, Skid Resistance Level A.
9-34.3(4) Type D – Liquid Cold Applied Methyl Methacrylate
Type D material consists of a two-part mixture of methyl methacrylate and a catalyst that is applied cold to the pavement. The material can be applied at a continuously uniform thickness or it can be applied with profiles (bumps). The material is classified by Type designation, depending upon the method of application. Glass beads shall conform to the manufacturer’s recommendations necessary to meet the retroreflectance requirements. Type D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, and D-6 material shall have intermixed glass beads in the material prior to application. Type D-5 material shall have glass beads injected into the material at application and a second coating of top dressing beads applied immediately after material application. Type D materials shall conform to the following: Type D – Liquid Cold Applied Methyl Methacrylate Properties Property Test MethodWhite Yellow Min. Max. Min. Max. Adhesion to PCC or HMA, psiASTM D72341200 or substrate failure 200 or substrate failure Chemical Resistance2 No Effect No Effect Hardness ASTM D2240350 50 No Track Time ASTM D7114 30 30 Skid Resistance, BPN ASTM E303 45 45 Tensile Strength, psi ASTM D638 125 125 1Part A and B mixed, applied at 60 mils thickness. 2Cured markings shall be resistant to calcium chloride, sodium chloride, fuels, oils, and UV effects. Cure three days for motor oil, gas, diesel, ATF, salt, and anti-freeze. 3Shore Durometer Type D and measurement made after 24 hours. 4Sample applied at 40 mils. Page 9-226 M 41-10
9-34 Pavement Marking MaterialType D liquid cold-applied methyl methacrylate shall meet the following formulations:
4:1 Formulation Type D – Liquid Cold Applied Methyl Methacrylate Type D-1 – One-gallon of methyl methacrylate and 3-fluid ounces of benzoyl peroxide powder (by weight). Type D-2, D-3, D-4, and D-5 – Four parts methyl methacrylate and one part liquid benzoyl peroxide (by volume). 98:2 Formulation Type D – Liquid Cold Applied Methyl Methacrylate Type D-1– One-gallon of methyl methacrylate and 3-fluid ounces of benzoyl peroxide powder (by weight). Type D-2, D-3, D-4, D-5, and D-6 – Ninety-eight parts methyl methacrylate and two parts liquid benzoyl peroxide (by volume). D liquid cold applied methyl methacrylate shall meet the following requirements for viscosity for Part A of the mixture: 4:1 Formulations Type D – Liquid Cold Applied Methyl Methacrylate PropertyTest MethodD-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 WhiteD-5 Yellow Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Viscosity cP @ 77°F, 50-rpm, spindle #7ASTM D2196 Method B, LV Model 11,000 15,000 26,000 28,000 17,000 21,000 Viscosity cP @ 77°F, 50-rpm, spindle #4ASTM D2196 Method B, LV Model 8,000 10,000 5,000 8,000 7,000 11,000 98:2 Formulations Type D – Liquid Cold Applied Methyl Methacrylate PropertyTest MethodD-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Viscosity Daniel ScaleDaniel Method112 14 6 12 12 14 13 15 Viscosity cP @ 77°F, 50-rpm, spindle #4ASTM D2196 Method B, LV Model100 118 1Follow Daniel Gauge method; measure flow at 60-seconds. M 41-10 Page 9-227 Pavement Marking Material 9-349-34.4 Glass Beads for Pavement Marking Materials Glass beads for traffic marking paint shall be coated with silicone for moisture resistance and a silane to promote adhesion. The beads shall be transparent, clean, colorless glass; smooth and spherically shaped; and free from milkiness, pits, or excessive air bubbles. Glass beads used with plastic traffic markings shall be per the manufacturer’s recommendations. The glass beads for paint and plastic traffic markings shall not contain any metals in excess of the following established total concentration limits when tested in accordance with the listed test methodology: Metal Concentration Limits Element Test Method Max. Parts Per Million (ppm) Arsenic EPA 3052 SW-846 6010D 10.0 Barium EPA 3052 SW-846 6010D 100.0 Cadmium EPA 3052 SW-846 6010D 1.0 Chromium EPA 3052 SW-846 6010D 5.0 Lead EPA 3052 SW-846 6010D 50.0 Silver EPA 3052 SW-846 6010D 5.0 Mercury EPA 3052 SW-846 7471B 4.0 Page 9-228 M 41-10
9-34 Pavement Marking MaterialGlass beads for traffic marking paint shall meet the following requirements for quality:
Glass Bead Property Test MethodType A Type B1 Min. Max. Min. Max. Refractive Index @ 77 ± 9°F AASHTO M 247 Section 5.2.3 1.50 1.55 1.50 1.55 Moisture Resistances AASHTO M 247 Section 5.3.2 Flow Without Stopping Flow Without Stopping Adherence AASHTO M 247 Section 5.3.4 Pass Pass Roundness, % ASTM D1155 70 802 FLHT 520 803 Appearance TT-B-1325D Section 4.3.1 Beads shall be transparent, clean, dry, and free from bubbles and foreign matter. Resistance to Acid TT-B-1325D Section 4.3.6 Beads shall not develop any surface haze or dulling. Resistance to Calcium ChlorideTT-B-1325D Section 4.3.7 Beads shall not develop any surface haze or dulling. Resistance to Sodium SulfideTT-B-1325D Section 4.3.8 Sodium sulfide should not darken the beads. Water Resistance TT-B-1325D Section 4.3.9 Water shall not produce haze or dulling of the beads. 1WSDOT Type B Glass Beads are high-performance glass beads for improved retroreflectivity and durability for high-performance pavement markings. A minimum of 50 percent of the glass beads shall be made from the direct-melt molten kiln process. 2Roundness will be determined on material < No. 30 sieve. 3Roundness will be determined on material ≥ No. 30 sieve. M 41-10 Page 9-229 Pavement Marking Material 9-34Glass beads for traffic marking paint shall meet the following requirements for grading when tested in accordance with ASTM D1214: Percent Passing Sieve SizeType A1 Type B Min. Max. Min. Max. No. 14 100 No. 16 100 No. 18 65 80 No. 20 95 100 No. 30 75 95 30 50 No. 50 15 35 0 5 No. 100 0 5 1Same gradation as AASHTO M 247 Type 1.
9-34.5 Temporary Pavement Marking Tape
Biodegradable tape with paper backing is not allowed.
9-34.5(1) Temporary Pavement Marking Tape – Short Duration
Temporary pavement marking tape for short duration (usage is for up to two months) shall conform to ASTM D4592 Type II except that black tape, black mask tape and the black portion of the contrast tape, shall be non-reflective.
9-34.5(2) Temporary Pavement Marking Tape – Long Duration
Temporary pavement marking tape for long duration (usage is for greater than two months and less than one year) shall conform to ASTM D4592 Type I. Temporary pavement marking tape for long duration, except for black tape, shall have a minimum initial coefficient of retroreflective luminance of 200 mcd*m-2*lx-1 when measured in accordance with ASTM E2832. Black tape, black mask tape and the black portion of the contrast tape, shall be non-reflective.
9-34.6 Temporary Flexible Raised Pavement Markers
Temporary flexible raised pavement markers shall consist of an L-shaped body with retroreflective tape on the top of one face for one-way traffic and reflective tape on the top of both faces for two-way traffic. The marker body shall be made from 0.060- inch minimum thick polyurethane. The top of the vertical leg shall be between 1.75 and 2.0 inches high and shall be approximately 4 inches wide. The base width shall be approximately 1.125 inches wide. The base shall have a pressure sensitive adhesive material, a minimum of 0.125 inch thick with release paper. The reflective tape shall be a minimum of 0.25 inch high by 4 inches wide. The reflective tape shall have a minimum reflectance of 3.5 candlepower per foot-candle for white and 2.5 candlepower per foot- candle for yellow measured at 0.2-degree observation angle and 0-degree entrance angle. Page 9-230 M 41-10
9-34 Pavement Marking Material9-34.7 Field Testing
9-34.7(1) Requirements
Field performance evaluation is required for low VOC solvent-based paint per Section
9-34.2(4) , Type A – liquid hot applied thermoplastic per Section 9-34.3(1) , Type B –
preformed fused thermoplastic per Section 9-34.3(2) , Type C – cold applied preformed tape per Section 9-34.3(3) , and Type D – liquid applied methyl methacrylate per Testing on a northern AASHTO National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP) pavement marking test deck is recommended. Test decks conducted by other public entities may be considered provided they produce data similar to a northern NTPEP test deck. Retroreflectivity, Durability, and Auto No-Track shall conform to the following requirements after being installed on a northern NTPEP test deck for a minimum of 12 months. Successful use of a product in five other States may be considered in lieu of the field test requirement.
9-34.7(1)A Retroreflectivity
Retroreflectivity is measured as a coefficient of retroreflective luminance (RL) in accordance with the requirements of ASTM E1710 for 30-meter geometry. The minimum initial retroreflectivity is 250 mcd·m-2·lx-1 for white and 175 mcd·m-2·lx-1 for yellow, except Type C preformed tape shall meet the minimum initial values in ASTM D4505. The minimum retroreflectivity after 12 months is 150 mcd·m-2·lx-1 for white and 100 mcd·m- 2·lx-1 for yellow, when measured in the skip line area. However, the Department will review the results of each test deck to determine the minimum value in effect for that deck, in order to approve only the better-performing materials.
9-34.7(1)B Durability
Durability rating shall be a minimum of seven in the skip line area and six in the wheel paths after 12 months. The rating system used will be as indicated by NTPEP procedures. However, the department will review the results for each test deck to determine the minimum value in effect for that deck, in order to approve only the better-performing materials.
9-34.7(1)C Auto No-Track Time
Auto No-Track Time will only be required for low VOC solvent-based paint in accordance with Section 9-34.2(4). No-track time shall be determined in accordance with NTPEP procedures by passing over an applied test line with a standard size passenger car without tracking of the line when viewed from a distance of 50 feet. The maximum no-track time shall not be exceeded when the pavement temperature is between 50°F and 120°F, with relative humidity less than 85 percent, and the pavement is dry.
9-34.7(1)D Approval
The Department will evaluate the results of laboratory and test deck data. This information will be reviewed for each material by color and roadway surface to determine compliance with this Specification. Approved product formulas will remain active for a period of approximately 5 years after completion of the NTPEP evaluation; afterwards, the product will need to be reevaluated.