206.01Description
This work shall consist of the excavation and backfill or disposal of all materials required for the construction of foundations for substructures of bridges, culverts, and retaining walls. It shall also consist of the furnishing and subsequent removal of all necessary materials and equipment for and the construction of cribs, cofferdams, caissons, and similar items, together with their dewatering. The work shall be in accordance with 105.03.
All excavation for structures below the designed slope or subgrade line as shown on the plans shall be included under this item.
Unless otherwise specified, structure excavation shall include all pumping, bailing, draining, shoring, sheeting, bracing, and incidentals required for proper execution of the work.
206.02Class X Excavation
If one or more of the following materials is encountered within the limits of foundation excavating, such shall be defined as class X excavation.
any of which is actually removed by blasting or use of pneumatic or equivalent tools and which could not reasonably be removed by any other method;
an old structure not shown on the plans;
similar materials which extend beyond the limits of excavation so that they must be cut off. Such obstructions shall be removed back to cofferdam limits and the portions so removed within cofferdam limits will be considered as class X.
Material commonly known as hardpan will not be considered as class X. If 40 material is encountered during excavation which seems to be in accordance with that defined herein as class X, notification shall be made in writing, and ample time shall be allowed to make necessary investigations and measurements to determine the class and volume of the material in question.
206.02
If class X material as defined in 206.02(a) is encountered within the limits of foundation excavation for traffic support structures, overhead sign structure foundations, strain pole, or high mast lighting foundations, the foundation shall be located as directed. 50
If class X material in accordance with 206.02(a)1 is encountered at foundations for overhead sign structures, strain poles, signal cantilever structures, high mast lighting poles, and ITS towers, the material shall be excavated to allow the foundation to be embedded as shown on the plans or as directed.
If class X material in accordance with 206.02(a)1 is encountered at foundations for wide flange sign supports, signal pedestals, conventional light poles, the material shall be excavated to allow the foundation to be embedded a distance that is equal to 1/2 of the remaining depth of the foundation before the material was encountered or 60 to a minimum 3 ft depth, whichever is greater.
If class X material in accordance with 206.02(a)2, 206.02(a)3, or 206.02(a)4 is encountered, the material shall be removed to the total depth of the foundation as shown on the plans.
206.03Wet Excavation
Wet excavation shall be defined as that portion of foundation excavation, except class X, which is below a horizontal plane designated on the plans as the upper limit of wet excavation and above the bottom of the footing as shown on the plans. If wet 70 excavation is a pay quantity a nd the elevation of the upper limit of wet excavation is not shown on the plans, an elevation of 1 ft above the elevation of low water level as shown on the plans shall be used as such limit.
206.04Dry Excavation
Dry excavation shall be defined as that portion of foundation excavation, except class X, which is above the upper limit of wet excavation.
206.05Foundation Excavation, Unclassified
If the Schedule of Pay Items provides a pay quantity of foundation excavation, 80 unclassified, and none for wet excavation or dry excavation, then foundation excavation, unclassified shall include all work described as wet excavation and dry excavation, regardless of whether or not water is encountered, but shall not include class X. Even though designated herein as foundation excavation, unclassified, it shall be regarded in these specifications as a class of excavation.
If no upper limit of foundation excavation, unclassified is shown on the plans, it shall be at the original ground except where waterway excavation, common excavation, or other classified excavation overlaps the area of foundation excavation and is a pay item. The upper limit of foun dation excavation, unclassified shall be the 90 lower limit of the overlapping classified material. 206.03
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
206.06General Requirements
The drainage requirements of 203.14 shall apply to excavation for structures and, in addition, adequate outlets shall be provided as shown on the plans or as directed, if within the limits of the excavation.
All excavation shall be adequately shored to avoid damage to the structure, its 100 approaches, adjacent roadway, embankments, tracks, buildings, or other property.
Footing excavation shall, in general, conform with the outlines of footings as shown on the plans, or as revised, and shall be of sufficient size to enable construction of the footings to their full required dimensions. If an existing structure is being extended, the old footings shall be adequately protected. Boulders, logs, or other unforeseen obstacles encountered shall be removed.
The elevations of bottoms of footings as shown on the plans shall be considered approximate. The final elevations shall depend on conditions encountered during 110 excavation, at which time other elevations may be ordered in writing if necessary to secure satisfactory foundations.
Where existing foundation material would not support the contemplated load safely, the plans may require, or it may be directed that foundation piles be driven in the footing area. This piling shall be furnished, driven, and paid for in accordance with 701.
206.07Disposal of Excavated Material
Except as otherwise herein provided, ma terial excavated for a structure or its 120 approaches, including any material excavated beyond the pay limits of foundation excavation or its specified or approved extensions, shall, if suitable, be used for filling around the new structure, for spandrel filling, approach embankment, regular embankment, or for any combination of these, all as specified or directed.
If excavated material, in accordance with 21 1.02, is required at the structure or in its approaches, then this material shall be used as special fill and placed in accordance with the applicable provisions of 211. B borrow consisting of ACBF or GBF shall not be used within 2 ft of the free water level.
Surplus or unsuitable material shall not be disposed of in any manner that would obstruct or pollute the stream or otherwise impair the efficiency or appearance of the structure. If there are piers in the water, permission may be granted to waste excavated material adjacent to these piers provided su ch waste does not obstruct the waterway. If usable excavated material is wasted without authority, the quantity so wasted will be deducted from the quantities of common excavation, borrow, or B borrow, depending on the nature of the waste and its use. 206.07
Disposal of surplus or unsuitable material, including class X excavation, outside the right-of-way shall be in accordance with 201.03 and 203.08. 140
206.08Preparation of Foundation Surfaces
Excavation for foundations on rock without piles shall extend a minimum of 2 ft into solid rock. All rock or other hard material, if to be left in place as a foundation surface, shall be freed of loose material, cl eaned, and cut to a firm surface. The final surface shall be level, stepped, or serrated as directed. Seams shall be cleaned and filled with concrete, cement mortar, or grout. These conditions shall prevail when the foundation masonry is placed.
Where the masonry is to rest on a foundation surface other than those described 150 above, the approximate bottom of the excavation shall not be disturbed. The final removal of material to the required grade sh all be done carefully just prior to placing the foundation masonry. The final surface sha ll be left smooth and, unless otherwise designated, be level.
Notification shall be given after final excavation of each foundation is completed. No masonry shall be placed until the depth of the excavation and the character of the foundation material have been approved.
Rock at the bottom of spread footings shall be proof-tested. For state-administered 160 contracts, the Department’s Geotechnical Engineering Division shall be contacted prior to proof-testing. For local public agency contracts, the Engineer shall be contacted prior to proof-testing. Proof-testing with a small diameter test hole of a minimum 2 in. inside diameter shall be drilled into the foundation base using rotary or percussive drilling methods. Holes shall be drilled into sound rock to a depth of 5 ft or as directed. Three holes shall be drilled into each foundation base. Observations shall be made at each hole as follows:
chisel shall be formed from a rod of 3/8 or 1/2 in. diameter
206.08
borehole from which core has been extracted.
A professional engineer shall supervise the proof testing work. A report for each hole shall be prepared and submitted to the Engineer for review and approval.
206.09Cofferdams and Temporary Construction Dikes 190
Working drawings shall be submitted in accordance with 105.02. They shall show the proposed method of cofferdam construction and other details left open to choice or not fully shown on the plans.
Working drawings for dikes to be used in lieu of cofferdams or to be used for access to the work shall be submitted in accordance with 105.02, if such dikes are to be constructed within the waterway. Approval of such drawings will only be given if the probability of stream pollution and stream flow restriction is minimal.
Cofferdams shall be constructed for all abutments and piers where water or 200 unstable soil is encountered or where the soil may become unstable; excessive stream pollution or stream flow restriction might occur with other construction procedures; or if necessary to support the sides of exca vated areas, embankment, adjacent buildings, tracks, or other premises. In general, they shall be carried down well below bottoms of footings, shall be well braced, and as nearly watertight as practicable. The interior dimensions shall be sufficient to provide ample clearance to enable pile driving, the construction of forms, and clearance for pumping equipment outside the forms. Cofferdams shall be constructed to protect plastic concrete against damage from a sudden rising of the stream and to prevent damage to the foundation by erosion.
No timber or bracing that would extend into substructure masonry shall be left in cofferdams except with written permission.
Cofferdams which become tilted or moved laterally during the process of sinking shall be righted or enlarged to provide ample clearance. Any necessary correction shall
be made with no additional payment.
Except as otherwise provided herein, cofferdams shall be dewatered and sediment
controlled in accordance with 108.04. Pumping will not be allowed for 24 h after
concrete placement, unless otherwise approved.220
When conditions are encountered under which it is established that no reasonable
pumping will dewater the cofferdam when every practicable effort has been made to
reduce the inflow of water, or other conditions are such that a foundation seal is
necessary, the construction of a concrete foundation seal may be required of such
dimensions as necessary. This seal shall be constructed in accordance with 702.20(f).
Unless otherwise specified, all cofferdam bracing shall be removed and all
sheeting removed or cut off at least 2 ft below the finished ground line, except within
206.09
220
the low-water channel it may either be removed or cut off even with the stream bed.230
Removal shall be such that the finished masonry will not be marred or disturbed.
206.10Method of Measurement
Structure excavation, except wet excavation, will be measured in cubic yards in
its original position below the limits of roadway excavation. Wet excavation will be
the theoretical quantity in accordance with 206.11(b). When structures are to be placed
in embankment sections, the natural ground line, as cross-sectioned, will be the
uppermost level of computation unless otherwise specified or shown on the plans.
Class X material encountered and removed during the excavation of foundations240
for traffic support structures will be measured to the foundation neat lines as shown
on the plans below the surface of class X material.
If the pay unit for any item of excavation in the Schedule of Pay Items is lump
sum, no measurement will be made. Extended excavation for footings will be
measured to include the entire depth needed for the deeper footing and the entire width
needed to comply with OSHA or IOSHA requirements.
206.11Basis of Payment
The accepted quantities of structure excavation will be paid for at the contract unit250
price per cubic yard or lump sum.
Unless otherwise provided, excavation for bridges will be paid for at the contract
unit price or prices per cubic yard for the respective class or classes involved.
If cofferdams are specified as a pay item, they will be paid for at the contract lump
sum price for cofferdams.
If a foundation seal is constructed, it will be paid for in accordance with 702.28.
260
The quantity of class X excavation to be paid for will be the cubic yards of such
material actually removed from within vertical planes defining the neat lines of the
footings, except where material classified as class X excavation overlays other
material which shall be excavated to cofferdam limits. Such overlying strata will be
paid for to the limits of the material excavated beneath it. Unless otherwise provided,
no additional payment will be made for such excavation made outside these limits.
If class X excavation is encountered and there is no contract unit price for class X
excavation, payment will be made at a unit price per cubic yard as follows:
270
than or equal to 1 cu yd per foundation.
per foundation, payment will be made at $1,000.00 per cu yd
206.10
221
for the quantity up to 1 cu yd. The quantity in excess of 1 cu yd,
payment will be made at $125.00 per cu yd.
Except as otherwise provided, the quantity of dry excavation to be paid for will
be the amount of such excavation actually removed from its original position within280
vertical planes which are 18 in. outside the neat lines of the footings and parallel
thereto. Regardless of the quantity actually removed, the quantity of wet excavation to
be paid for will be the theoretical volume bounded by the bottom of the footings, the
upper limit of wet excavation, and vertical planes which are 18 in. outside the neat
lines of footings and parallel thereto. Additional payment will not be made for such
excavation outside these limits.
Where it is necessary to carry a footing or a portion of a footing deeper than its
elevation shown on the plans, such additional excavation, except a portion thereof
classified as class X which is carried down to a plane which is 4 ft below the bottom290
of footing as shown on the plans, will be paid for as extended dry excavation, extended
wet excavation, or extended foundation excavation unclassified, at a price to be
determined by multiplying the contract unit price for dry excavation, wet excavation,
or foundation excavation, unclassified, respectively by the factors shown below.
than 1 ft, the factor will be 2.0.
1 ft and not more than 2 ft, the factor will be 2.5.300
2 ft and not more than 3 ft, the factor will be 3.5.
3 ft and not more than 4 ft, the factor will be 5.0.
For a footing lowered more than 4 ft below its elevation shown on the plans, all
such extended excavation below the bottom of footing elevation shown on the plans
to the revised bottom of footing shall be done as extra work in accordance with 104.03.310
Payment will be made in accordance with 109.05.
All backfill material or sub-footing material required whose source is other than
structure excavation will be paid for at the contract unit price for the material being
used or as extra work if no unit price has been established. A change order will be
prepared in accordance with 109.05.
The cost of furnishing all materials and labor associated with proof testing of rock
shall be included in the cost of other pay items.
320
206.11
222
If a borrow area is required and borrow is not specified as a pay item, payment
will be made in accordance with 203.28.
If a waste area is required and the contract documents do not identify excess
excavation or require removal of any items, payment will be made in accordance with
203.28
Except for sign foundations, traffic signal foundations, and highway illumination
foundations, if a type of excavation for which no pay item exists is required and the
new type of excavation requires the Contractor to use equipment not otherwise being330
used on the contract, payment will be in accordance with 203.28.
If a type of excavation for which no pay item exists is required and the new type
of excavation requires additional traffic control not shown on the plans or results in
traffic control being required for an additional period of time, payment will be made
in accordance with 203.28.
Payment will be made under:
Pay Item Pay Unit Symbol340
Cofferdam.................................................................................. LS
Excavation, Dry ......................................................................... CYS
Excavation, Foundation, Unclassified ....................................... CYS
Excavation, Wet ........................................................................ CYS
Excavation, X ............................................................................ CYS
The cost of placing and compacting of all backfill when the materials used are
obtained from excavation, clearing and grubbing required and not paid for under
another pay item, formation of embankments made with material from structure350
excavation, and disposal of all surplus or unsuitable excavation, unless otherwise
specified shall be included in the cost of the pay items.
The cost for disposing of surplus or unsuitable excavated materials outside the
right-of-way shall be included in the various pay items in this section.
This requirement will not include pipe culverts. Excavation for culverts will not
be paid for directly. The cost thereof shall be included in the cost of the structure or
structure extension. The cost of all necessary removal and satisfactory disposal of all360
or part of the existing old structure unless its removal is otherwise provided for,
cleaning out an old channel or constructing a new channel within the right-of-way
limits and widening it to the grade of the existing or proposed new stream bed as shown
on the plans or as directed, construction of all necessary curbs and cofferdams and
their subsequent removal, subsoil borings or soundings below bottom of footings,
206.11
223
dewatering, shoring, disposal of excavated materials, and all labor, equipment, tools,
and necessary incidentals shall be included in the cost of this work.
If a culvert is lowered or relocated at the direction of the Engineer, or material of
such nature is encountered so that additional excavation is necessary, the additional370
excavation will not be paid for if it is 10 cu yds or less. Additional excavation in excess
of 10 cu yds will be paid for at $125.00 per cu yd. If the additional excavation in excess
of 10 cu yds is identified as class X excavation, and there is no pay item for class X
excavation, the additional work will be paid for at $125.00 per cu yd for the quantity
in excess of 10 cu yds, regardless of the depth the culvert is lowered.
The cost of clearing right-of-way within the project limits, constructing,
dewatering, and removal of cofferdams, if not a pay item, subsoil borings or soundings
below bottoms of footings, final preparation of foundation surfaces, disposal of380
excavated material, shoring, and all labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary
to the satisfactory completion of the excavation shall be included in the cost of this
work.
The cost of all required working drawings; furnishing, hauling, and placing
necessary materials; construction; maintenance; dewatering; shoring, removal of
bracing; removal of or cutting off the sheeting; and labor, equipment, tools, and
necessary incidentals shall be included in the cost of cofferdams.
If cofferdams are not specified as a pay item, and if cofferdams are necessary,390
their cost shall be included in the cost of excavation or the concrete requiring their use.
If there is no pay item for dry excavation, the cost of this part of the work shall be
included in the cost of the foundation concrete or for other concrete requiring such
excavation. However, where waterway excavation, common excavation, or other
classified excavation overlaps the area of dry foundation excavation, no deduction will
be made in the pay volume of such overlapping classified material. This exception will
apply only if dry excavation is not a pay item.
Except as otherwise provided in 206.05, the cost of foundation excavation400
unclassified shall include all work and elements of volume, and excavation described
above for wet excavation and dry excavation, regardless of whether or not water is
encountered. The cost of foundation excavation unclassified shall not include the cost
of class X excavation.
The classifications for necessary excavation for a cantilevered wing outside the
limits of foundation excavation shall be the same as those governing the excavation
inside such limits. The quantity to be paid for will be that actually removed from its
original position within vertical planes 18 in. outside the neat lines shown on the plans
and parallel thereto and above a plane 1 ft below and parallel to the bottom surface of410
the wing.
206.11
224
The classifications for necessary excavation for arch superstructures outside the
limits of foundation excavation or waterway excavation shall be those governing the
excavation inside the limits of foundation excavation or waterway excavation,
depending on the location of the excavation for the arch superstructure. Such
excavation shall be bounded by vertical planes which are 1 ft outside the outside faces
of the arch ring and parallel thereto, by a vertical plane passing through the intersection
of the intrados of the arch ring and the original ground line and parallel to the face of
the abutment, and the vertical plane bounding the foundation excavation on the side420
adjacent to the arch ring. The lower limit shall be a sloping plane which is 1 ft below
a plane connecting the intersection of the intrados of the arch ring and the original
ground, and the intersection of the intrados of the arch ring with the vertical plane
bounding the foundation excavation.
For U-abutments, the limits of dry excavation to be paid for will be extended to
include all material removed from between the limits of the wing excavation and above
the elevation of the bottom of the lowest tie beam. If the bottom of the lowest tie beam
is below the upper limits of wet excavation, the limits of wet excavation and dry
excavation to be paid for will be extended to include material actually and necessarily430
removed from between the limits of the wing excavation.
Where it is necessary to excavate outside the foundation excavation limits for
superstructure or extensions other than those described above, the pay limits will be
extended to include all such excavation, as determined necessary.
If a suitable sump is constructed outside the pay limits as described above, such
limits will be extended to include the actual lines of the sump. The additional pay
limits added for the sump will not exceed 4% of the area of the footing involved.
440
The cost of excavation for traffic structure supports, except for class X material
in accordance with 206.02(a)1, shall be included in the cost of the foundation material.
STRUCTURE EXCAVATION in other states
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