Wisconsin WisDOT Standard Specifications (within FDM) — Section 637

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 420 2019 Standard Spec ifications Section 637 Signing

637.1Description

(1)This section describes provi ding signs, of the type or typess pecified, on supports in place or erected

under the contract.

637.2Materials

637.2.1 Sign Base Materials 637.2.1.1 Aluminum Extrusions

(1)Use the style of aluminum extrusions specified in the plans. T he engineer will ac cept any shape

reasonably close to the shape illustrated, with no interlocking arrangement, and c onforming to the minimum weight requirements the plans specify. Use the same style and brand of extrusion required for all the work under the contract. Use aluminum extrusions co nforming to ASTM B221, alloy 6061- T6, 6063-T5, or 6063-T6.

(2)Perform shearing, cutting, punching, drilling, or other fabric ation procedures on extruded panels before

preparing the aluminum to receive reflective material.

(3)The department will allow a maximu m deviation from flat on the face of extrusions of 0.004 inches per

one inch of extrusion width.

(4)The engineer will not require sign edge molding.

637.2.1.2 High-Density Overlaid Plywood

(1)Use base material conforming to the U.S. Product Standard PS 1 for construction and industrial

plywood. Use 7-ply material manuf actured from a group 1 wood an d conforming to the requirements for B-B or better high-density overlay exterior plywood intended for use in highway signs, and suitable for applying reflective sheeting to without furt her surface pre paration other than as specified below in 637.3.2 .

(2)Make plywood sign panels from m aterial not less than 5/8 inch thick, except that for signs with a face 2

feet by 2 feet or less with th e horizontal dimension no greater than the vertical dimension, the contractor may use 1/2 inch thick material. 637.2.1.3 Sheet Aluminum

(1)For this base material, use aluminum alloy 5052-H38 complying with ASTM B209.

(2)Ensure sign blanks are free from laminations, blisters, slivers, open seams, pits from heavy rolled-in

scale, ragged edges, holes, turned-down cor ners, or other defec ts that might affect their appearance or intended use. Use blanks conf orming to the Aluminum Association, Inc., requirements for commercial flatness and uniformi ty of thickness. Perform sheari ng, cutting, and punching before coating and applying reflective or other surface material.

(3)Ensure that the sheared edges o f sign blanks are straight and free from tears or raggedness. Round

corners unless the plans show otherwise. Ensure punched or dril led holes are round; free from tears, raggedness, and distortion of the metal; and of the diameter an d location the plans show.

(4)Degrease, etch, and coat the si gn blank on both sides with a c hromate treatment conforming to ASTM

B921, class 2.

(5)For other than stop signs, furn ish material that equals or exc eeds the following nominal thickness for

the indicated sign width: WIDTH NOMINAL THICKNESS 30 inches a nd under .......................................................................................................... .................. 0.080 inch Greater than 30 through 36 inches ............................. ............................................................... .......... 0.100 inch Over 36 inches ............................................................................................................... ..................... 0.125 inch

(6)For stop signs, furnish material that equals or exceeds the following nominal thickness for the

indicated sign size: SIZE NOMINAL THICKNESS 24 inches x 24 inches ........................................................................................................ .................. 0.080 inch 30 inches x 30 inches ........................................................................................................ .................. 0.100 inch 36 inches x 36 inches and l arger .............................. ............................................................... ............ 0.125 inch 637.2.2 Sign Face Materials 637.2.2.1 General

(1)Sign sheeting material acceptance is subject to the performanc e criteria specified in 637.3.3.4 .

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 421 2019 Standard Spec ifications 637.2.2.2 Reflective Sheeting

(1)Furnish type H, SH and F reflective sheeting from the department's APL. If the manufacturer provides

a warranty for the reflectives heeting, turn the warranty over to the department. 637.2.2.3 Nonreflective Sheeting

(1)Furnish nonreflective sheeting consisting of a flexible sign f ace material precoated with adhesive and

with a protective liner. Ensure that sheeting thickness, without liner, is from 0.003 to 0.005 inches inclusive.

(2)Provide test data showing that the sheeting has no appreciable shrinkage, discoloration, cracking,

crazing, chalking, blistering, delamination, or loss of adhesio n. 637.2.3 Sign Message Material 637.2.3.1 (Vacant) 637.2.3.2 Stencil Paste

(1)Furnish stencil paste of a type the manufacturer of the underl ying face material approves for that

application. 637.2.3.3 Electronic Cuttable Overlay Film 637.2.3.3.1 General

(1)Furnish transparent colored electronic cuttable film for shop application over refle ctive sheeting. Use

overlay film from the same manufacturer and with the same warra nty as the underlying reflective sheeting. 637.2.3.3.2 Performance Requirements

(1)After overlaying, the composite shall conform to the same ASTM D4956 color specification limits and

daytime luminance factors applicable to an equivalent backgroun d sheeting material of the same color with no overlay.

(2)Furnish film coated with a pressure-sensitive adhesive capable of adhering without using additional

adhesive. Ensure that the protecti ve lining for the adhesive is removable without soaking in water or other solvents.

(3)Furnish film with a coefficient of retroreflection that equals or exceeds 70 percent of that required by

ASTM D4956 for similar colored retroreflective sheeting. For blue films, 55 percent or greater is acceptable. 637.2.3.4 Vandalism Sticker

(1)Affix a vandalism sticker to the face of type I and II signs. Obtain stickers from the department's sign

shop located at: 3609 Pierstorff St. Madison, WI 53704

(2)Position the stickers on the signs according to the following procedures:

1.Attach the sticker at the ex treme lower left corner of squa re or rectangular signs, horizontally and typically

outside the sign border, or just inside the sign border if the space between the edg e of the sign and the border is not sufficient to accommodate the sticker.

2.On signs of other shapes, for example stop, yield, and no passing zone pennants, place the sticker at the

lowest edge or corner of the sign , parallel with the border or edge of the sign, and at t he left corner or left side of the sign.

3.On signs with a white border, place the sticker within the white border at the locations designated.

637.2.3.5 Sheeting Material Iden tification Code and Installati on Date

(1)Affix identification code and in stallation date stickers on the back of signs as follows:

- On type I signs, in the lower right corner. - On type II signs, in the upper right corner.

(2)Obtain stickers from the depar tment's sign shop located at:

3609 Pierstorff St. Madison, WI 53704

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 422 2019 Standard Spec ifications Add 637.2.3.6 to specify fabr ication stickers for signs. 637.2.3.6 Fabrication Stickers

(1)Furnish 3-inch x 1 1/2-inch fabr ication stickers consisting of a black message on white non-reflective

sheeting. Include the sign fabric ation company name and address in the message. Apply the message as specified in 637.3.2.4.1 .

(2)Affix fabrication stickers on the back of signs as follows:

- Type I signs: in the lower right corner, below t he date sticker . - Type II signs: in the upper right corner, below the date sticke r. 637.2.4 Sign Mounting Hardware 637.2.4.1 Type I Signs

(1)Connect individual aluminum extrusion panels together to form a completed sign assembly. For panel

stitch hardware, use self-locking nuts, bolts, washers, and other hardware as follows:

1.Stainless steel conforming to 513.2.1 .

2.Aluminum that the panel manufa cturer either supplies or app roves.

(2)Mount the sign assembly using aluminum post clips, stainlesss teel bolts with self-locking nuts, and a

protective stainless steel flat washer against each post clip. Provide the following:

1.Stainless steel bolts and washers conforming to 513.2.1 .

2.Stainless steel self-locking nuts conforming to ASME B18.16 .6.

3.Aluminum post clips conforming to ASTM B221 alloy 6061-T6, ASTM B26 alloy 356.0-T6, or ASTM B108

alloy 356.0-T6. 637.2.4.2 Type II Signs 637.2.4.2.1 Ground-Mounted Signs

(1)Furnish components to attach signs to ground mounted wood or s teel posts using hex head nuts and

bolts, washers, and other steel hardware treated in one of the following ways:

1.Hot dipped coated according to ASTM A153 .

2.Electrically zinc coated according to ASTM B633 , type III, SC 3.

(2)Use only nuts and bolts manufactu red with sufficient clearance to allow the nuts to run freely on the

bolts after plating or coating. 637.2.4.2.2 Overhead-Mounted Signs

(1)Furnish a sign mounting system from the department's APL.

637.2.5 Color

(1)For sign face and sign message materials provide the color the plans show.

637.2.6 Permanent Barricades

(1)Furnish 8-foot barricades as w ell as red and white barricades heeting from the department's APL. If

the plans show installing on woo d posts, fabricate conforming t o the following: Plywood ................................................................................................................................................. 637.2.1.2 Wood pos ts ............................................................................................................................................... 634.2.1 Mounting ha rdware ............................................................................................................................. 637.2.4.2.1

637.3Construction

637.3.1 Definitions

(1)Type I signs consist of guide signs having extruded aluminum b ase material, refle ctive backgrounds,

and non-removable messages. They are ground mounted on steel po sts and are used in unlighted overhead locations.

(2)Type II signs consist of miscella neous warning, regulatory, in formational, and standard size guide

signs, having sheet aluminum or plywood base material, and refl ective or non-reflective backgrounds, and non-removable messages. 637.3.2 Manufacture and Assembly 637.3.2.1 General

(1)Manufacture signs to conform to the dimensions and details the plans show. Letter series refer to the

standard series approved by the FHWA. Ensure that the corners o f type I signs are square, but make the borders as the plans show.

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 423 2019 Standard Spec ifications (2) Where the department uses the term "message" in these specifications or on the plans, it includes letters, numerals, symbols, and borders. 637.3.2.2 Preparing Sign Pan els for Reflectorization 637.3.2.2.1 Aluminum Panels

(1)If applying reflective sheeti ng to aluminum panels, prepare th e panels as follows:

(2)Perform the preliminary cleaning of the sign blanks by complet ely submerging them in a 3 percent

solution of inhibited alkaline cl eanser at 160 to 180 F for 3 m inutes, followed by a thorough rinse in clean running cold water. Instea d of this method the contractor may use a grease solvent, such as naphtha, provided it applies the cleanser according to the manu facturer’s directions.

(3)After this preliminary cleaning, immerse the panels for at lea st 3 minutes in a 6 percent to 8 percent

solution of phosphoric acid at 100 F. Then rinse the panels in a spray of cold water, followed by immersing for one minute in circulating hot water at 180 F. Dry the panels with forced warm air.

(4)If using extrusions, and the panel length prohibits total imme rsion, then the contractor may apply 6

percent to 8 percent phosphoric acid at 100 F to the surface by swabbing, brushing, or spraying, and allowing it to remain for 5 mi nutes, then remove the acid using a cold water rinse and dry with forced warm air. 637.3.2.2.2 High-Density Overlaid Plywood Panels

(1)Ensure that the plywood blanks urfaces are smooth, clean, and free from any oils, edge sealant, dust,

or solvent. If the reflective sheeting manufacturer recommends, lightly sand the sign face surface then wipe with a solvent before applying the sheeting. 637.3.2.2.3 Handling Panels

(1)If reflectorizing the surface of aluminum or plywood sign blan ks, handle the surface with devices or

clean canvas gloves between cle aning and etching operations and when applying the reflective sheeting. 637.3.2.3 Applying Reflective Sheeting

(1)Prepare sign panels and blanks as specified above and according to the reflective material

manufacturer’s recommendations. A pply reflective sheeting according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.

(2)After curing for 48 hours at 70 F, the bond between the reflec tive sheeting and the sign panel or blank

must resist stripping from the panel with a stiff putty knife; and must withstand 8 hours of soaking in water at 75 F without appreciable loss of adhesion.

(3)Ensure that no line of separation exists between adjacent pane ls due to lack of reflective material. The

contractor shall not extend the reflective sheeting from one pa nel to adjacent panels. Wrap the sheeting a minimum of 1/4 inch around the top and bottom edges of each panel. 637.3.2.4 Applying Messages on Type II Signs 637.3.2.4.1 Signs with Black or D ark Message on a White, Yello w, or Orange Background

(1)Apply messages using either of the following methods:

1.Use a silkscreen stencil process with a black or dark stenc il paste of a type t he manufacturer of the

underlying reflective sheeting approves for that application.

2.Use an electronic cuttable overlay film shop-applied over u nderlying white reflective sheeting. Apply

according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedures. Ensure that the resultant c omposite produces the required background color. 637.3.2.4.2 Signs with White M essage on a Red, Blue, Brown, or Green Background

(1)Apply messages using any of the following methods:

1.Individually cut the borders, letters, numerals, and symbols from white reflective sheeting and apply them

to a background of colored refle ctive sheeting from the same ma nufacturer. Apply according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedures.

2.Use the reverse screening process with a transparent stenci l paste applied to white reflective sheeting.

Ensure that the resultant backg round is unifo rm and has the req uired background color. Use the brand of transparent paste that the reflective sheeting manufacturer rec ommends.

3.Use an electronic cuttable overlay film shop applied over u nderlying white reflective sheeting. Apply

according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedures. Ensure that the resultant c omposite produces the required background color. 637.3.2.4.3 Signs with Yellow Message on a Brown Background

(1)Apply messages using either of the following methods:

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 424 2019 Standard Spec ifications 1. Individually cut the borders, letters, numerals, and symbols from yellow reflective sheeting and apply them to a background of brown refle ctive sheeting from the same manu facturer. Apply according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedures.

2.Use the reverse screening process with an opaque stencil pa ste applied to yellow reflective sheeting.

Ensure that the resultant backg round is unifo rm and has the req uired background color. Use the brand of opaque paste that the reflective sheeting manufacturer recommen ds. 637.3.2.5 Applying Clear Finish

(1)If the reflecting material manuf acturer recommends a clear finish, apply the finish to the face of the

sign panel according to the manufacturer's instructions after applying the backgr ound and message for reflective type I and II signs and allowing them to dry complet ely. 637.3.2.6 Applying Messages on Type I Signs

(1)Completely assemble each sign in the shop before applying the sign message. Cut the applied

message between each aluminum extrusion.

(2)For signs with a black or dark message on a white, yellow, or orange background, conform to item 2 of

637.3.2.4.1(1) .

(3)For signs with a white message on a red, blue, brown, green, o r black background, conform to item 1

of 637.3.2.4.2(1) . Use type SH sheeting for the message.

(4)For route markers, use type SH s heeting in the shape the plans show. Apply letters and numbers as

specified in 637.3.2.4 . 637.3.2.7 Assembling Type I Signs

(1)For type I signs use aluminum ext rusion sign base material.

(2)Assemble individual aluminum extrusions into signs the size th e plans show, according to the

extrusion fabricator’s recomm endations and in a manner the engineer approves.

(3)Make each extension the full width of the sign without joint o r splice.

637.3.2.8 Assembling Type II Signs 637.3.2.8.1 General

(1)Provide type II signs of the size and shape the plans show. Un less the plans show otherwise, use

sheet aluminum for permanent type II signs.

(2)Do not use horizontal joints on a type II sign with a vertical dimension of 48 inches or less.

(3)Do not use vertical joints on a type II sign with a horizontal dimension of 144 inches or less. Do not

use more than one vertical j oint on wider type II signs.

(4)Mount permanent flags to type II signs if the plans show.

637.3.2.8.2 Battens Over Joints

(1)If using 2 or more sheets of sign base material other than she et aluminum to make a single type II

sign, attach a 6-inch batten of the same material as the sign b ase by screws or riv ets to the back of the sign and covering the joint.

(2)Use screws to attach battens to plywood signs. Drive the screws into the sign from the back and do

not cut the face of the sign. For battens on plywood signs, the contractor may use one inch by 6-inch lumber pressure treated conforming to 507.2.2.6 using one of the waterborne preservatives specified in 507.2.3 . Use battens that extend the fu ll length of the joint, except stop horizontal battens within 10 inches of each sign post to allow mounting of the sign base mat erial directly on the post, and stop vertical battens within 10 inches of horizontal stiffeners or s tringers to allow mounting the sign base material directly on them. Additionally, the contractor shall not use horizontal battens if locating a horizontal stiffener or stringer as specified below properly ba ttens the joint. 637.3.2.8.3 Horizontal Stiffeners

(1)For plywood signs, provide sti ffeners made of 2 x 6 lumber pre ssure treated as specified for wood sign

posts in 634.2.1(3) . Screw 2 horizontal stiffeners to the back of each type II sign with one or more of the following:

1.Vertical joints between adjacent panels of sign base material.

2.Plywood base material and a horizontal dimension exceeding 80 inches and a vertical dimension less than

36 inches.

3.Aluminum base material and a horizontal dimension exceeding 80 inches regardless of vertical dimension.

Horizontal stiffeners are no t required for the following:

1.Signs mounted on bridges with either continuous bearing on the bridge or mounted on spacer blocks at

both the top and the bottom of the sign.

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 425 2019 Standard Spec ifications 2. Signs mounted on horizontal stringers.

(2)On plywood signs, drive the screws from the back of the sign a nd do not cut the face of the sign.

Position the center of the stiffeners 9 inches above the bottom of the sign and 9 inches below the top of the sign, respectively. Except on signs having a vertical dimension of 27 inches or less, then center only one stiffener on the back o f the sign. Ensure that stiffeners extend the full length of the sign. 637.3.2.8.4 Horizontal Stringers

(1)Provide horizontal stringers made of flanged channel section p osts conforming to 633.2.1 . Bolt 2

stringers to the back of each sh eet aluminum sign panel with a horizontal dimension greater than 77 inches. If mounted on one or more posts; fasten the sign, each stringer, and each post at their points of intersection with a bolt or lag screw passing through or into all 3 parts of the assembly. 637.3.3 Installing Signs 637.3.3.1 General

(1)If erecting signs before their message becomes applicable, cover the sign faces conforming to

643.3.4.3 to make their messages unreadable during both daytime and nigh ttime. Maintain the covering in good condition until t he message becomes applicable and the engineer orders the covering removed or until the contract expires.

(2)The contractor shall not insta ll stop signs and yield signs be fore the time that they are applicable.

637.3.3.2 Placing and Orienting

(1)Establish and stake, or mark on the pavement, the longitudinal location of each sign, including signs

on the main line roadways, front age roads, ramps, and intersecting roads as the plans show or as the engineer directs.

(2)Laterally position the sign from the shoulder edge or curb as the plans show or as the engineer directs.

(3)The proper elevation, offset, lev el, and orientation of signs erected are the contra ctor’s responsibility.

Exercise care to preserve stakes. Reset stakes lost, damaged, d isplaced, or removed.

(4)Generally, erect signs so the edge and face of the sign are truly vertical and the face is normal to the

centerline of the roadway that t he sign serves, and so the sign faces slightly away from the motorists line of sight in order to avoids pecular reflection and glare. 637.3.3.3 Fastening Signs to Supports

(1)If the plans require the contra ctor to mount signs on utility poles or highway lighting poles installed by

others, then follow the method of mounting the plans show.

(2)Fasten type II signs to wood sign posts with bolts or lag screws. For signs with type H, type SH, or

type F Reflective Sheeting, place a fiber, nylon, or clear plas tic washer between the head of the bolt or screw and the face of the sign. F or signs, place a metal washer on the bolt beneath the nut.

(3)Fasten overhead-mounted type II signs using a mounting system from the department's APL. Conform

to torque limitations and other ins tallation instructions provi ded by the sign mounting system manufacturer. Provide a copy o f those instructions to the engin eer.

(4)Fasten signs to flanged beam sign supports and sign bridges ac cording to the plans and the sign

manufacturer’s recommendations. 637.3.3.4 Performance

(1)Under 105.11.2.3 the department may revoke acceptance and direct the contractor to repair or replace

previously accepted sign installations if the department subseq uently discovers evidence of defective materials or improper installati on. Deficiencies that warrant d epartment action include but are not limited to the following: - Sign posts more than five degrees out of plumb. - Signs twisted by more than 5 degrees from plan orientation. - Signs with delaminated or warped plywood. - Signs with bubbling, fading, delaminating, or buckling sheeti ng. 637.3.4 Permanent Barricades

(1)Provide permanent barricades in the locations the plans show. Fasten barricades to pavement using

an engineer-approved method. If fabric ating barricades as allowed under 637.2.6, conform to: Install wo od posts ............................................ ............................................................................................ 634.3 Attach barricade boards to the posts .......................... ........................................................................... 637.3.3.3

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 426 2019 Standard Spec ifications 637.4 Measurement

(1)The department will measure the Sign Flags Permanent bid items as each individual flag acceptably

completed.

(2)The department will measure the Si gns bid items by the square foot acceptably completed, measured

as the area of sign face for individually mounted signs and the area of the entire base panel for multiple signs mounted as an assembly.

(3)The department will measure the Barricades Permanent bid items as each individual barricade

acceptably completed.

637.5Payment

(1)The department will pay for measured quantities at the contrac t unit price under the following bid

items: ITEM NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT

637.0600-0699 Sign Flags Permanent (type) EACH

637.1000 - 1999 Signs Type I (reflectivity) SF

637.2000 - 2999 Signs Type II (reflectivity) (folding) SF

637.5450 - 5455 Barricades Permanent (type) EACH

(2)Payment for the Sign Flags Perm anent bid items is full compensation for providin g permanent flags.

(3)Payment for the Signs bid items is full compensation for provi ding signs including mounting hardware

and temporary flags; and for pr eserving and resetting sign location stakes.

(4)Payment for the Barricades Perm anent bid items is full compensation for providing barricades. The

department will pay separately for associated signs.

(5)The department will pay separately for required sign supports, sign bridges, and electrical cable.

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 427 2019 Standard Spec ifications Section 638 State Owned Signs and Supports

638.1Description

(1)This section describes moving, removing, revising, or erecting state owned signs and supports.

638.2Materials

(1)Furnish signing materials conforming to 637. Use aluminum base material at least 0.040 inch thick.

(2)Fabricate demountable route markers, overlay plaques, letters, numbers, symbols, and borders as the

plans show. Unless the contracts pecifies otherwise, use the sa me sheeting type as the existing sign being revised.

638.3Construction

638.3.1 General

(1)A sign is an installation at a s ingle location that consists o f several components or parts that together

form one complete sign.

(2)Do not display a sign before its message becomes applicable. I f necessary cover the sign conforming

to 643.3.4.3 .

(3)Erect signs and supports at the new location as specified in 634 if using wood posts and as specified

in 635, 636 , and 637 if using steel supports. 638.3.2 Moving Signs

(1)Under the Moving Signs bid ite ms, remove existing signs, and t ransport and erect t he signs at new

locations. This work does not i nclude moving structural steel supports, or moving or removing the footings.

(2)Remove the signs without damaging them, and re-erect at the new location.

(3)If moving any sign on wood pos ts, tubular steel posts, or flanged, steel channel supports, then also

move the posts or supports, unless provided otherwise.

(4)Remove signs 25 square feet and larger from their supports bef ore transporting. The contractor may

transport smaller size signs atta ched to their supports, provided it uses methods that do not damage the sign. 638.3.3 Moving Sign Supports

(1)Under the Moving Small Sign Suppo rts bid item, remove existing wood supports; flanged, steel

channel or other supports and transport to and erect these supports at new locations, and remove any resulting unused concrete footings.

(2)Under the Moving Structural St eel Sign Supports bid item, remo ve existing structural steel supports

and transport to, and erect the su pports at new locations, and remove any resulting unused concrete footings.

(3)Inspect the supports before moving and notify the engineer of any damage or deficiencies.

638.3.4 Removing Signs

(1)Under the Removing Signs bid it ems, remove existing signs from their supports.

(2)Aluminum type II signs and steels tringers are the department' s property. Return signs and stringers

palletized for handling with a fo rklift. Contact the region sig ning coordinator at least 3 business days in advance to coordinate the shipment and drop-off location.

(3)Plywood type II and all type I si gns are the contractor’s prop erty, unless the contract specifies

otherwise. Dispose of these si gns off the right-of-way. 638.3.5 Removing Sign Supports

(1)Remove wood, flanged and channels teel, structural steel, over head, or other sign supports. Supports

become the contractor’s property, unless the contract specifies otherwise. Satisfactorily dispose of supports off the right-of-way. R emove unused concrete footings as specified in 638.3.8 . 638.3.6 Revising Signs

(1)Revise the existing sign message as the contract specifies or the engineer directs. Schedule

operations so a sign is out of s ervice for the least time pract icable and, if possible, revise the message without removing the sign from its support.

(2)Under demountable bid items, rev ise the message by removing, r eplacing, or adding demountable

copy. Unless the contract specif ies otherwise, use new message units similar to existing message units already on the sign revised. Fasten demountable copy to t ype I sign panels with aluminum rivets or aluminum self-tapping screws. Place aluminum rivets or alumi num self-tapping screws at the ends

Source: Wisconsin Standard Specifications for Highway and Structure Construction, 2019 Edition. Pages 429–435 of 601.

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636 Concrete Sign Supports

638 State Owned Signs and Supports