101Definitions and Terms

Definitions and Terms

101.1Active Voice and Imperative Mood

1 The W yoming Department of T ransportation has rewritten this edition of Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction with an emphasis on the active voice. In a sentence written in the active voice, someone acts on something. For example: “The engineer will take a sample.” A similar sentence in the passive voice—“A sample will be taken”—would be unclear about who was responsible for taking the sample.

2 This edition of Standard Specifications also makes use of the imperative mood. The imperative mood is used when the party issuing an instruction and the party receiving it are already understood. In Standard Specifications, the department is stating its requirements or directions for work to the contractor; such statements have the same force as if they contained the word “shall.” In an imperative sentence such as, “Pour the concrete,” the department is indicating that it requires the contractor to pour the concrete. Before the award of a contract, imperative statements are directed to the bidder. After a contract has been awarded, imperatives are directed to the contractor.

3 The department will identify parties other than the bidder or contractor to whom it gives a responsibility in Standard Specifications. In phrasings where the responsible party has already been clearly identified or in factual statements when it is not important to do so, the department may use the passive voice.

101.2Organization of Specifications

101.2.1 General

1 With the exception of Division 100, General Provisions, Division 800, Materials, and Section 701, Electrical Devices, the sections of Standard Specifications are written in a five-part format. Each section contains the following primary subsections:

XXX.1 Description XXX.2 Materials XXX.3 Equipment XXX.4 Construction XXX.5 Measurement and Payment

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2 The subsections contain varying numbers of titled sub-subsections composed of higher and lower levels, as in an outline. For example, the equipment portion of Section 401, Plant Mix Pavements and Recycled Plant Mix Pavements, includes the following:

401.3Equipment

401.3.1 Milling 401.3.2 Crushing 401.3.3 Mixing Plant 401.3.3.1 General

401.3.3.2 Batch Plants Mixing Plant 401.3.3.3 Drum Plants 401.3.4 Hauling Equipment

101.2.2 Hierarchy of Organization

1 The requirements of a subsection apply to subordinate subsections. In addition, and as shown at Subsection 401.3.3, Mixing Plant, in the example, many subsections begin with a lower-level subsection called “General.” The requirements of “General” subsections apply to the associated same-level subsections that follow. For example, the requirements of Subsection 401.3.3.1, Mixing Plant, General, (which includes requirements about cold feed control and control units), apply to Subsections 401.3.3.2, Batch Plants, and 401.3.3.3, Drum Plants. They do not apply to the higher-level Subsection 401.3.4, Hauling Equipment.

101.2.3 Titles (or Headings) and References

1 The titles or headings of sections and subsections are for convenience and do not bear on the meaning of the text.

2 Technical specifications and other documents referenced in the contract refers to the edition in effect at the time of award of the contract, unless otherwise specified.

101.3Measurement Units: Inch -Pound (U.S. Customary) V ersus International

System (SI or Metric)

1 Standard Specifications shows sizes and measurements in both inch-pound (U.S. Customary) and International (SI or Metric) System units . Inch-pound units appear first, followed by a metric counterpart inside square brackets “[ ].”

2 When reading Standard Specifications, use the system of measurements used by the department for the bid items on its “Proposal” (Form E-91). Do not mathematically convert the units from one system of measure to another; the department does not intend its measurement values to be equivalent and does not consider values interchangeable.

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101.4Abbreviations, Signs, and Symbols

1 Acronyms and abbreviations in Standard Specifications represent the full text shown in Table 101.4-1, Acronyms and Abbreviations Used.

Table 101.4-1 Acronyms and Abbreviations Used Acronym or Short Form Full Name or Meaning AADT annual average daily traffic ac alternating current a.m. ante meridiem (before noon) AAN American Association of Nurserymen AAR Association of American Railroads AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI American Concrete Institute ADA Americans with Disabilities Act AGC Associated General Contractors of Wyoming AIA American Institute of Architects AISI American Iron and Steel Institute AITC American Institute of Timber Construction ANSI American National Standards Institute AOSA Association of Official Seed Analysts AREMA American Railway Engineering and Maintenance- of-Way Association ARTBA American Road and Transportation Builders Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASLA American Society of Landscape Architects ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATSSA American Traffic Safety Services Association AWG American Wire Gauge AWPA American Wood-Preservers’ Association AWS American Welding Society AWWA American Water Works Association BLM Bureau of Land Management

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Table 101.4-1 Acronyms and Abbreviations Used Acronym or Short Form Full Name or Meaning CAPWAP case pile weave analysis program CFR Code of Federal Regulations CMP corrugated metal pipe CMS Construction Management System CPM critical path method CRSI Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute CR corrosion resistance CSP corrugated steel pipe DBE Disadvantaged Business Enterprise DMS dynamic message sign DSR dynamic shear rheometer EBL eastbound lane EBS Electronic Bid System EEI Edison Electric Institute EIA Electronic Industries Alliance EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESAL equivalent single axle load f Nc specified compressive strength of concrete FCC Federal Communications Commission FE flared end FHWA Federal Highway Administration FTMS Federal Test Method Standard HERCP horizontal elliptical reinforced concrete pipe HID high intensity discharge HSIP High Speed Inertial Profiler ICEA Insulated Cable Engineers Association ICX Integrated Contractors Exchange ID inside diameter IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

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Table 101.4-1 Acronyms and Abbreviations Used Acronym or Short Form Full Name or Meaning IMSA International Municipal Signal Association ISSA International Slurry Surfacing Association ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers ITS Intelligent Transportation System JMF job mix formula LAR Los Angeles abrasion resistance or LA abrasion LED light emitting diode LL liquid limit MIL military specification MTM Materials Testing Manual MS military standard MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices NBL northbound lane NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Project NEC National Electrical Code as approved by ANSI and NFPA NEMA National Electric Manufacturers Association NFPA National Fire Protection Association NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology No. number Nos. numbers NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NP nonplastic NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System OD outside diameter OHW ordinary high water OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration p.m. post meridiem (after noon) PAMS poly-alpha-methyl styrene PAV pressure aging vessel PCI Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute

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Table 101.4-1 Acronyms and Abbreviations Used Acronym or Short Form Full Name or Meaning PDA pile driving analyzer PE polyethylene PGAB performance graded asphalt binder PLS pure live seed PTC positive temperature coefficient PVC polyvinyl chloride RAP reclaimed asphalt pavement RC reinforced concrete RCP reinforced concrete pipe RPCCP reclaimed portland cement concrete pavement RSC rigid galvanized steel conduit RTFO rolling thin film oven SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SBL southbound lane SE service entrance SI International System of Units (metric system) SME steel mitered end SSPC Society for Protective Coatings TAPPI Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry TBC time-based coordination TCD traffic control device U.S. United States UBC Uniform Building Code UF Wire insulation— underground Inc. UL Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. UV ultraviolet USE wire insulation— underground service entrance V:H vertical units to horizontal units, ratio VAC voltage— alternating current VECP Value Engineering Contractor Proposal

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Table 101.4-1 Acronyms and Abbreviations Used Acronym or Short Form Full Name or Meaning VMA voids in mineral aggregate VOC volatile organic compounds WBL westbound lane WCLIB West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau WDA Wyoming Department of Agriculture WDEQ Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality WEAP wave equations analysis program WPSC Wyoming Public Service Commission WPWC Wyoming Public Works Council W.S. Wyoming statute WSHPO Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office WWPA Western Wood Products Association WYBET Wyoming box beam end terminal WYDOT Wyoming Department of Transportation XHHW wire insulation— moisture and heat resistant; wet and dry locations; cross - linked polyethylene

2 Table 109.1.2-1, Unit Symbols for Bid and Pay Items, provides a list of symbols for units used in quantifying bid and pay items. For specifying sizes, dimensions, and similar physical properties, the department will use the symbols for units of measure as shown in T able 101.4-2, Measurement Symbols.

Table 101.4-2 Measurement Symbols Inch-Pound Units (U.S. Customary System) Kind of Quantity or Measurement SI (International System) Units—Metric Symbol Unit Name Unit Name Symbol mil mil (0.001 inch) Length micrometer µm in inch millimeter mm ft foot yd yard meter m mi mile kilometer km

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Table 101.4-2 Measurement Symbols Inch-Pound Units (U.S. Customary System) Kind of Quantity or Measurement SI (International System) Units—Metric Symbol Unit Name Unit Name Symbol in2 square inch Area ft2 square foot yd2 square yard square meter m2 mi2 square mile square kilometer Km2 acre acre fl oz fluid ounce Volume milliliter mL pt pint qt quart gal gallon liter L in3 cubic inch cubic meter M3 ft3 cubic foot yd3 cubic yard oz ounce Weight [Mass] gram g lb pound kilogram kg ton ton, short (2000 lb) metric ton t °F Degree Fahrenheit Temperature degree Celsius °C s second Time secondS min minute minute min h hour hour h d day day d mph miles per hour Speed kilometers per hour km/h psi pounds per square inch Pressure pascal Pa kilopascal kPa megapascal MPa

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Table 101.4-2 Measurement Symbols Inch-Pound Units (U.S. Customary System) Kind of Quantity or Measurement SI (International System) Units—Metric Symbol Unit Name Unit Name Symbol W watt Power, Energy, and Electrical watt W kW kilowatt kilowatt kW A ampere ampere A V volt volt V VA voltampere voltampere VA S ohm ohmS Hz hertz hertz Hz J joule joule J lm lumen lumen lm fc footcandle lux lx candela cd hp horsepower lbf pound-force Force newton N kip 1000-pounds force kilonewton kN Viscosity, Dynamic pascal second Pa•s KU Krebs unit centipoise cP poise P cSt centistokes Viscosity, Kinematic meter squared per second M2/s St stokes gpm gallons per minute Flow liters per second L/s

3 Standard Specifications uses mathematical and other signs and symbols with meanings in accordance with Table 101.4-3, Mathematical and Other Signs and Symbols Used.

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Table 101.4-3 Mathematical and Other Signs and Symbols Used Symbol Meaning + plus - minus ± plus or minus = equal to < less than ≤ less than or equal to > greater than ≥ greater than or equal to × multiplied by; dimensional indicator x� arithmetic mean (or “average”) / per % percent µ 10-6 (“micro”) ° degree (as a unit of angular measurement) Ω Ohm : ratio; proportionality $ U.S. dollar

101.5Definitions

Accept (Acceptance). Unless otherwise explicitly stated, these words refer to the resident engineer’s acceptance of work or materials for the purpose of initiating a Monthly Progress Payment (or payments) to the contractor. Authority to grant final acceptance of the completed project, and to transfer responsibility for the work to the Department, belongs to the district engineer, in accordance with Subsection 113.4, Final Acceptance.

Addendum. See Contract.

Adverse Weather Day. A day that:

five or more hours of work on the Controlling Activity (or activities);

Controlling Activity (or activities); and

Advertisement. The public announcement inviting bids for work or furnishing materials. Also called an Invitation for Bids, the advertisement describes briefly the work or

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materials and gives information on the availability of bid packages and the time and place of the opening of bids.

Agreement. See Contract.

Annual Average Daily Traffic. The average (mean) daily traffic averaged over a full year, as computed by the Department.

Award. The acceptance of a bid by the Commission.

Award Date. The date, as shown on the first line of the “Contract” (Form E-82A), on which the Commission accepts the contractor’s Bid to undertake the project.

Base Course. See Pavement Structure.

Bid. The executed and submitted offer of a Bidder to perform the Work speci fied in a department “Proposal” (Form E-91) at the prices quoted.

Bid Bond. The security executed by the Bidder and Surety or sureties and given to the Department in the amount of 10 percent of the bid to guaranty execution of the Contract.

Bidder. A person or business submitting a Bid in response to a department “Proposal,” (Form E-91).

Bid Envelope. The preaddressed, individually labeled envelopes prepared by the Department. Available only to prequalified bidders approved to bid on a specific advertised project and solely for the purpose of submitting a Bid.

Bridge. A structure and supports spanning and providing passage over a gap or obstacle and having a length greater than 20 ft [6.1 m], as measured along the centerline between the abutments’ front faces or the extreme ends of openings for multiple culverts and including the widths of intervening piers or division walls.

C alendar Day. A day on the calendar, beginning and ending at midnight.

Clear Zone. A traversable and hazard-free portion of the Roadside of the width specified.

Commercial Source. An established, lawful business operating at the time of bid opening as a source to the general public of materials or products relevant to the project.

Commission. Transportation Commission of Wyoming, as constituted for the governance of the Department of Transportation under the laws of the State of Wyoming.

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Construction Limits. Locations designated by and in which the Department will allow construction activity or disturbance and includes the following, as approved by the Engineer:

stakes;

Construction Permit. A permit giving the Department the restricted right to use property for construction purposes outside the highway Right-of-Way.

Contract. The collection of documents that together form the agreement between the Contractor and the Commission or Department and sets forth the obligations of each party. The contract includes:

become part of the contract upon award of the project and execution of the “Contract” (Form E-82A) and include the following:

1.1“Proposal” (Form E- 91) as returned and submitted by the contractor and

containing the contractor’s Bid. The “Proposal” includes or states:

1.1.1The location and description of the project;

1.1.2The bid items and estimated quantities (listed together on the Schedule

of Items) for which Unit Bid Prices are invited;

1.1.3The completion date;

1.1.4The amount of the Bid Bond;

1.1.5The date, time, and place of the opening of bids;

1.1.6. Certification of Registration with the Wyoming Secretary of State;

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1.1.7Certification of Suspension or Debarment;

1.1.8Certification of Free Competitive Bidding (for federal projects) or

Noncollusive Bidding (for state projects);

1.1.9Certification of Previous EEO Performance (for federal projects);

1.1.10Certification of Lobbying Activities for Federal Aid Contracts (for federal

projects);

1.1.11Certificatio n of Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Participation

(for federal projects); and

1.1.12Certification of Nondiscrimination

1.2“Performance Bond” (Form E-82). The Department’s approved form of security,

provided by the contractor and the contractor’s Surety or sureties and guaranteeing performance of the Work specified and the payment of all related debts.

1.3Agreements. Binding documents between the Department and third parties

that pertain to the use of water, materials, or other resources and apply to the project.

1.4Supplementary Documents. Any document in the Bid package generically titled

“Supplementary Document for A Specific Purpose.”

1.5Contract Provisions. Provisions required on federal- aid contracts

1.6Specifications. The collection of provisions and requirements for performing

the work in a contract, including:

1.6.1Special Pr ovisions. Revisions to the standard and supplementary

specifications that apply to a single project.

1.6.2Supplementary Specifications. Revisions t o the Standard

Specifications.

1.6.3S tandar d Specifications. The current edition of this book (“Standa rd

Specifications”). Standar d specifications are approved for general, repeated use.

1.7Plans. The approved drawings (or exact reproductions) showing the locations,

character, dimensions, and details of the project. As appropriate, plans include:

1.7.1Plan and Prof ile Sheets. Sheets showing the alignment of the

centerline, the profile of the existing and proposed terrain on that centerline, and other project information.

1.7.2TypicalS ections. A s ections howing the slope criteria for the

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roadway cut-and-fill slopes, the crown or cross-slope of the f inished roadway, the lane(s) and shoulder widths, the thicknesses and tapers for the surfacing courses, the position of the profile grade line, and the Clear Zone.

1.7.3Summary Sheets. Sheets indicating the general notes, materials and

rates information, and quantities and locations for pay items included in the contract.

1.7.4Project Specific Supplemental Details and Sheets. Details that

supplement the plan and profile sheets and provide material, earthwork, or other project specific information.

1.8General Cross-Sections and Earthwork. Sections that indicate the existing

and proposed terrain at intervals along the centerline and are used to determine the excavation and embankment requirements. The areas developed from the cross-section and the length of the intervals between sections are used to calculate earthwork volumes.

1.9Soils Profile. A plot of the proposed gradeline at the time of issuance and

existing groundline with test holes, samples, and laboratory data, including related recommendations from the Geology and Materials Pr ograms (or consultants) and the field engineer.

1.10Standard Plans. Drawings of objects, features, details, or similar elements

used commonly by the Department. Applicable standard plans are included in the bid package for a project.

1.11Electronic CADD Files. Files in native CADD software file formats used by the

Department. Files may be version specific. The Department will not perform conversions to other formats and will not provide CADD support.

bids.

the contractor and Commission or Department.

work on the project.

other supplemental forms of information for physical items permanently incorporated in the project that the Department requires the contractor to submit for approval.

change to the contract.

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Contract Amendment also known as “Change Order” (Form E-61). See Contract.

Contract Amount. The original amount Bid by the Contractor, shown as the “Bid Total” on the Schedule of Items in the “Proposal” (Form E-91).

Contract Completion Date. The calendar date speci fied on the “Contract” (Form E-82A) for completing the Work.

Contract Time. Begins 14 Calendar Days after the Award Date and consists of the number of calendar days up to and including the Contract Completion Date.

Contractor, a. Any person or business holding prequalification status and bidding or eligible to Bid on a department “Proposal” (Form E-91).

Contractor, the. The person or business with whom the Commission or Department enters into agreement through a binding Contract for performance of the specified Work.

Controlling Activity. See Critical Path.

Critical Activity. See Critical Path.

Critical Path. The longest continuous sequence of work for which the combined duration of the work’s individual scheduled activities produces the minimum overall project duration. Activities on the critical path control the project’s completion and appear in two forms:

given moment.

Culvert. A structure other than a Bridge that creates a transverse opening under a roadway or embankment for drainage or similar purposes.

Department. The Wyoming Department of Transportation, as constituted under the laws of the State of Wyoming.

Direct or (Superintendent). The director of the Department.

Electronic Bid System (EBS). The Department’s computerized system for the receipt and tabulation of bids.

Engineer. The chief engineer of the Department acting directly or through any of several authorized representatives, such as a district or resident engineer, the project

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supervisor, or various Inspectors. Responsibility for engineering and administrative supervision of the project resides with the engineer.

Extra Work. Work within the intended scope of the Contract but beyond or varying from that originally provided for and that the Department later finds essential for satisfactory completion of the project.

Extension (in Bid or Pay Items). The arithmetic product of a bid or pay item’s quantity multiplied by the Unit Bid Price.

Force Account. A method of payment for work performed by the Contractor at the engineer’s direction; calculated in accordance with Subsection 109.4, Extra and Force Account Work.

Gauge. U.S. Standard Gauge, as defined in 15 U.S. Code, Section 206, when referring to sheet iron and plate steel. Galvanized Sheet Gauge when referring to zinc coated sheets.

American Wire Gauge (AWG) when referring to nonferrous wire. Most commonly used in specifying copper and aluminum conductors. AWG is sometimes known as Brown and Sharpe (B&S) Wire Gauge.

Geology Program. The Department’s Geology Program.

Highway, Street, Road. Interchangeable general terms denoting a public way used for vehicular travel. Includes the entire area within the Right-of-Way.

Holidays. Holidays recognized by the State of Wyoming are:

1st day of January (New Year’s Day) 3rd M onday of January (Martin Luther King, Jr./Wyoming Equality Day) 3rd Monday in February (President’s Day) Last Monday in May (Memorial Day) 4th day of July (Independence Day) 1st Monday in September (Labor Day) 11th day in November (Veteran’s Day) 4th Thursday in November (Thanksgiving Day) 25th day in December (Christmas Day) Other days declared by the governor

For holidays that fall on a Saturday, both the Saturday and the preceding Friday are considered legal holidays. For a holiday that falls on a Sunday , both the Sunday and the following Monday are considered legal holidays.

Inspector. A representative of the Engineer authorized to make detailed inspections of the materials provided and the Work performed.

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International System of Units (SI). The metric system of measurement.

Laboratory. The Department’s Materials Program Laboratory in Cheyenne or any other testing laboratory designated by the Engineer to test soils, work, and materials.

Lift. A single, continuous layer of soils, aggregate, or plant mix pavement to which the same compactive effort is applied during placement.

Liquidated Damages. Monetary damages paid at a specified rate by the Contractor to the Department for Work not completed by completion dates or within specified time frames.

Lump Sum Pay Item. A nondivisible whole unit comprising everything necessar y to complete the item as specified and which the Department will measure and pay for as a whole.

Major Pay Item. A pay item for which the original contract cost is both:

Materials. All components required for construction of the project.

Materials Program. The Department’s Materials Program.

Materials Testing Manual. The edition of the Department’s Materials Testing Manual in effect at the time of the public opening of bids. Issued by the Department and providing such information as the rationale, scope, and methods for assessing the conformance of Work and materials to contract requirements.

Median. The interior of a divided highway or street, including the inside shoulders.

M onthly Progress Payment. Scheduled partial payments made by the Department to the Contractor as the Work progresses. Payments are based on the engineer’s estimate of the value of the work performed during the pay period.

Neat Lines. The horizontal and vertical lines established in the Contract to describe the locations, shapes, and borders of planned activities such as excavation or backfilling. When specified, neat lines also define limits for calculating pay item quantities.

Normal Service Life. Traffic control devices that have not suffered major damage from a crash or construction site incident.

Notice to Proceed. See Contract.

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Overburden. The surface layer atop material suitable for road or bridge construction, excluding topsoil.

Own Organization. The workers employed and paid directly by the Contractor and equipment owned or rented by the Contractor, with or without operators; does not include employees or equipment of a Subcontractor, assignee, or agent of the Contractor.

Pavement Structure. The layers of specified materials placed on a Subgrade to support and distribute the traffic load to the roadbed, including any combination of:

surface course.

abrasion, and weathering.

Pay Item. A described item of Work for which a unit price is included in the Contract.

Performance Bond. See Contract.

Plans. See Contract.

Professional Engineer. A person registered and authorized to practice in one or more branches of engineering by the Wyoming State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Professional Land Surveyors. When the expertise of a particular branch of engineering is specified (civil engineering, for example), the Department requires registration in that discipline.

Professional Geologist. A person registered and authorized to practice geology by the Wyoming Board of Professional Geologists. When the expertise of geology is specified, the Department requires registration in that discipline.

Professional Land Surveyor. A person registered and authorized to practice land surveying by the Wyoming State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Professional Land Surveyors.

Profile Grade. The trace (either elevation or gradient, according to context) of a vertical plane intersecting a roadway surface, usually along the longitudinal centerline of the roadbed.

“Proposal” (Form E-91). See Contract.

Proposal Package. See Contract.

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Responsive Bid. A Bid that meets all requirements of the Proposal Package.

Right-of-Way. A general term denoting land, property, or interest acquired for or devoted to highway purposes.

Road. See Highway, Street, Road.

Roadbed. The graded portion of highway within the top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the Pavement Structure.

Roadside. A general term denoting the area between the outside shoulder edge and the Right-of-Way limits.

Roadway. The portion of a highway within the Construction Limits.

Royalty. Payment to a rights holder for permission to withdraw , use, or exploit a natural resource.

Shoulder. The portion of the Roadway next to the traveled way. Provided for stopped vehicles, emergency use, and lateral support of the base and surface courses.

Sidewalk. That portion of the Roadway primarily constructed for use by pedestrians.

Special Provisions. See Contract.

Specialty Item. A uniquely designated Pay Item requiring specialized knowledge, craftsmanship, or equipment not usually available within the organizations of prequalified contractors. Usually not a Major Pay Item ; specialty items are excluded from computations to determine allowable subcontracting percentages.

Specified (or As Specified). Used to refer to a requirement of the Contract. “As specified” can be read to mean “as specified in the contract,” which in turn means any document defined as belonging to the Contract.

S pecifications. See Contract.

Split Sample. Two or three samples that represent the same material. Obtain these samples by reducing one large sample or by taking adjacent samples.

Standard Plans. See Contract.

Standard Specifications. See Contract.

State. The State of Wyoming, acting through an authorized representative.

Station. 100 linear feet [1 kilometer], measured horizontally.

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Street. See Highway, Street, Road.

Stripping Material. See Overburden.

Subbase. See Pavement Structure.

Subcontractor. A person or business to whom the Contractor sublets part of the Contract.

Subgrade. The top of a Roadbed, upon which the Pavement Structure and shoulders are built.

Substantial Completion. The project is complete such that it can be safely and effectively used by the public without further delays, disruption, or other impediments and only clean up and Work of a minor nature, as agreed to by the Engineer , remains to be finished.

Substructure. The lower portions of a Bridge, generally below the bearings or skewbacks of arches, which transmit the total weight [mass] of the bridge, applied live loads (vehicular, pedestrian, or both) and other forces to the supporting bedrock or soil foundation.

Superintendent. The contractor’s representative in charge of the Work.

Superstructure. The portion of a Bridge above the Substructure.

Supplementary Document. See Contract.

Supplementary Specification. See Contract.

Surety. A person or business bound with the Contractor to ensure the satisfactory fulfillment of the Contract and of the contractor’s financial and legal obligations.

Surface Course. See Pavement Structure.

Survey Manual. The edition of the Department’s Survey Manual in effect at the time of the public opening of bids. Establishes survey methods and accuracy requirements.

Tr affic Control for Roadway Work Operations. The edition of the Department’s Traffic Control for Roadway Work Operations in effect at the time of public opening of bids. Provides traffic control guidelines.

Traveled Way. The portion of the Highway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders and auxiliary lanes.

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Unit Bid Price. The price bid for one unit of a bid item on a submitted “Proposal” (Form E-91), including reasonable estimated costs for labor, materials, and equipment, plus reasonable proportionate shares of anticipated profit, overhead, and indirect costs.

Value Engineering Contractor Proposal (VECP). A creative proposal initiated by the Contractor to amend the Contract so as to use an alternate method, design, material, or similar element and thereby reduce the project’s cost or improve its outcome for both the Department’s and contractor’s benefit.

Viewshed The geographical area that is visible from a location. It includes all surrounding points that are in line- of-sight with that location and excludes points that are beyond the horizon or obstructed by terrain and other features (e.g., buildings, trees).

Volumetric Measurements. Measurements made by the Department for calculating quantities of items paid by volume. The Department may use any of the following methods:

Work. The elements and activities necessary to complete a project (including labor , materials, equipment, and the interim products and stages attained in the course of reaching completion).

Working Day. A Calendar Day on which conditions within the contractor’s control allow, or would allow, Work on the Controlling Activities for at least five hours with a workforce consistent in size and type for the work to be performed. Saturdays are working days if the Contractor chooses to work . Sundays and Holidays are working days if the Engineer allows the contractor to work. Days in December, January, February, and March are not working days even if the engineer allows the contractor to work and the contractor so chooses.

Wor king Drawings. See Contract.