2−3201.01.13 Load and Haul Solid Waste and Disposal of Solid Waste. This work consists of collecting, loading, hauling and disposing of on-site solid waste material, including but not limited to trash, litter, household appliances, tires, vegetative and other on-site debris. Unless otherwise provided for in the contract documents, this item of work shall not include the removal and disposal of solid waste material or debris generated by the Contractor’s construction operations, including soil and rock excavation, the removal of pavement, sidewalks and other highway infrastructure, clearing and gr ubbing operations and/or the removal and disposal of contaminated soils.
201.02 MATERIALS. For the requirements relating to Common Borrow and Gravel Borrow, see
Subsections 202.02.1 and 202.02.2 , respectively, of these Specifications.
201.02.1 Load and Haul Solid Waste and Disposal of Solid Waste: Regulatory Provisions.
The Contractor shall ensure that the removal of all debris is conducted in a manner consistent with the requirements of the Rhode Island Buildi ng Code and OSHA standard 29 CFR 1926: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. Solid waste materials shall be disposed of in accordance with EPA regulations (40 CFR 239 –259, including latest revisions) and RIDEM solid waste regulations (DEM OWM-SW-04-01, including latest revisions), and any and all other applicable regulations. The Contractor shall obtain all required permits for hauling and disposal of waste materials, and shall be responsible for payment of tipping and other required fees .
201.03 CONSTRUCTION METHODS. The Contract Documents will provide all necessary
information relating to right-of-way and constructions lines, and will designate all trees, shrubs, plants and other objects and facilities to remain within the project limits. The Contractor shall preserve everything designated to remain. 201.03.1 Clearing and Grubbing. All trees, stumps, brush, shrubs, hedges and roots, not desig- nated to remain, but within the fill lines of embankments and less than 3 feet in height to subgrade, shall be cleared and grubbed. When authorized, or when the height of embankment to subgrade exceeds 3 feet, the Contractor may leave stumps provided they do not extend more than 6 inches above the original ground or low water level. After clearing, and by the end of each day's grubbing operation, the Contractor shall install erosion control measures that are indicated on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. Such erosion control measures shall be installed in strict accordance with the requirements of SECTIONS 206, 207, and 208 of these Specifications, PERIMETER EROSION CONTROLS, CHECK DAMS , and TEMPORARY DEWATERING BASINS , respectively. The Engineer may permit sound stumps to be cut off not more than 6 inches above the ground and to be left outside of the construction limits of cut and embankment areas, except in the area to be rounded at the top of back slopes where stumps are to be cut off flush with or below the surface of the final slope line. Except in areas to be excavated, stump holes and other holes from which obstructions are removed, shall be backfilled with material accept able to the Engineer and co mpacted in accordance with Subsection 202.03.3; Compaction - General , of these Specifications. 2−4
a.Disposal of Perishable Materials. No burning of trees, brush, shrubs, or perishable material will be allowed on any construction project site. The Contractor will not be allowed to haul trees, brush, shrubs or perishable material from the project for the purpose of burning. The Contractor must dispose of the trees, brush, shrubs, or other perishable material by any of the following methods:
1.The Contractor may sell or salvage all merchantable timber in the Clearing and Grubbing area which has not been removed from the right-of-way prior to the beginning of construction.
2.The Contractor may chip trees on the site. All wood chips will become the property of the Contractor and must be removed promptly from the site. When the project plans call for the use of wood chips, the Contractor may stockpile the r equired quantity on the site at a location approved by the Engineer.
3.Unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents all trees, brush, shrubs, and other perishable material shall be legally disposed of at loca tions off the project site. Such disposal shall require the written permission of the property owner on whose property the materials are to be buried and, if necessary, the Rhode Island D epartment of Environmental Management. The Contractor shall make all necessary arrangement s with the property owners and obtain necessary permits for obtaining suitable disposal locations and the Contractor shall supply the Engineer with a copy of the written permission for such disposal from the property owner before any disposal may take place.
b.Low Hanging Branches. Low hanging branches and unsound or unsightly branches on trees and shrubs designated to remain shall be removed as directed. Branches of trees extending over the road surface shall be trimmed to give a clear height of 20 feet above the road surface. All trimming shall be done by skilled workmen in accordance with sound tree surgery practices and under the supervision of a licensed arborist. Cut or scarred surfaces of trees or shrubs shall be treated with an approved waterproof antiseptic tree paint.
c.Diseased Vegetation. All elm trees, trimmings, or branches of same or other wood designated by the Rhode Island Department of Envi ronmental Management as a host of a serious plant disease or disease carrier, as indicated on the Plans, shall be buried at a sanitary landfill location within forty-eight hours after cutting. Mechanical chipping of small branches and brush may also be employed where disposal area space limitations require such measures. The resulting chips need not be buried. 201.03.2 Cutting and Removing Isolated Trees and Stumps. The isolated trees and stumps to be removed will be designated on the Plans. Thos e so-designated shall be removed and disposed of by the Contractor in accordance with the provisions of Subsection 201.03.1 of this Section.
201.03.3 Partial Removal of Isolated Tree Stumps. The isolated tree stump to be partially
removed will be designated by the Engineer. Those so-designated shall be removed to 6 inches below final grade by the Contractor. The resulting hole shall then be filled in with like materials as required. 201.03.4 Frames, Covers or Grates shall be removed and either legally disposed of or stacked and stockpiled for subsequent re-use. 2−5201.03.5 Culverts, Drainage and Utility Structures.
a.Culverts and Drainage Structures. Unless otherwise directed, the substructures of existing structures shall be removed down to the natural stream bottom and those parts outside of the stream shall be removed down one foot below natural ground surface. Where such portions of existing structures lie wholly or in part within the limits of a new structure, they shall be removed as necessary to accommodate the construction of the proposed structure.
b.Utility Structures. Sewer and utility structures which are designated to be removed or which interfere with the new construction shall be re moved. When existing sewers or utilities are to be extended or otherwise incorporated into the new work, only such part of the existing lines shall be removed as to provide a proper connection with the new work.
c.Backfilling. No portions of the existing structures shall be used to backfill the excavations required for the remova l of such structures. Excavations shall be backfilled with gravel borrow placed in 6-inch layers and compacted to 95 percent of maximum density in accordance with AASHTO T180.
d.Bridges. Bridges shall be removed as specified under SECTION 803; REMOVAL OF EXISTING BRIDGES.
201.03.6 Pipe. All pipe designated to be removed shall be so-removed and legally disposed of.
The Contractor is allowed to dispose of concrete pipe in an embankment within the project limits, provided that the pipe is broken up into sufficiently small pieces to preclude the formation of voids.
201.03.7 Pavement, Sidewalks, and Curbing. All pavement, base course, sidewalks, curbs,
gutters, of whatever nature designated to be remo ved shall be so-removed and legally disposed of. When specified, ballast, gravel, bituminous material or other surfacing or pavement materials shall be removed and stockpiled as required. Otherwise such material shall be legally disposed of. Where the remainder of the existing pavement or sidewalks are to remain undisturbed, a clean saw cut shall be made to separate the remaining pavement from that being removed. 201.03.8 Asbestos Cement Pipe.
a.Approved Disposal Sites. Asbestos cement pipe shall be removed and disposed of at landfill sites approved for such purpose by both the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. A partial list of sites which are believed to accept asbestos cement material for disposal is set forth in Special Provision Code 201.1000 of the Contract. Any disposal site chosen by the Contractor must have a license from the appropriate State and Federal agency to accept this material. A copy of the license or approval must be given to the Resident Engineer. Said license must be valid at the time of disposal in the selected landfill. The Contractor shall coordinate with the authorities in charge of the landfill for specific 2−6 details on acceptability of the disposal of the asbestos-cement material.
b.Construction Methods (Removal and Disposal Procedures). Removal and disposal of asbestos cement pipe/duct bank , all types and sizes, shall be performed in the following manner:
1.The qualifications of personnel required for the removal and disposal operation must be approved by the Engineer.
2.Any required materials or equipment, such as ; overalls, gloves, air respirator and etc. for persons involved in the handling of the AC material must meet the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standard 29 CFR 1926.
3.The Contractor will excavate the trench to the necessary width on either side and to the depth which will not exceed the bottom of the pipe while maintaining a safe angle of repose. The pipe should not be disturbed in any way during excavation. The AC material may have to be wetted with water prior to breaking/cutting, depending on the requirements set forth by the selected landfill.
4.The asbestos landfill sites listed in the Special Provisions may have different restrictions on the length of the AC pipe/duct bank which they acc ept for disposal. If the Contractor chooses to break or cut the AC pipe/duct bank to meet the length requirement of the accepted landfill, it shall be done inside the trench area before the pipe is removed.
5.The AC pipe/duct bank shall be completely covered with a minimum 6-mil polyethylene sheet and/or bag fastened with high strength duct tape. The free ends of the sheeting or the end of the bag shall be folded outside and over the pipe/duct bank and be sealed transversely with the duct tape.
6.The polyethylene sealed asbestos cement pipe shall be lifted intact without additional breaking and placed in a transport vehicle (box ty pe trailer) which completely contains the wrapped and sealed portion of pipe/duct bank on all sides. A box trailer with tarpaulin top is not acceptable.
7.Any remaining portions of AC material (i.e., pieces, fragments, collars, rubber gaskets, etc.) in the trench, overburden or work area, will be carefully collected and placed in a 6-mil polyethylene bag or sheeting. The bags or sheeted materials will be then placed in the manner of transport mentioned above. If the polyethylene bag or sheet is torn or punctured, the Contractor must repeat the above process to assure a sealed mode of handling at no additional cost to the Department.
8.All of the removal and placement of the AC material into the transport truck shall be accomplished with the Department's assigned Resident Engineer and/or designated representative present at the site.
9.The Contractor shall notify the Resident Engineer one week prior to the implementation of removal, disposal and transport operations.
10.No dumping of AC material will be permitted under any circumstances at any site except the approved asbestos landfill.
11.The Contractor shall also monitor the air quality based on the requirement as set forth by the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA 29 CFR 1926.58(f). 2−7201.03.9 Underground/Above-ground Storage Tanks.
a.Removal Procedures. The procedures for tank removal are briefly outlined below:
1.A permanent closure application must be submitted to the Department of Environmental Management, Division of Groundwater and Freshwater Wetlands at least ten days prior to the proposed closure.
2.The Contractor must confirm the closure with RIDEM, in full accordance with their regulations.
3.The Contractor must coordinate with the appropriate City of Town office to assure compliance with local requirements.
4.The tank must be purged and cleaned in accordance with RIDEM requirements.
5.The tank, all associated appurtenances, and any tank residue must be disposed of by a licensed hazardous waste hauler in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations.
6.All excavation and backfill will be in accordance with the applicable requirements of Subsections 202.03.1 and 202.03.3; Excavation and Compaction , respectively.
201.03.10 Removal of Fences, Railings, and Guardrail. All fences, railings and guardrail
designated to be removed shall be so-removed and legally disposed of at an approved off-site location. 201.03.11 Removal of Miscellaneous Objects. All miscellaneous objects designated to be removed shall be so-removed and legally disposed of. 201.03.12 Demolition of Buildings and Structures.
a.General. All buildings and contents thereof shall become the property of the Contractor with the exception of materials or contents claimed by owners as part of land damage settlement or agreement with the State as indicated on the Plans. The State assumes no responsibility for said materials or contents. Drain pipes or any other pipes, ducts, etc., disconnected and deemed advisable to remain in the earth shall be plugged with concrete, except that metal pipes may be capped with screw-type plugs or caps or otherwise sealed as directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall cooperate with the City, Town and utility companies so that the demolition work may be performed in accordance with their regulations and with the approval of the Engineer. If any concrete cesspools, septic tanks, galleys , or distribution boxes are present, they shall first be pumped out and then broken up into pieces sufficiently small to preclude the formation of voids. The resulting depression shall then be ba ckfilled with common borrow and compacted, all to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Stone cesspools will be treated in a similar manner. If steel septic tanks are present, the covers shall be removed and the interiors pumped out and subsequently completely filled with common borrow. No building or structure shall be razed or demolished until the Contractor has made 2−8 provision for proper rodent control in accordance with the requirements of the Town or City in which the work is being performed or as required by the Engineer.
b.Methods of Removal. The building to be demolished and disposed of shall be razed according to the most practical conventional me thod as approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall take whatever precautions are necessary, and shall use sufficient water on non-salvable materials to prevent excessive spreading of dust during demolition operations. No blasting will be permitted unless authorized in writing by the Engineer and then only after the Contractor has received proper permission to do so from the appropriate State and/or local authority. For special provisions regarding the use of explosives, see Subsection 107.10 of these Specifications. Under no circumstances will burning be permitted. The demolition work shall include the proper disposal of steps, building foundations, platforms, floors, cellar floors, walls, and any and all other parts of such building or structure and such outbuildings as may be indicated adjacent to or connected as a part of said building or structure. Debris of any nature shall not be allowed to accumulate in the streets, sidewalk areas or ground surrounding the demolition work. Upon completion of the work, the site shall be left in a clean and safe condition. Concrete basement floors shall be broken up into segments no larger than 2-square yards each prior to filling. Basements or cavities left by structure removal shall be filled with common borrow to the level of the surrounding ground and, if within the highway prism of construction, shall be compacted in accordance with Subsection 202.03.3; Compaction , of these Specifications. The Contractor shall shore up, brace, underpin, and protect all walls and other parts of existing structures adjacent to the demolition area which may be affected in any way by the demolition operations.
c.Disposal of Tanks. The disposal of storage tanks, including excavation and backfill and all other incidentals pertaining to this work, shall conform to the applicable requirements of Subsection 201.03.9 of this Section.
d.Temporary Fencing. When cellar holes, pits or other hazardous depressions or excavations are adjacent to, or within the vicinity of a pedestrian access-way, a temporary guard fence shall be immediately erected for the protection of pedestrians. The fencing material shall be free from nails, fastenings or splinters, and shall present a reasonably smooth surface on the sides of possible contact. Such temporary fences shall be left in place and shall be properly maintained until their removal is authorized by the Engineer.
e.Watchman. The Contractor shall at all times provide a sufficient number of watchmen and guards as may be necessary, to properly safeguard the public from his operations. The Contractor will receive no extra com pensation for such watchmen or guards.
201.03.13 Load and Haul Solid Waste and Disposal of Solid Waste. The removal of solid
waste material from the project site shall be performed with the necessary labor, tools and equipment in a manner such that the effects of noise, dust and other adverse conditions are minimized. All solid waste material shall be legally recycled or disposed of at licensed facilities. 2−9 The Contractor shall notify the Engineer in the event hazardous waste materials are encountered or may be present, including but not limited to contaminated soils, oil and/or other hazardous or potential hazardous waste materials (O HM). The removal of OHM materials shall be conducted in accordance with applicable state and federal regulations, and shall not be handled under this item of work. 201.04 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT. The several removal and disposal actions required to clear and prepare the site for construction will be measured for payment as follows: 201.04.1 Clearing and Grubbing. "Clearing and Grubbing" will be measured by the number of square yards, hundred square yards, or acres act ually cleared and grubbed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.2 Cutting and Removing Isolated Trees and Stumps. "Cutting and Removing Isolated Trees and Stumps" will be measured by the number of trees and stumps, or the number of stumps alone if there are no trees, actually cut and removed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.3 Partial Removal of Isolated Tree Stumps. "Partial Removal of Isolated Tree Stumps" will be measured by t he number of stumps actually removed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.4 Removal of Frames, Covers or Grates . "Removal of Frames, Covers, or Grates" will be measured by the number of such units actually removed in accordance wi th the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.5 Removal of Culverts, Drainage and Utility Structures. "Removal of Culverts, Drainage and Utility Structures" will be measured by the number of such structures actually removed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.6 Removal of Pipe - All Sizes . "Removal of Pipe-All Si zes" will be measured by the number of linear feet of such pipe actually remov ed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.7 Removal of Pavement, Sidewalks, and Curbing. "Removal of Pavement and Sidewalks" will be measured by the number of square yards of such pavement actually removed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. "Removal of Curbing" will be measured by the number of linear feet of such cu rbing actually removed in accordance with the Plans and/or as specified by the Engineer. 201.04.8 Removal of Asbestos Cement Pipe. "Removal of Asbestos Cement Pipe" will be measured by the number of linear feet of such pi pe actually removed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.9 Removal of Underground/Aboveground Storage Tanks. "Removal of Under- ground/Aboveground Storage Tanks" will be measured by the number of such tanks actually removed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.10 Removal of Fences, Railings, and Guardrail. "Removal of Fences, Railings, and Guardrail" will be measured by the number of linear feet of such fencing actually removed in 2−10 accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer.
201.04.11 Removal of Miscellaneous Objects. "Removal of Miscellaneous Objects" will be
measured by the number of such objects actually removed in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.12 Demolition of Buildings and Structures. "Demolition of Buildings and Structures" will be measured by the number of such buildings or structures actually demolished in accordance with the Plans and/or as directed by the Engineer. 201.04.13 Load and Haul Solid Waste and Disposal of Solid Waste. “Load and Haul Solid Waste” and “Disposal of Solid Waste” will be measured by the number of tons of waste material actually disposed of. The tonnage will be determined from weight slips generated at the waste disposal facilities. 201.05 BASIS OF PAYMENT. The several removal and disposal actions required to clear and prepare the site for construction will be paid for as follows: 201.05.1 Clearing and Grubbing. The accepted quantity of "Clearing and Grubbing" will be paid for at the contract unit price per square yard, hundred square yards, or acre as listed in the Proposal. The price so-stated constitutes full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.2 Cutting and Removing Isolated Trees and Stumps. The accepted quantities of "Cutting and Removing Isolated Trees and Stumps" will be paid for at the respective contract unit prices per each as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.3 Partial Removal of Isolated Tree Stumps. The accepted quantity of "Partial Removal of Isolated Tree Stumps" will be paid for at the contract unit price per each as listed in the Proposal. The price so-stated constitutes full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.4 Removal of Frames, Covers or Grates. The accepted quantities of "Removal of Frames, Covers or Grates" will be paid for at their respective contract unit prices per each as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals requi red to finish the work , complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.5 Removal of Culverts, Drainage and Utility Structures. The accepted quantities of "Removal of Culverts, Drainage and Utility Structures" will be paid for at their respective contract unit prices per each as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.6 Removal of Pipe - All Sizes. The accepted quantity of "Removal of Pipe-All Sizes" will be paid for at the contract unit price per linear feet as listed in the Proposal. The price so-stated 2−11constitutes full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.7 Removal of Pavement, Sidewalks, and Curbing . The accepted quantities of "Removal of Pavement and Sidewalks" will be paid for at their respective contract unit prices per square yard as listed in the Proposal. The accepted quantities of "Removal of Curbing" will be paid for at the contract unit price per linear foot as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. Saw cutting associated with removal of pavement, sidewalks or curbing will be paid for separately under the appropriate work item(s) as listed in the Proposal. 201.05.8 Removal of Asbestos Cement Pipe . The accepted quantity of "Removal of Asbestos Cement Pipe" will be paid for at the contract unit pr ice per linear foot as lis ted on the Proposal. The price so-stated constitutes full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.9 Removal of Underground/Aboveground Storage Tanks. The accepted quantities of "Removal of Underground/Aboveground Storage Tanks" w ill be paid for at their respective contract unit prices per each as listed on the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.10 Removal of Fences, Railings, and Guardrail. The accepted quantities of "Removal of Fences, Railings, and Guardrail" will be paid for at their respective contract unit prices per linear foot as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.11 Removal of Miscellaneous Objects. The accepted quantities of "Removal of Miscellaneous Objects" will be paid for at their respective contract unit prices per each as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for all labor, materials, and equipment and for all incidentals requi red to finish the work , complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.12 Demolition of Buildings and Structures. The accepted quantities of "Demolition of Buildings and Structures" will be paid for at the respective contract unit price per each such building (or structure) as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stated constitute full and complete compensation for demolition and removal, including disposal of surplus and waste materials, excavation, backfilling, rat eradication, pumping out, breaking up, and backfilling of cesspools and septic tanks; all expenses incidental to procurement of health, fire and police certificates; fencing and fence materials and watchmen or guards, clean-up, and all labor equipment, materials and incidentals necessary to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 201.05.13 Load and Haul Solid Waste and Disposal of Solid Waste. “Load and Haul Solid Waste” and “Disposal of Solid Waste” will be paid for by their respective contract unit bid prices per ton as listed in the Proposal. The prices so-stat ed constitute full and complete compensation for all disposal fees, recycling of waste materials, l abor, materials, equipment and all incidentals required to finish the work, complete and accepted by the Engineer. 2−12 SECTION 202 EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT
202.01 DESCRIPTION. This work consists of excavation, and the satisfactory placement and
compaction, or disposal, of all materials encountered within the limits of the work and which are necessary for the construction of the roadway. Excavation and embankment shall be in reasonably close conformity with the dimensions and sections indicated on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer, all in accordance with these Specifications. Excavation will be classified as "earth excavation," "rock excavation," "rock excavation - mechanical,” "muck excavation," "channel excavation-earth," "channel excavation-rock," "channel excavation rock-mechanical,” "loam excavation,” and "unclassified excavation,” all as hereafter described. 202.01.1 Earth Excavation. Earth excavation shall include the removal of suitable and unsuitable soils not otherwise classified herein, and the removal of boulders and rock fragments less than 1 cubic yard in volume, from the following areas:
a.Within the design excavation section.
b.Beyond the design excavation section of the roadbed or side slopes where unsuitable materials are encountered.
c.Beyond the design excavation section of shallow embankments when unsuitable materials are encountered. 202.01.2 Presplitting Bedrock. This work shall consist of producing a plane of split rock prior to any drilling or blasting for roadway rock excavati on. This plane will be formed to follow the design of rock slope lines and shall be extended from the top of the bedrock surface to the proposed rock shelf levels and to the toe of finished rock slope, to the invert of side drains, or to the depths specified on the Plans.
202.01.3 Rock Excavation. Rock excavation shall consist of the removal of intact bedrock, and
boulders or detached bedrock fragments which have a volume of 1 cubic yard, or more. Boulders and detached rock fragments which have a volume of less than 1 cubic yard are considered "Earth Excavation.” 202.01.4 Rock Excavation - Mechanical. This classification of rock excavation shall be employed in areas where blasting is prohibited. Rock excavated under this classification shall be removed by employing hydraulic splitters, air rams, paving breakers, or any other mechanical method approved by the Engineer. 202.01.5 Unsuitable Soils. Unsuitable soils shall include and are hereby defined as those soils, other than muck, which due to their consolidation properties, degree of saturation, gradation, or other deleterious characteristics will not provide a stable subgrade or side slopes; cannot be used as, or support embankment, or cannot be placed and compacted as backfill, or do not otherwise conform to the requirements of these Specifications.
Source: Rhode Island Standard Specifications (Bluebook), 2024 Edition. Pages 113–122 of 826.