SECTION 301 TRAFFIC-BOUND BASE
301.01 DESCRIPTION. Construct traffic-bound base courses with one or more courses
of coarse aggregate on a prepared subgrade. When the Contract provides for traffic-bound surfacing of road approaches, private entrances, and turnouts in conjunction with other highway surfacing or paving operations, perform such work according to Section 112.
301.02 MATERIALS. Furnish aggregate conforming to Section 805.
301.03 Construction.
301.03.01 Preparation of Subgrade. Prepare and maintain the subgrade according
to Section 207.
301.03.02 Placing Aggregates. Spread the aggregate in the number of courses and at
the rate of application indicated in the Contract to the width and depth specified. Place additional aggregate to strengthen weakened areas as the Engineer directs. When practical, route hauling equipment uniformly over all portions of the previously laid courses of the base. The Department will not require any additional compaction. Obtain the Engineer’s permission prior to revising this procedure for distribution of aggregate into the Dense Grade Aggregate or Crush Stone Base lift. When plans require the removal and replacement of traffic bound base, any new aggregate used will be paid as traffic bound base. When the Engineer deems the traffic bound base has been contaminated by the Contractor or their vendors with foreign materials to such an extent that it no longer provides the required riding surface, replace the traffic bound base at no cost to the Cabinet. All traffic bound base used for mailbox turn outs and entrances is to be paid as part of the bid item.
301.04 MEASUREMENT. The Department will measure the quantity in tons according
to Section 109.
301.05 PAYMENT. The Department will make payment for the completed and accepted
quantities under the following: Code Pay Item Pay Unit 00020 Traffic-Bound Base Ton The Department will consider payment as full compensation for all work required under this section. 301-1 SECTION 302 — DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE BASE (DGA) AND CRUSHED STONE BASE (CSB)
302.01 DESCRIPTION. Construct the base on a prepared subgrade.
302.02 Materials.
302.02.01 Aggregate. Conform to Section 805.
302.02.02 Water. Conform to Section 803.
302.02.03 Mixer. Equip the mixer with a water flow system with a positive cut-off
control that will stop the flow of water simultaneously with any stoppage in the flow of aggregate and with valves or other devices that can be easily reset when a change in the rate of flow is desired.
302.03 CONSTRUCTION. Prepare the subgrade according to Section 207, and keep it
free from irregularities. When reshaping and compacting or scarifying and reshaping is not specified for existing traffic-bound surfaces, grade and shape to the grade and cross section required. Construct shoulders according to Section 209.
302.03.01 Mixing. Thoroughly mix the aggregate and water in a pugmill type mixer,
unless another type mixer is approved. Add water as needed to compact to the specified in- place density. Material cannot be stockpiled and must be transported within 48 hours.
302.03.02 Transporting. Transport the plant-mixed material to the project without
loss or segregation. Cover each truck load with a heavy canvas sheet to reduce the loss of moisture during transit. Load all tri-axle or larger trucks with a minimum of three drops, utilizing the three drop method to prevent segregation.
302.03.03 Placing and Spreading. Immediately place and shape the mixture by use
of approved power equipment to the specified lines, grades, cross sections and depths without segregation. A widener may be used to place shoulders only. A spreader box or paver shall be used except when placing material close to bridge ends, structures, directly over fabric, or when placing shoulders. In such instances where it is impractical to use the approved power equipment, approval by the engineer must be obtained prior to placement of the material. Place, spread, shape, and compact in a manner that is as continuous as practical during each day’s run. Wet the base as directed during shaping and compaction operations to maintain the moisture content at the level necessary to ensure proper compaction. Placement of aggregate base courses is not allowed from December 15 th to March 31st without the permission of the Engineer. When the required thickness of base is no more than 8 inches for CSB and 6 1/2 inches for DGA and the Engineer is satisfied that acceptable compaction can be achieved throughout the full depth, place the material in one layer. Otherwise, place the material in 2 or more layers of no less than 3 inches. Wet the subgrade or previous base layer as directed before placing the base material.
302.03.04 Compacting.
A.Control Strips. Before constructing the base, complete a control strip to determine the level of compaction necessary to achieve the target density for the remaining base course. Construct additional control strips whenever a change is 302-1 made in the source, gradation, type of subgrade, type of base aggregate, layer thickness, or as the Engineer requires. Compact with an effort greater than or equal to that produced by a 16-ton pneumatic roller, or an 8-ton steel-wheel vi bratory roller. Operate vibratory rollers according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Leave each control strip in place to become part of the project. Complete at least one control strip for each layer of base material. Unless the Engineer approves otherwise, construct the control strip to a minimum length of 500 feet and to the full lane width of the aggregate base course being placed at that time. Use the same equipment and procedures intended for the construction of the remainder of the base course. After 2 passes of the compaction equipment the Department will mark and take 3 density measurements at randomly selected sites, at least 2 feet from the edge of the base. The Department will take density measurements at the same 3 locations after subsequent passes of the compaction equipment. Compact the control strip until no further increase in density can be obtained from additional passes. The Engineer will visually inspect the base material after each pass to determine if the aggregate is being crushed into fine material. If the aggregate is being crushed, cracked, shoved, or s hows other signs of distress, cease compaction efforts. If compaction of the base is not satisfactory, use other methods to achieve satisfactory results. Regardless of lift thickness, the Department will require a control strip to establish a roller pattern.
B.Target Density. After completing compaction of the control strip, the Engineer will conduct 10 field density measurements at random locations in the control strip and average the 10 measurements to obtain the target density for the compaction of the base.
C.Field Density Measurement. When the total compacted thickness is 4 inches or more, the Engineer will determine the field density with nuclear gauges. When the total compacted thickness is less than 4 inches, the Engineer will determine compaction by nuclear gauge or make acceptance by visual inspection.
D.Test Sections. The Engineer will divide the remaining tonnage of base after the control strip into lots of 500 tons of material. Each lot will be tested at five random locations determined by random number generator. The average of the 5 tests must be at least 98 percent of the target density with no individual measurement less than 95 percent of the target density. When the average density of a test section does not meet the density required above, cease laydown operations, and either provide additional compaction effort or rework the entire test section to obtain the required average density. When an individual density measurement does not meet the required density, provide additional compaction efforts or rework the area represented by that measurement to meet the required density.
E.General. Maintain the initial layers of base to a uniform grade and cross section during compaction. Shape the final layer with additional material when necessary. When trimming the final layer to the final grade with an automatic grading machine, provide a layer approximately 1/2 to one inch above grade for continuous cutting. After making the final pass with the grading machine, wet and roll the base with a static roller. The Engineer will recheck density to ensure the material still conforms to the density requirements. Reuse excess material removed by the grading machine in shoulders, islands, or other areas where aggregate stone base is specified, but not under roadway pavement. Use manually operated mechanical tampers in areas inaccessible to power equipment. Do not add fines to meet target density.
302.03.05 Maintenance and Protection. Restrict traffic on the completed base to the
minimum necessary to complete the work, and maintain public traffic. Moisten areas 302-2 subjected to traffic, as directed, to avoid the lo ss of fine materials. If desired, use a diluted emulsified asphalt for dust control. Placement of materials on the aggregate base is to be limited until the base has cured to proper strength. Before constructing succeeding courses, check for damage, such as raveling and lost density, and recheck the grade and cross section. Make corrections as necessary. Make every reasonable effort to completely cover the aggregate base course with a minimum of 1 course of pavement before suspending work for the winter months. When the aggregate base course is not completely covered with the specified pavement courses, determine and perform all work necessary to protect and maintain the uncompleted work during the winter months. Perform all work necessary to acceptably repair or restore the uncompleted work before the beginning of spring paving operations. Obtain the Engineer’s approval for all work necessary to protect, maintain, and repair the base.
302.03.06 Surface Tolerances. Ensure that the surface of the top course of the base
is smooth and uniform. When performing final grading, trim the base to within ± 1/2 inch of the specified cross section and ± 3/8 inch in 10 feet from the specified longitudinal grade at any location or to an accuracy allowing th e succeeding courses to meet their specified surface and thickness tolerances, whichever is stricter. Furnish all devices and labor necessary to check the surface.
302.04 MEASUREMENT. The Department will not measure water used to moisten the
subgrade, for mixing the base material, and to maintain moisture during compaction and maintenance of the base for payment. The Department will measure the quantity of plant-mixed materials according to Section 109. The Department will not make deductions for water in the mixture. The Department will not measure construction of control strips, any necessary reworking of control strips, or test sections for additional payment. The Department will not measure dust control for payment. The Department will not measure any work necessary to check the final surface tolerances for payment. The Department will not measure for payment any extra materials, methods, or construction techniques, the Engineer determines not to be a part of the specified construction, to protect, maintain, or repair any portion of the uncompleted work during the winter months. The Department will measure and deduct material wasted from trimming the final grade.
302.04.01 Dense Aggregate Base. The Department will measure the quantity in tons.
302.04.02 Crushed Stone Base. The Department will measure the quantity in tons.
302.05 PAYMENT. The Department will pay for the completed and accepted quantities
under the following: Code Pay Item Pay Unit 00001 DGA Base Ton 00003 Crushed Stone Base Ton The Department will consider payment as full compensation for all work required under this section. 302-3 SECTION 303 PAVEMENT DRAINAGE BLANKET
303.01 DESCRIPTION. This section covers pavement drainage blankets. For JPC
pavements, construct either an asphalt-treated or cement-treated drainage blanket. For asphalt pavements, construct an asphalt-treated or cement-treated drainage blanket as the Contract specifies.
303.02 Materials.
303.02.01 Aggregate. Use crushed stone conforming to Sections 804 and 805.
303.02.02 Asphalt Binder. Conform to Section 806, PG 64-22.
303.02.03 Cement. Conform to Section 801, Type I or III.
303.02.04 Water-Reducing Admixture. Conform to Subsection 802.01, Type A, D,
F, or G.
303.02.05 Water. Conform to Section 803.
303.02.06 Curing Compound. Conform to Subsection 823.02.
303.03 Construction.
303.03.01 Composition.
A.Asphalt-Treated Drainage Blanket (ATDB). Use No. 57 aggregate or a gradation within the master range in the following table: Sieve Size Percent Passing 1 1/2 inch 100 3/4 inch 85-100 1/2 inch 35-65 No. 4 0-20 No. 8 0-10 No. 200 0-4 Test gradation according to KM 64-407, KM 64-433, or KM 64-620. Use an asphalt binder content of 1.5 to 2.5 percent by weight of the mixture. When using a porous aggregate, increase the asphalt binder content as needed to compensate for asphalt absorption by the aggregate. Submit aggregate samples and a proposed JMF for approval according to KM 64-421. Maintain the JMF asphalt binder content within 0.5 percentage points as determined according to KM 64-405 or AASHTO T 308. Asphalt binder content will be based on visual inspection of the extent the aggregate is coated. The Department will not adjust payment due to adjustment of the asphalt binder content. Request adjustments in the JMF gradat ion if deemed necessary to increase stability of the drainage blanket, providing the revised JMF gradation and asphalt binder content are maintained within the specified limits.
B.Cement Treated Mixture. Provide Size No. 57 aggregate. Submit aggregate samples and proposed cement content, and the Engineer will perform testing as necessary to determine if the proposed mix design is acceptable. Ensure the mix design conforms to the following:
1.Minimum compressive strength of 400 psi shall be attained in 72 hours 6 303-1 hours. Determine the compressive strength according to KM 64-305, except the specimen shall remain in the mold until the time of the test.
2.Maximum water/cement ratio of 0.37.
3.Use a water-reducing admixture.
303.03.02 Placement of Drainage Blanket.
A.ATDB. All requirements of Section 403 for asphalt mixtures apply, except as follows:
1.Maintain the temperatures of the ma terials and the mixture, in degrees Fahrenheit, within the following ranges: Minimum Maximum Aggregate 200 260 Asphalt Binder 200 260 Mixture at Plant 200 260 Mixture When Placed 180 260
2.Avoid excess drainage of the asphalt binder while being stored.
3.Compact the ATDB using a smooth-wheel roller. Do not use vibrating rollers. Avoid over rolling to the extent that aggregate particles are broken.
4.The surface of the ATDB shall be smooth and uniform, and shall reasonably conform to the specified lines, grades, and typical section. The completed ATDB shall meet the surface tolerances specified in Subsection 403.03.11 for base courses. Perform any corrective work necessary using asphalt mixtures the Engineer approves. The Department will not allow procedures or mixtures that might produce fine material that would tend to clog or reduce drainage.
5.Allow the ATDB to cure at least 10 hours, or as the Engineer directs, before placing subsequent courses.
6.Place drainage blanket at the lift thickness specified in the Contract. When lift thickness is not specified in the Contract or when deviations to the thickness is approved by the Engineer, construct lift size for 3 to 5 inches.
B.Cement-Treated Drainage Blanket.
1.Plant, Mixing, and Hauling. Conform to the applicable batch plant, mixing procedures, and hauling equipment requirements of Section 501 for JPC pavement.
2.Placing and Spreading. Use spreading, consolidation, and finishing equipment that conforms to the requirements of Section 501, or is approved by the Engineer upon demonstration of satisfactory performance on a test strip of approximately 3,000 square yards.
3.Compaction. Compact the material with a steel-wheeled, tandem roller weighing approximately 10 tons, unless the drainage blanket is placed by a slip-form paver and the Engineer determines consolidation is acceptable without rolling. Compact within 30 minutes after spreading by completing at least 2 complete coverages of the drainage blanket with the roller. Provide sufficient equipment and rollers to ensure that no more than 1.25 hours elapse between the time that water is added to the combined aggregate and cement and the time the final compaction is completed.
4.Curing. Cure by one of the following methods immediately after spreading and compacting the drainage blanket:
a.Cover the entire surface and exposed edges of the drainage blanket with transparent or white plastic of at least 4 mils thickness. For asphalt 303-2 pavements, hold the plastic in place with aggregate or other acceptable means for at least 3 days. Immediately repair any damage occurring to the plastic during the curing period.
b.Membrane-cure according to Subsection 601.03.17 B). For JPC pavements, the Department will waive the curing time requirements.
5.Surface Finish. The surface of the drainage blanket shall be smooth and uniform, and shall reasonably conform to the specified lines, grades, and cross section. Ensure the completed drainage blanket does not show a deviation greater than 1/4 inch from a 10-foot straightedge, and the cross slope does not deviate more than 1/4 inch in 5 feet from the specified cross slope.
6.Perform any corrective work necessary using mixtures the Engineer approves. The Department will not allow procedures or mixtures that might produce fine material that would tend to clog or reduce drainage.
7.Weather Limitations and Protection. Mix and place the cement treated material when the air temperature in the shade, away from artificial heat, is 45 F and rising. Unless otherwise authorized in writing by the Engineer, discontinue mixing and placing the cement-treated material when a descending air temperature in the shade, and away from artificial heat, reaches 50 F.
303.03.03 Maintenance and Protection. Limit traffic over the drainage blanket to
the minimum necessary for succeeding or adjacent work. Prevent contamination of the drainage blanket by dust, dirt, or mud. Remo ve and replace portions of the blanket that is contaminated to the extent that the drainage is clogged or reduced at no additional cost to the Department. Preserve the integrity of the subgrade, base courses, perforated pipe, pavement drainage blanket, and the subsequent paving courses. Control the gross weights and types of hauling vehicles so no component is damaged by hauling for construction of the next component. Do not operate trucks or other equipment longitudinally directly over the perforated pipe. Repair damage to any of the various items, except damage caused by public traffic, at no cost to the Department.
303.03.04 Overlaying of Drainage Blankets. Exercise extreme caution when placing
asphalt mixtures near or over underdrains to avoid displacing or damaging the drain. Repair any damage at no cost to the Department.
A.Asphalt Mixture Overlay. When asphalt pavement is constructed on a treated drainage blanket, place the first course using a paver mounted on tracks. Compact asphalt base according to Subsection 403.03.10. Allow the first course of asphalt mixture to cure overnight before placing the succeeding course. The temperature of the asphalt must not be less than 125 degrees before proceeding with the next course. Place the thickness of asphalt base on treated drainage blankets according to Subsection 403.03.06.
B.JPC Pavement Overlay. Place without damaging the drainage blanket or underdrain system. Use anchor hooks of sufficient length to extend through the drainage blanket and hold the load-transfer assemblies securely in place.
303.04 Measurement.
303.04.01 Drainage Blanket-Type II (ATDB). The Department will measure the
quantity in tons according to Subsection 402.04
303.04.02 Drainage Blanket-Type III (Cement-Treated). The Department will
measure the quantity in square yards according to Section 109. 303-3
303.04.03 JPC Pavement Drainage Blanket. The Department will measure the
quantity in tons according to Subsection 303.04.01 or 303.04.02 as appropriate.
303.05 PAYMENT. The Department will pay for the completed and accepted quantities
under the following: C o d e P a y I t e m P a y U n i t 00018 Drainage Blanket-Type II - Asphalt Treated Ton 00019 Drainage Blanket-Type III - Cement Treated Square Yard 00022 JPC Pavement Drainage Blanket Ton The Department will make payment for Drai nage Blanket-Type II (ATDB) according to the Lot Pay Adjustment Schedule for Specialty Mixtures in Section 402. The Department will consider payment as full compensation for all work required under this section. 303-4 SECTION 304 GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT FOR SUBGRADE AND AGGREGATE BASE COURSES
304.01 DESCRIPTION. This specification covers geogrid used for the reinforcement of
subgrade and aggregate bases.
304.02 MATERIALS. Furnish geogrid composed of polypropylene or high-density
polyethylene resins. Furnish Geogrids composed of a single layer or polypropylene resin, whose structure contains rectangular or triangle shaped apertures formed via a punched and drawn manufacturing process and are uncoated.
304.02.01 Physical Requirements. Furnish the specified geogrid type conforming to
the Required Geogrid Properties in Section 815.
304.02.02 Packaging, Shipment, and Storage. Ensure each geogrid shipment is
accompanied by a manufacturer’s certification listing minimum average roll specification values of each lot number for those properties specified. Ensure that each roll is labeled with the manufacturer’s name, product type, lot number, roll number, manufactured date, and roll dimension. Protect the geogrid from direct sunlight, ultraviolet rays, temperatures greater than 120 F, mud, dirt, dust, and debris during all periods of shipment and storage. Keep geogrids dry until installation, a nd do not store directly on the ground.
304.03 Construction.
304.03.01 Geogrid Representative. Ensure that a representative of the geogrid
manufacturer is on the project when work begins, and remains on call as the project progresses, to advise the Engineer.
304.03.02 Surface Preparation. Prepare the surface according to Section 207 or
Section 302.
304.03.03 Geogrid Placement. Place geogrids at the proper elevation and alignment,
in continuous strips without joints, seams, or connections according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Verify the geogrid orientati on (roll direction). Geogrid strips are to be overlapped according to the manufactures recommendations or a minimum of one (1) foot. Geogrid may be temporarily secured in place with staples, pins, sand bags or backfill as required by fill properties, fill placement proc edures, or weather conditions as the Engineer directs. Place the geotextile fabric first, then place the geogrid on top of the geotextile fabric so that they are at the bottom of the aggregate layer. Maintain tension on the geogrid and ensure there are no buckles or folds. Geogrid should not be completely placed before placing aggregate, but should be placed down at the front of a “paving train” consisting of the geogrid laydown equipment followed no further than 50 feet by the aggregate placement equipment. In curves and intersections, cut and overlap the geogrid.
304.03.04 Aggregate Placement. Place aggregate over the geogrid according to the
Contract. Place, spread, and compact the aggr egate in such a manner that minimizes the development of wrinkles and movement in the geogrid. Aggregate is to be placed by back dumping the material from trucks and spread without equipment being operated on the geogrid. The Department will require a minimum loose fill thickness of 6 inches prior to operation of tracked vehicles over the geogrid. Keep the turning of tracked vehicles to a minimum to prevent displacement of the fill and damage to the geogrid. Avoid sudden braking and sharp turning movements. Repair any damage caused during placement or by 304-1 vehicles. Contrary to Section 302.03.03, if the total aggregate base thickness is less than 12 inches, the aggregate base will be placed in one lift. If greater than 12 inches, place the aggregate in 5 inch to 12 inch lifts with the first lift being a minimum of 6 inches. All other construction and density requirements of Section 302 will apply.
304.03.05 Sampling and Testing. The Department will sample the geogrid at the
project site according to KM 64-113. The Department will test the geogrid for all properties possible given the testing equipment availability. When the Department determines that an individual sample fails to meet any specification requirement, the Department will reject that roll and sample 2 additional rolls from the same lot. When the Department determines that either of these 2 additional samples fails to comply with any part of the specification, the Department will reject the entire quantity of rolls represented by that sample.
304.04 MEASUREMENT. The Department will measure the quantity of geogrid in
square yards. The Department will not measure geogrid when the contract indicates that the geogrid are incidental to the work being performed or when no separate bid item for geogrid is listed in the proposal. The Department will not measure providing the geogrid manufacturer’s representative for payment and will consider it incidental to the geogrid.
304.05 PAYMENT. The Department will make payment for the completed and accepted
quantities under the following: C o d e P a y I t e m P a y U n i t 00005 Geogrid Reinforcement for Subgrade Square Yard The Department will consider payment as full compensation for all work required under this section. 304-2
Division 400
ASPHALT PAVEMENTS SECTION 401 ASPHALT MIXING PLANT REQUIREMENTS
401.01 DESCRIPTION. Provide and maintain a plant and all equipment necessary to
produce and test asphalt mixtures.
401.02 Equipment.
401.02.01 All Asphalt Mixing Plants. Ensure that all asphalt mixing plants are
inspected and approved by the Department before initial use and a minimum of once annually thereafter. For initial approval, s ubmit a “Contractor’s Master Certification of Asphalt Mixing Plant and Related Equipment” form for each plant to the Engineer. For previously approved plants, submit an “Annual Renewal Certification for Previously Approved Plants and Related Equipment” form to the Engineer before beginning each season. When significant changes are made in the plant equipment or in the method of operation at an approved plant, reapply for approval. Ensure the manufacturer’s plate, listing the maximum capacity of the plant, is attached to the plant. Do not operate the plant at a production rate greater than the operational capacity of any plant component. Operate the plant so that it produces a fully coated mixture within the specified properties, gradation tolerances, and asphalt binder tolerances. When plants are in operation, the Department will require one computer with a printer attached on the site of operations for the purpose of recording and submitting test data. Ensure the computer is installed with and utilizes the following minimum system requirements: Microsoft Office 2003 Professional (full installation). Additionally, the Department will require that each Company provide at least one Internet access site for sending and receiving electronic mail.
A.Field Laboratory. Furnish and maintain a field laboratory facility according to Subsection 106.03.02. A field laboratory may be a building, trailer, or space within a building, provided the space is completely closed to the remainder of the building. Provide means for visually monitoring mixing plant operations. Do not use laboratories for storage. Provide a laboratory inspected and qualified according to the Department’s Quality Assurance Program for Materials Testing and Acceptance and conforming to the following minimum requirements:
1.a floor space of 250 square feet with a minimum width of 7 feet;
2.provisions for heating and cooling within the range of 65 to 80 F;
3.adequate lighting; and
4.a sufficient number of electric wall outlets (110-120v) to accommodate all equipment. In addition to the equipment required to perform testing according to the AASHTO standards and Kentucky Methods (KM), equip each laboratory with the following minimum furnishings and equipment, conforming to the applicable specifications, as required for the type of construction specified in the Contract:
1.one workbench, at least 2.5 feet wide by 6 feet long;
2.one desk or table and 2 chairs;
3.a fire extinguisher located near the door; and
4.a first-aid kit. When using solvent extractions for asphalt binder content determination, provide equipment and solvent for either the centrifuge (Method A) or the vacuum extractor (Method B) according to KM 64-40 5. Ensure that the extractor stand is fully enclosed and equipped with fans capable of exhausting at least 1,450 cubic feet per minute. Build duct-work across the entire backside of the workbench with 401-1
Source: Kentucky Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, 2019 Edition. Pages 155–165 of 718.