9-33Construction Geosynthetic

9-33.1 Geosynthetic Material Requirements

The term geosynthetic shall be considered to be inclusive of geotextiles, geogrids, and prefabricated drainage mats. Geotextiles, including geotextiles attached to prefabricated drainage core to form a prefabricated drainage mat, shall consist only of long chain polymeric fibers or yarns formed into a stable network such that the fibers or yarns retain their position relative to each other during handling, placement, and design service life. At least 95 percent by weight of the material shall be polyolefins or polyesters. The material shall be free from defects or tears. The geotextile shall also be free of any treatment or coating which might adversely alter its hydraulic or physical properties after installation. Geogrids shall consist of a regular network of integrally connected polymer tensile elements with an aperture geometry sufficient to permit mechanical interlock with the surrounding backfill. The long chain polymers in the geogrid tensile elements, not including coatings, shall consist of at least 95 percent by mass of the material of polyolefins or polyesters. The material shall be free of defects, cuts, and tears. Prefabricated drainage core shall consist of a three dimensional polymeric material with a structure that permits flow along the core laterally, and which provides support to the geotextiles attached to it. The geosynthetic shall conform to the properties as indicated in Tables 1 through 8 in Section 9-33.2 , and additional tables as required in the Standard Plans and Special Provisions for each use specified in the Plans. Specifically, the geosynthetic uses included in this section and their associated tables of properties are as follows: Geotextile Geosynthetic Application Applicable Property Tables Underground Drainage, Low and Moderate Survivability, Classes A, B, and CTables 1 and 2 Separation Table 3 Soil Stabilization Table 3 Permanent Erosion Control, Moderate and High Survivability, Classes A, B, and CTables 4 and 5 Ditch Lining Table 4 Temporary Silt Fence Table 6 Permanent Geosynthetic Retaining Wall Table 7 and Std. Plans Temporary Geosynthetic Retaining Wall Tables 7 and 10 Prefabricated Drainage Mat Table 8 Table 10 will be included in the Special Provisions. Geogrid and geotextile reinforcement in geosynthetic retaining walls shall conform to the properties specified in the Standard Plans for permanent walls, and Table 10 for temporary walls. For geosynthetic retaining walls that use geogrid reinforcement, the geotextile material placed at the wall face to retain the backfill material as shown in the Plans shall conform to the properties for Construction Geotextile for Underground Drainage, Moderate Survivability, Class A. Page 9-214 M 41-10

9-33 Construction GeosyntheticThread used for sewing geotextiles shall consist of high-strength polypropylene, polyester,

or polyamide. Nylon threads will not be allowed. The thread used to sew permanent erosion control geotextiles, and to sew geotextile seams in exposed faces of temporary or permanent geosynthetic retaining walls, shall also be resistant to ultraviolet radiation. The thread shall be of contrasting color to that of the geotextile itself.

9-33.2 Geosynthetic Properties

9-33.2(1) Geotextile Properties

Table 1 Geotextile for Underground Drainage Strength Properties for Survivability Geotextile PropertyASTM Test Method2Geotextile Property Requirements1 Low Survivability Moderate Survivability Woven Nonwoven Woven Nonwoven Grab Tensile Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4632 180 lb min.115 lb min.250 lb min.160 lb min. Grab Failure Strain, in machine and x-machine directionD4632 < 50% ≥ 50% < 50% ≥ 50% Seam Breaking Strength D46323 160 lb min.100 lb min.220 lb min.140 lb min. Puncture Resistance D6241 370 lb min.220 lb min.495 lb min.310 lb min. Tear Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4533 67 lb min. 40 lb min. 80 lb min. 50 lb min. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Stability D4355 50% strength retained min., after 500 hours in a xenon arc device Notes in Section 9-33.2(3) , Table 8. Table 2 Geotextile for Underground Drainage Filtration Properties Geotextile PropertyASTM Test Method2Geotextile Property Requirements1 Class A Class B Class C AOS D4751 No. 40 max. No. 60 max. No. 80 max. Water Permittivity D4491 0.5 sec-1 min. 0.4 sec-1 min. 0.3 sec-1 min. Notes in Section 9-33.2(3) , Table 8. M 41-10 Page 9-215 Construction Geosynthetic 9-33Table 3 Geotextile for Separation or Soil Stabilization Geotextile PropertyASTM Test Method2Geotextile Property Requirements1 Separation Soil Stabilization Woven Nonwoven Woven Nonwoven AOS D4751 No. 30 max. No. 40 max. Water Permittivity D4491 0.02 sec-1 min. 0.10 sec-1 min. Grab Tensile Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4632 250 lb min. 160 lb min. 315 lb min. 200 lb min. Grab Failure Strain, in machine and x-machine directionD4632 < 50% ≥ 50% < 50% ≥ 50% Seam Breaking Strength D46323220 lb min. 140 lb min. 270 lb min. 180 lb min. Puncture Resistance D6241 495 lb min. 310 lb min. 620 lb min. 430 lb min. Tear Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4533 80 lb min. 50 lb min. 112 lb min. 79 lb min. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation StabilityD4355 50% strength retained min., after 500 hours in xenon arc device Notes in Section 9-33.2(3) , Table 8. Table 4 Geotextile for Permanent Erosion Control and Ditch Lining Geotextile PropertyASTM Test Method2Geotextile Property Requirements1 Permanent Erosion Control Ditch Lining Moderate SurvivabilityHigh Survivability WovenNon Woven WovenNon Woven WovenNon Woven AOS D4751 See Table 5 See Table 5 No. 30 max. Water PermittivityD4491 See Table 5 See Table 5 0.02 sec-1 min. Grab Tensile Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4632250 lb min.160 lb min.315 lb min.200 lb min.250 lb min.160 lb min. Grab Failure Strain, in machine and x-machine directionD463215% -50%≥ 50%15% - 50%≥ 50% < 50% ≥ 50% Seam Breaking StrengthD46323220 lb min.140 lb min.270 lb min.180 lb min.220 lb min.140 lb min. Puncture ResistanceD6241495 lb min.310 lb min.620 lb min.430 lb min.495 lb min.310 lb min. Tear Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD453380 lb min.50 lb min.112 lb min.79 lb min.80 lb min.50 lb min. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation StabilityD435570% strength retained min., after 500 hours in xenon arc device Notes in Section 9-33.2(3) , Table 8. Page 9-216 M 41-10

9-33 Construction GeosyntheticTable 5 Filtration Properties for Geotextile for Permanent Erosion Control

Geotextile PropertyASTM Test Method2Geotextile Property Requirements1 Class A Class B Class C AOS D4751 No. 40 max. No. 60 max. No. 70 max. Water Permittivity D4491 0.7 sec-1 min. 0.4 sec-1 min. 0.2 sec-1 min. Notes in Section 9-33.2(3) , Table 8. Table 6 Geotextile for Temporary Silt Fence Geotextile PropertyASTM Test Method2Geotextile Property Requirements1 Unsupported Between PostsSupported Between Posts With Wire or Polymeric Mesh AOSD4751No. 30 max. for slit wovens, No. 50 for all other geotextile types, No. 100 min. Water Permittivity D4491 0.02 sec-1 min. Grab Tensile Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4632180 lb min. in machine direction, 100 lb min. in x-machine direction100 lb min. Grab Failure Strain, in machine and x-machine directionD463230% max. at 180 lb or more Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation StabilityD435570% strength retained min., after 500 hours in xenon arc device Notes in Section 9-33.2(3) , Table 8.

9-33.2(2) Geotextile Properties for Retaining Walls and Reinforced Slopes

Table 7 Minimum Properties Required for Geotextile Reinforcement Used in Geosynthetic Reinforced Slopes and Retaining Walls Geotextile PropertyASTM Test Method2Geotextile Property Requirements1 Woven Nonwoven AOS D4751 No. 20 max. Water Permittivity D4491 0.02 sec-1 min. Grab Tensile Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4632 200 lb min. 120 lb min. Grab Failure Strain, in machine and x-machine directionD4632 < 50% ≥ 50% Seam Breaking Strength D46323,4160 lb min. 100 lb min. Puncture Resistance D6241 370 lb min. 220 lb min. Tear Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4533 63 lb min. 50 lb min. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation StabilityD4355 70% (for polypropylene and polyethylene) and 50% (for polyester) Strength Retained min., after 500 hours in a xenon arc device Notes in Section 9-33.2(3) , Table 8. M 41-10 Page 9-217 Construction Geosynthetic 9-339-33.2(3) Prefabricated Drainage Mat Prefabricated drainage mat shall have a single or double dimpled polymeric core with a geotextile attached and shall meet the following requirements: Table 8 Minimum Properties Required for Prefabricated Drainage Mats Geotextile PropertyASTM Test Method2 Geotextile Property Requirements1 AOS D4751 No. 60 max. Water Permittivity D4491 0.4 sec-1 min. Grab Tensile Strength, in machine and x-machine directionD4632 Nonwoven – 100 lb min. Width ThicknessD177712 inch min. 0.4 inch min. Compressive Strength at Yield D1621 100 psi min. In Plan Flow Rate Gradient = 0.1, Pressure = 5.5 psi Gradient = 1.0, Pressure = 14.5 psiD47165.0 gal./min./ft. min. 15.0 gal/min./ft. min. 1All geotextile properties in Tables 1 through 8 are minimum average roll values (i.e., the test results for any sampled roll in a lot shall meet or exceed the values shown in the table). 2The test procedures used are essentially in conformance with the most recently approved ASTM geotextile test procedures, except for geotextile sampling and specimen conditioning, which are in accordance with WSDOT T 914, Practice for Sampling of Geotextiles for Testing, and T 915 , Practice for Conditioning of Geotextiles for Testing, respectively. Copies of these test methods are available at the State Materials Laboratory, PO Box 47365, Olympia, WA 98504-7365. 3With seam located in the center of 8-inch-long specimen oriented parallel to grip faces. 4Applies only to seams perpendicular to the wall face.

9-33.3 Aggregate Cushion of Permanent Erosion Control Geotextile

Aggregate cushion for permanent erosion control geotextile, Class A shall meet the requirements of Section 9-03.9(2) . Aggregate cushion for permanent erosion control geotextile, Class B or C shall meet the requirements of Sections 9-03.9(3) and 9-03.9(2) .

9-33.4 Geosynthetic Material Approval and Acceptance

9-33.4(1) Geosynthetic Material Approval

Geosynthetics listed in the WSDOT Qualified Products List (QPL) are approved for use. If the geosynthetics material is not listed in the current WSDOT QPL, a Manufacturer’s Certificate of Compliance including Certified Test Reports of each proposed geosynthetic shall be submitted to the State Materials Laboratory in Tumwater for evaluation. Geosynthetic material approval will be based on conformance to the applicable properties from the Tables in Section 9-33.2 or in the Standard Plans or Special Provisions. Approval/ Disapproval information will be provided within 30 calendar days after the sample and required information for each geosynthetic type have been received at the State Materials Laboratory in Tumwater. Page 9-218 M 41-10

9-33 Construction GeosyntheticThe Contractor shall submit to the Engineer the following information regarding each

geosynthetic material proposed for use: Manufacturer’s name and current address, Full product name, Geosynthetic structure, including fiber/yarn type, Geosynthetic polymer type(s) (for permanent geosynthetic retaining walls, reinforced slopes, reinforced embankments, and other geosynthetic reinforcement applications), Geosynthetic roll number(s), Geosynthetic lot number(s), Proposed geosynthetic use(s), and Certified test results for minimum average roll values. Geosynthetics used as reinforcement in permanent geosynthetic retaining walls, reinforced slopes, reinforced embankments, and other geosynthetic reinforcement applications require proof of compliance with the National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP) in accordance with AASHTO Standard Practice R 69, Standard Practice for Determination of Long-Term Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcement.

9-33.4(2) Vacant

9-33.4(3) Acceptance Samples

A satisfactory test report is required when the quantities of geosynthetic materials proposed for use in the following geosynthetic applications are greater than the following amounts: Application Geosynthetic Quantity Underground Drainage 100 sq. yd. Permanent Geosynthetic Reinforced Slopes, Retaining Walls, Reinforced Embankments, and other Geosynthetic Reinforcement Applications All quantities The samples for acceptance testing shall include the information about each geosynthetic roll to be used as stated in Section 9-33.4(4) . Samples from the geosynthetic roll will be taken to confirm that the material meets the property values specified. Samples will be randomly taken at the job site by the Contractor in accordance with WSDOT T 914 in the presence of the Engineer. Acceptance will be based on testing of samples from each lot. A “lot” shall be defined for the purposes of this Specification as all geosynthetic rolls within the consignment (i.e., all rolls sent to the project site) that were produced by the same manufacturer during a continuous period of production at the same manufacturing plant and have the same product name. Test results from Section 9-33.4(1) Geosynthetic Material Approval testing may be used for acceptance provided the tested roll(s) are part of the “lot” as defined above. Acceptance testing information will be provided within 30 calendar days after the sample and the required information for each geosynthetic type have been received at the State Materials Laboratory in Tumwater. If the results of the testing show that a geosynthetic lot, as defined, does not meet the properties required for the specified use as indicated in Tables 1 through 8 in Section

9-33.2 , and additional tables as specified in the Special Provisions, the roll or rolls which

were sampled will be rejected. Geogrids and geotextiles for temporary geosynthetic retaining walls shall meet the requirements of Table 7, and Table 10 in the Special M 41-10 Page 9-219 Construction Geosynthetic 9-33Provisions. Geogrids and geotextiles for permanent geosynthetic retaining wall shall meet the requirements of Table 7, and Table 9 in the Special Provisions, and both geotextile and geogrid acceptance testing shall meet the required ultimate tensile strength Tult as provided in the current QPL for the selected product(s). If the selected product(s) are not listed in the current QPL, the result of the testing for Tult shall be greater than or equal to Tult as determined from the product data submitted and approved by the State Materials Laboratory during source material approval. For each geosynthetic roll that is tested and fails, the Engineer will select two additional rolls from the same lot for sampling and retesting. The Contractor shall sample the rolls in accordance with WSDOT T 914 in the presence of the Engineer. If the retesting shows that any of the additional rolls tested do not meet the required properties, the entire lot will be rejected. If the test results from all the rolls retested meet the required properties, the entire lot minus the roll(s) that failed will be accepted. All geosynthetic that has defects, deterioration, or damage, as determined by the Engineer, will also be rejected. All rejected geosynthetic shall be replaced at no additional expense to the Contracting Agency.

9-33.4(4) Acceptance by Certificate of Compliance

When the quantities of geosynthetic proposed for use in each geosynthetic application are less than or equal to the following amounts, acceptance shall be by Manufacturer’s Certificate of Compliance: Application Geosynthetic Quantity Underground Drainage 100 sq. yd. Soil Stabilization and Separation All quantities Permanent Erosion Control All quantities Prefabricated Drainage Mat All quantities The Manufacturer’s Certificate of Compliance shall include the following information about each geosynthetic roll to be used: • Manufacturer’s name and current address, • Full product name, • Geosynthetic structure, including fiber/yarn type, • Geosynthetic Polymer type (for all temporary and permanent geosynthetic retaining walls only), • Geosynthetic roll number(s), • Geosynthetic lot number(s), • Proposed geosynthetic use(s), and • Certified test results.

9-33.4(5) Approval of Seams

If the geotextile seams are to be sewn in the field, the Contractor shall provide a section of sewn seam that can be sampled by the Engineer before the geotextile is installed. The seam sewn for sampling shall be sewn using the same equipment and procedures as will be used to sew the production seams. If production seams will be sewn in both the machine and cross-machine directions, the Contractor must provide sewn seams for sampling which are oriented in both the machine and cross-machine directions. The seam sewn for sampling must be at least 2 yards in length in each geotextile direction. If the seams are sewn in the factory, the Engineer will obtain samples of the factory seam at random from any of the rolls to be used. The seam assembly description shall be submitted by the Contractor to the Engineer and will be included with the seam sample obtained for testing. This description shall include the seam type, stitch type, sewing thread type(s), and stitch density.