Wisconsin WisDOT Standard Specifications (within FDM) — Section 507

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 266 2019 Standard Spec ifications Section 507 Timber Structures

507.1Description

(1)This section describes furnishi ng, framing, treating, deliveri ng, erecting, and painting if required,

treated lumber and timber required for timber bridges and other timber structures, or lumber and timber parts of other b ridges or structures.

507.2Materials

507.2.1 General

(1)Furnish hardware required to erect the lumber and timber. Furnish materials conforming to the

following: Structural steel .............................................. ............................................................................................... 506.2 Miscellaneous metals .......................................... ........................................................................................ 506.2 507.2.2 Lumber and Timber 507.2.2.1 General

(1)If ordering lumber and timber i n multiple lengths, grade them after cutting to length.

(2)The engineer will only accept sound pieces free from decay. The engineer will reject pieces

exceptionally light in weight.

(3)There is no heartwood requirem ent for lumber and timber treate d with a preservative and no limit on

the quantity of sapwood it can cont ain. Preservative treatment of lumber and timber shall conform to 507.2.2.6 .

(4)Ensure that there are no unso und knots or knot holes. Also ensure that there are no tight knots of a

diameter exceeding one-quarter of the greater dimension at the point where they occur. Measure a knot by taking its diameter a t right angles to the length of th e timber. Ensure that the sum of sizes of all knots in any one-foot length does not exceed 2 times the size o f the largest allowed single knot. The engineer will treat cluster knots as if they were a single knot . A cluster knot is 2 or more knots grouped together, with the fibers of the wood deflected ar ound the entire unit. 507.2.2.2 Wood Species

(1)Furnish one of the following species for treated structural lu mber and timber:

- Douglas Fir-Coastal - Southern Pine - Hem-Fir 507.2.2.3 Manufacture

(1)Ensure structural lumber and ti mber are straight, sawed square at the ends, and have opposite

surfaces parallel.

(2)Saw rough structural lumber and timber to the nominal dimensio ns specified in 507.2.2.3(4) .

Occasional slight variation is permissible, however, ensure tha t the specified minimum dressed dimensions are met everywhere along the length.

(3)The manufacturer may surface str uctural lumber and timber orde red rough, if thicker than specified, to

a rough stock thickness.

(4)Manufacture lumber and timber according to the nominal and min imum dimensions in the following

table:

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 267 2019 Standard Spec ifications AMERICAN STANDARD SIZES FOR STRESS-GRADED & NON-STRESS-GRADED C ONSTRUCTION LUMBER[1]

ITEM THICKNESS FACE WIDTH NOMINAL inches MINIMUM DRESSED NOMINAL inches MINIMUM DRESSED DRY inches GREEN inches DRY inches GREEN inches BOARDS 1 3/4 25/32 2 1 1/2 1 9/16 1 1/4 1 1 1/32 3 2 1/2 2 9/16 1 1/2 1 1/4 1 9/32 4 3 1/2 3 9/16 5 4 1/2 4 5/8 6 5 1/2 5 5/8 7 6 1/2 6 5/8 8 7 1/4 7 1/2 9 8 1/4 8 1/2 10 9 1/4 9 1/2 11 10 1/4 10 1/2 12 11 1/4 11 1/2 14 13 1/4 13 1/2 16 15 1/4 15 1/2 DIMENSION 2 1 1/2 1 9/16 2 1 1/2 1 9/16 2 1/2 2 2 1/16 3 2 1/2 2 9/16 3 2 1/2 2 9/16 4 3 1/2 3 9/16 3 1/2 3 3 1/16 5 4 1/2 4 5/8 4 3 1/2 3 9/16 6 5 1/2 5 5/8 4 1/2 4 4 1/16 8 7 1/4 7 1/2 10 9 1/4 9 1/2 12 11 1/4 11 1/2 14 13 1/4 13 1/2 16 15 1/4 15 1/2 TIMBERS 5 and thicker 1/2 less than nominal 1/2 less than nominal 5 and wider 1/2 less than nominal 1/2 less than nominal [1] This table uses nominal sizes f or convenience. They do not rep resent actual sizes. 507.2.2.4 Stress Grading Requirements

(1)Furnish structural lumber and timber conforming to the stress grade the plans, specifications, or

contract shows.

(2)Grade lumber and timber required to conform to a specific stre ss grade according to AASHTO M168.

(3)Ensure that lumber and timber required to conform to a specifi c stress grade shows a copyrighted

stamp on each piece designating t he inspecting agency, inspecto r, or mill and grade, or furnish a certificate of inspection to t he engineer for untreated materia l, or to the department inspector at the treating plant for treated mate rial. Include the kind and grade of material and the name of the grading agency. 507.2.2.5 Structural Purposes

(1)If the plan or contract does no t designate a required stress g rade, conform to the minimum stress

grade, and associated allowable unit stress, for lumber and tim ber used for various structural components as follows:

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 268 2019 Standard Spec ifications STRESS RATING AT 19 PERCENT MAXIMUM MOISTURE USE 1750 psi f b STRUCTURAL JOIST AND PLANK GRADE FOR: Joists; 4 inches or less. Floor planks, wearing. Sidewalk railing posts. Rails. Bulkhead planks. Laminated or strip flooring. USE 1750 psi f b STRUCTURAL BEAM AND STRINGER GRADE FOR: Stringers; 5 inches or more. Sills. Roadway railing posts. Caps. USE 1200 psi f b STRUCTURAL JOIST AND PLANK GRADE FOR: Nailing strips; 4 inches or less. Subfloor planks. Bracing; sway and longitudinal. Subfloor sheathing. Cross bridging. Retaining pieces. Cleats. Scupper blocks. Fire stops. Sidewalks. USE 1200 psi f b STRUCTURAL BEAM AND STRINGER GRADE FOR: Nailing strips; 5 inches or more. Grillage. Mud Sills. USE 1200 psi f c STRUCTURAL POST AND TIMBER GRADE FOR: Posts with longitudinal load. Wheel guards. USE THE ENGINEER-DESIGNATED STR ESS GRADE FOR ALL OTHER LUMBER A ND TIMBER. 507.2.2.6 Preservative Treatments 507.2.2.6.1 General

(1)Use the pressure process to apply preservative treatment to st ructural lumber and timber, unless

specified otherwise in the contra ct or special pr ovisions, acco rding to AASHTO M133.

(2)Unless the contract specifies otherwise, furnish structural lu mber and timber treated with one of the

preservatives specified in 507.2.3 , except as follows: - Do not treat coastal Douglas fi r with chromated copper arsena te. - If using pentachlorophenol, use a soluti on with 5 percent pur e pentachloroph enol, by weight, of the total solution. Use the heav y petroleum solvent, except if painting t he treated surface then use the light petroleum solvent. 507.2.2.6.2 Treatment Preparation

(1)If possible, sort the material into one kind, or designated gr oup of kinds of wood, and into pieces

approximately equal in size, moi sture, and sapw ood content; and separate to ensure the treating medium contacts all surfaces.

(2)If possible, perform adzing, boring, chamfering, framing, gaining, mortising, surfacing, etc., before

treatment. 507.2.2.6.3 Preservative Quantity

(1)Unless the proposal or the plans specify otherwise, use at lea st the minimum quantity of preservative

material retained, and at least the minimum penetration specified in AWPA Standards U1 and T1 for use category UC4A for the species furnished.

(2)Determine the minimum net retention according to AWPA Standard M2.

507.2.3 Wood Preservatives

(1)Use oil-soluble wood preservatives conforming to the following standards:

Creosote-coal ta r solution .................................... ............................................................... .................. AWPA P2 Pentachlor ophenol ............................................. ............................................................... .................. AWPA P35 Petroleum solvents used in pen tachlorophenol solutions ........ ............................................................. A WPA P9 Petroleum solvents used in co pper naphthenate solutions ....... ............................................................ AW PA P9 Copper naphthenat e solution ................................... ............................................................... ............ AWPA P36

(2)Use waterborne wood preservatives conforming to the following standards:

Chromated copper arsenate soluti on type C ..................... ............................................................... .. AWPA P23 Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate so lution ...................... ............................................................... ... AWPA P22 Alkaline copper qua t solution type D........................... ............................................................... ......... AWPA P29

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 269 2019 Standard Spec ifications Copper azole type C .......................................................................................................... ................. AWPA P48 Copper naphthenat e solution ................................... ............................................................... ............ AWPA P34 507.2.4 (Vacant) 507.2.5 Timber Connectors

(1)Zinc coat connectors for timber structures, except malleable i ron connectors, by hot-dipping according

to ASTM A653. 507.2.5.1 Split Ring Connectors

(1)Manufacture split rings of 2 1/2 inch and 4 inch inside diameter from hot-rolled low carbon steel

conforming to AASHTO M169 grade 1010. Each ring shall form a cl osed, true circle with the principal axis of the cross-section of t he ring metal parallel to the geo metric axis of the ring. Bevel the metal section from the central portion toward the edges to a thickness less than midsection. Provide one tongue and slot cut in the perimeter. 507.2.5.2 Shear Plates

(1)Use hot-rolled low carbon st eel conforming to AASHTO M169 Grad e 1010 for pressed-steel shear

plates.

(2)Cast malleable-iron shear plates from malleable iron conforming to ASTM A47 .

507.2.6 Hardware

(1)For machine bolts, timber bolts, drift bolts, lag screws, dowe ls, rods, and spikes longer than 6 inches

left in the finished work, conform to the material specificatio ns for structural steel or miscellaneous metals specified in 507.2.1 .

(2)Provide square heads and nuts fo r machine bolts unless specified otherwise. Ensure the threads on

bolts are U.S. Standard and not less than 2 1/2 times the diameter of the bolt in length.

(3)Provide gray or malleable iron casting washers, or cut them fr om steel plates. Use washers with holes

not more than 1/8 inch larger than the bolt diameter. Use ogee type gray iron washers with a diameter at least 3 1/2 times the bolt di ameter, and a thickness equal t o the bolt diameter. Use malleable iron washers with properly proportioned ribs to develop the bolt’s full strength. The malleable iron washer diameter shall at least equal 3 1 /2 times the bolt diameter, an d have a thickness equal to 1/2 the bolt diameter. Use plate washers with a diameter at least 3 1/2 times the bolt diameter and, unless specified otherwise, a thic kness of at least 1/4 inch.

(4)Provide gray or malleable iron ca sting packing spools or separ ators, or cut them from steel plates.

Ensure the hole diameter is not more than 1/8 inch larger than the packing bolt diameter.

(5)Use oval-headed barbed car nails or ring shank nails for nails and spikes up to and including 60d. For

spikes over 60d, use the type and size specified. Unless specified otherwise, use nails no shorter than 2 1/2 times the thickness of the material being driven through. If clinching nails, ensure they project at least one inch before clinching.

(6)Zinc coat hardware unless specif ied otherwise. The zinc coatin g shall conform to the quality and

weight in ASTM A153.

507.3Construction

507.3.1 Quality

(1)Ensure first class product quality throughout. Drive nails and spikes with just sufficient force to set the

heads flush with the wood surface. Ensure that wood surfaces ar e free from deep or frequent hammer marks.

(2)The product quality on metal par ts shall conform to the requir ements specified in 506 for steel bridges.

507.3.2 Storage

(1)Store lumber and timber in neat piles, on suitable blocking or supports, and above the ground. Clear

the ground underneath and near piles of weeds and rubbish.

(2)Close-stack treated material to p revent long timbers, or those of small cross-section, from sagging or

becoming crooked. If anticipati ng an extended st orage period an d the material merits protection from the direct sunlight or possible fire hazard, cover the top of t he pile with a laye r of tar paper, or equal, and spread not less than one inch o f sand or earth over the cover. 507.3.3 Handling

(1)Handle treated lumber and timber carefully to avoid breaking through the treated portions and

exposing untreated wood. Do not use chains, peaveys, cant hooks , pickaroons, timber dogs, pike poles, or other pointed tools on treated lumber and timber, use padded or non-metallic slings instead.

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 270 2019 Standard Spec ifications 507.3.4 Framing and Boring 507.3.4.1 General

(1)Cut and frame lumber and tim ber to a close fit. If possible, c ut, frame, and bore treated timbers before

treatment. 507.3.4.2 Holes for Bolts, Dowels, Rods, and Lag Screws

(1)Bore the holes for round drift bolts and dowels with a bit 1/1 6 inch less in diameter than the bolt or

dowel used. Ensure that the diameter of holes for square drift bolts or dowels equals the bolt or dowels least dimension.

(2)Bore the holes for machine bolts with a bit the same diameter as the bolt.

(3)Bore the holes for rods with a bit 1/16 inch greater in diameter than the rod.

(4)Bore the holes for lag screws with a bit not larger than the b ody of the screw at the thread base.

507.3.4.3 Countersinking

(1)Perform countersinking if smooth faces are required.

507.3.4.4 Connectors

(1)If using timber connectors, u se the type and size the plans sh ow. Install split ring co nnectors in precut

grooves to form a snug fit, or as the manufacturer recommends. 507.3.5 Temporary Attachment

(1)If attaching forms or temporar y braces to treated timber with nails or spikes, with the engineer’s

approval, fill the holes by drivi ng zinc coated nails or spikes flush with the surface, or by plugging as required for bolt holes. 507.3.6 Bolts and Washers

(1)Use a washer the size and type specified under all bolt heads, except timber bolts or bolts with button-

type heads, and also under lag sc rews and nuts that would other wise come in contact with wood. 507.3.7 Treating Cuts, Abrasions, and Holes in Treated Lumber and Timber

(1)Carefully trim and cover abrasions, holes, and cuts made in treated lumber and timber with a

compatible preservative material. Use preservatives and application methods specified in AWPA Standard M4. Apply the preservative in 3 applications; wait at least 2 hours between applications.

(2)Carefully trim and then fill holes made in treated material wi th preservative so that the solution

saturates the entire area surrounding the hole. Use copper naphthenate solution containing 2 percent or more copper metal and conforming to 507.2.3 or with another preservative allowed for field applications under AWPA M4.

(3)Treat unfilled holes in treated lumber and timber, except for countersinking recesses, as specified

above and then plug with treated plugs.

(4)Fill countersinking re cesses that form pockets that might reta in water with a copper naphthenate

solution containing 2 percent or more copper metal after placin g the bolt or screw. 507.3.8 Framed Bents 507.3.8.1 Mudsills

(1)Firmly, and evenly bed mudsills to solid bearing and tamp in p lace.

507.3.8.2 Concrete Pedestals

(1)Finish the concrete pedestals for supporting framed bents so t he sills or posts bear evenly on them. If

casting them, set dowels in them of not less than 3/4 inch diameter and projecting at least 6 inches above the tops of the pedestals, for anchoring the sills or pos ts. 507.3.8.3 Sills

(1)Ensure that sills bear true a nd even on mudsills, piles, or pe destals. Drift bolt the sills to mudsills or

piles with bolts at least 3/4 inch in diameter and extending into the mudsills or piles at least 6 inches. If possible, remove earth from contac t with sills so air circulates freely around them. 507.3.8.4 Posts

(1)Ensure that posts bear evenly on cap and sill. Fasten posts to pedestals with dowels at least 3/4 inch

in diameter and extending at least 6 inches into the posts.

(2)Fasten posts to sills by one o f the following methods, as the plans show:

- With dowels not less than 3/4 inch diameter extending at leas t 6 inches into posts and sills. - With drift bolts not l ess than 3/4 inch diameter driven diago nally through the base of the post and extending at least 9 inches into the sill.

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 271 2019 Standard Spec ifications 507.3.9 Caps

(1)Place the timber caps so the end s align, to secure an even and uniform bearing over the tops of the

supporting posts or piles. Secure caps with drift bolts at leas t 3/4 inch in diameter and extending at least 9 inches into the posts or piles. Place the drift bolts a pproximately in the center of the post or pile. 507.3.10 Bracing

(1)Ensure that bracing bears firmly against the pile or cap that it is bolted. Provide and place shims as

necessary to avoid bending the bracing more than one inch out o f line after drawing the bracing bolts tight. Furnishing and placing shims are incidental to this work . If the opening between the bracing and the cap or pile is less than one inch, there is no need for shims. If the opening between the bracing and the cap or pile is from one to 2 inches, place 2 ogee washe rs with their narrow faces together on each bolt that passes through the opening. If the opening betwe en the bracing and the cap or pile is over 2 inches, use wooden shims of the proper thickness. Use wo oden shims made of untreated white oak, or the treated material used in the structure. Do not use built-up wooden shims. Ensure each wooden shim is a single piece of lumber at least 4 inches wide and at least as long as the bracing is wide, measured along the cap or pile.

(2)The contractor shall not adze , trim, or cut otherwise any trea ted member to avoid using the above-

described shims. 507.3.11 Stringers

(1)Size the stringers at bearings and position so that knots near edges are in the top of the stringers.

(2)Outside stringers may have butt joints but, lap interior strin gers to take bearing over the full width of

the floor beam or cap at each e nd. Separate the lapped ends of stringers by at least 1/2 inch for air circulation and securely fasten by drift bolting if specified. If stringers are 2 panels in length, stagger the joints.

(3)Neatly and accurately frame cr oss bridging between stringers, and securely toe nail with at least 2

nails in each end. Ensure cross bridging members bear at each e nd against the sides of stringers. Unless specified otherwise in t he contract, place cross bridgin g at the center of each span. 507.3.12 Plank Floors

(1)Use treated lumber and timber in plank floors.

(2)Single plank floors consist of a single thickness of plank sup ported by stringers or joists. Use planks

surfaced on one side and one edge (S1S1E). Lay the planks with the surfaced side down and with close joints. Spike each planks ecurely to each joist. Lay plan ks at right angles to the centerline of roadway. Grade the thickness o f the planks carefully and lay th em so that no 2 adjacent planks vary by more than 1/16 inch.

(3)Two-ply plank floors consist o f 2 layers of flooring supported by stringers or joists. Use planks surfaced

on one side and on one edge (S1S1E ). Lay the planks with the su rfaced side down and with close joints. Lay the top course diago nally or parallel to the center line of roadway, as specified, and fasten each floor plank securely to the lower course or to the joist. Grade the thickness of the planks carefully and lay them so that no 2 adjac ent planks vary by more than 1/1 6 inch. Stagger joints by at least 3 feet. If placing the top floori ng parallel to the centerline of the roadway, take care to securely fasten the end of the flooring. At each end of the bridge, bevel the upper course of planks.

(4)Spike side and retaining pieces at one-foot intervals and bolt at 3-foot intervals unless the plans show

otherwise. Fasten scupper blocks to the retaining pieces by spi kes and bolts through the wheel guards. Bolt the wheel guards in pl ace as the plans show. Lays ide retaining pieces and wheel guards true to line, parallel to the centerline of roadway, and flush with the edge of the subflooring. 507.3.13 Laminated or Strip Floors

(1)Use 3-inch or thinner strips, s urfaced to a uniform thickness (S1S) and, if specified, to a uniform width

(S1S1E).

(2)Place the strips of lumber on edge and at right angles to the centerline of roadway. Spike each strip to

the adjacent strip at 2-foot intervals with spikes that stagger 8 inches with those in adjacent strips. Use spikes of sufficient length to pass through 2 strips and at lea st halfway through the third. Additionally, toe nail the strips to the stri ngers or nailing strips with 20d spikes, and stagger the nailing of successive strips to space spikes at least 6 inches along each stringer or nailing strip. Keep each strip vertical and tight against the pr eceding one with even bearing on all the supports. If the plans show, attach the strips securely to s teel supports by department-appr oved zinc coated metal clips.

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 272 2019 Standard Spec ifications 507.3.14 Wheel Guards and Railings

(1)Unless specified ot herwise, furnish wheel guards surfaced on o ne side and one edge (S1S1E) and

rails and rail posts surfaced on 4 sides (S4S).

(2)Lay the wheel guards in sectio ns not less than 12 feet long.

507.3.15 Fire Stops

(1)Provide fire stops in the intervals as the plans show. They co nsist of wood diaphragms at least as thick

as the flooring or sidewalk, are located over caps, and fill th e openings between the joists completely. 507.3.16 Painting Lumber and Timber

(1)Paint lumber and timber as specified under 517.3.2 unless the contract provides otherwise.

(2)Painting lumber and timber is incidental to furnishing and ere cting the lumber and timber.

507.4Measurement

(1)The department will measure Treated Lumber and Timber by the thousand feet board measure (MBM)

acceptably completed. The department will compute quantities fr om the nominal sizes and from the lengths as framed and erected. The department will not make any allowance for waste.

(2)The department will only measure lumber and timber that is a p art of the completed work. The

department will not measure falsew ork, forms, bracing, sheeting , or other lumber and timber used for erection purposes.

507.5Payment

(1)The department will pay for measured quantities at the contrac t unit price under the following bid

items: ITEM NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT

507.0200 Treated Lumbe r and Timber MBM

(2)Payment for Treated Lumber and T imber is full compensation for providing, framing, treating, placing,

and painting; and for materials and hardware required for erecting the lumber and timber.

Effective with the December 2018 Letting 273 2019 Standard Spec ifications Section 509 Concrete Overlay and Structure Repair

509.1Description

(1)This section describes cleaning or scarifying areas of decks a nd approach pavements to be overlaid;

removing and disposing any remaining asphaltic patches or unsou nd concrete from those areas; the furnishing, placing and curing concrete overlays; and full dept h deck, surface, curb and joint repairs, as required.

509.2Materials

(1)Furnish a neat cement bonding grout. Mix the neat cement in a water-cement ratio approximately

equal to 5 gallons of water per 94 pounds of cement.

(2)Furnish grade E conforming to 501 for overlays.

(3)Furnish grade C, C-FA, C-S, C-IS , C-IP, C-IT, or E concrete co ncrete conforming to 501 for surface

repairs. The contractor may incre ase the slump for grade E conc rete to a maximum of 4 inches. The contractor may apply an engineer- approved commercial grout or s urface coating to surfaces being repaired instead of the grades of concrete designated above if it is impracticable to apply that masonry, if the engineer specifi cally approves in writing.

(4)Furnish grade C, C-FA, C-S, C-IS , C-IP, C-IT, or E concrete co nforming to 501 for joint repairs, curb

repairs, and full-depth deck r epairs; except as follows:

1.The contractor may increase slump of grade E concrete to 3 inches.

2.The contractor may use ready-mixed concrete.

(5)Provide QMP for class II ancilla ry concrete as specified in 716.

509.3Construction 509.3.1 General

(1)Repair damage to existing epoxy-coated reinforcement remaining in place that is either uncovered by

or damaged by the contractor's operations. Use engineer-approved patching or repair material compatible with the existing coating and inert in concrete. 509.3.2 Equipment

(1)Use a finishing machine to finish concrete overlays conforming to 502.3.7.8 and the following:

1.The machine shall have 2 li nearly oscillating transverse sc reeds. For the front screed use, a synchronous

vibratory screed with a variabl e frequency the operator can adj ust. Provide enough ident ical vibrators to provide at least 2 vibrators fo r each 5 feet of screed length. Ensure that the bottom face of each screed is at least 7 inches wide with a rounded leading edge. Each screed shall have an effective weight of at least 75 pounds per square foot of botto m face area. Provide each scr eed with the capability to positively control of the vertical pos ition, the angle of t ilt and the shape of th e crown.

2.The machine shall have an adjustable metering device ahead of the leading screed that traverses the

width of the machine.

3.The machine shall have capa bility of forward and reverse mo tion under positive control. Make provisions

for raising the screeds to clear the screeded surface for trave ling in reverse.

(2)If placing concrete in a line next to a previously completed l ane, equip the side of the finishing

machine next to the completed lane, to travel on the lane. 509.3.3 Cleaning

(1)Under the Cleaning Decks and Cleaning Approaches bid items, cl ean the decks and approach

pavements before placing the concrete overlay.

(2)Use construction methods conforming to 502 and the following:

1.Clean the entire surface o f the bridge deck or approach pav ement receiving the new concrete by using a

suitable mechanical scarifyer. A ccomplish this in a way that pr events hooking or tearing the reinforcing steel and that removes at least one inch of concrete from the deck or pavement surface but not more than the maximum depth the plans show.

2.If scarification is impracticable, as along curb faces or a t expansion joints, remove deteriorated concrete to

sound material by using chippers conforming to 509.3.4 for chippers.

3.Perform scarification before preparation. After completing scarification, remove the remaining asphaltic

patches and unsound concrete as specified for preparation in 509.3.4.

4.Blast clean the entire surf ace of the deck and approach pav ements being overlaid, all exposed reinforcing

steel, the vertical faces of cur bs, sidewalks and parapets to the depth of the adjoini ng concrete overlay after completing preparation.

Source: Wisconsin Standard Specifications for Highway and Structure Construction, 2019 Edition. Pages 275–281 of 601.

← Previous

506 Steel Bridges

509 Concrete Overlay and Structure Repair