131462 — Timber Structures

462.01 Description

Construct structures or portions of structures using timber, including fabricating, erecting, treating, and coating of the timber elements. For timber piling refer to Section 410. For concrete refer to Section 420. For structural steel refer to Section 430.

462.02 Materials

Asphalt Cement Section 904 Structural Steel 909.01 Gray Iron Castings 909.04 Bolts and Hardware 909.10 Structural Timber 921.05 Preservative Treatments for Timber 921.06 Metal Timber Connectors According to manufacturer and as approved Galvanizing A153 Fire Stops and Galvanized Sheet Metal A653, Coating Designation G90

462.03 Construction

462.03.01 Storage and Handling. Store timber in open stacked piles at the site on suitable

blocking or platform at least 12 in. above any type of surface or vegetation in a manner to shed water and prevent warping. Protect it from weather by a suitable covering. Clear the storage site of weeds and rubbish before placing material and throughout the storage period. Ensure that the site selected is not subject to flooding. Handle using rope or nylon slings to prevent the breaking of outer fibers, bruising, or penetrating the surface.

462.03.02 Cutting and Boring. When practical, cut and bore treated timbers before pressure

treatment. Brush coat all cuts in treated timbers and all abrasions (after being carefully trimmed) with two applications of an approved wood preservative before installing the timber in the structure. When it is determined that treated timbers are damaged beyond repair, remove them from the project and replace them. 2025 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS 2025 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS When forms or temporary braces are attached to treated timber with nails or spikes, fill the holes by driving galvanized nails or spikes flush with the surface.

462.03.03 Bolt Holes. When holes are bored after treatment, fill them with asphalt cement applied

with a caulking gun, or as directed, before inserting bolts. Place asphalt cement coated plugs in holes that are not to receive bolts.

462.03.04 Coating Untreated Surfaces. In untreated timber structures, coat all contact surfaces

between members (except adjacent flooring members) with two coats of an approved preservative before assembly. Similarly coat the back faces of bulkheads and all surfaces of timber that will come in contact with earth, metal, or other timber. Coat the ends of timber members in the same manner.

462.03.05 Protection of Ends of Caps, Wales, and Planks. Cover the ends of all caps, wales,

and planks with resin glass composite shields as approved. Apply the shields as follows:

462.03.06 Diameter of Holes. Holes bored in timber structures shall meet the following for the

listed connectors:

462.03.07 Bolt Assemblies. Fit bolt heads and nuts that come in contact with the timber with a

washer of the size and type specified. After all nuts are adequately tightened, burr the bolt threads.

462.03.08 Countersinking. Countersink wherever smooth faces are required. In treated timber,

paint recesses formed in horizontal surfaces with an approved preservative. After the bolt or screw is in place, fill recesses with an approved asphalt coating.

462.03.09 Connectors. Bore connector holes through members to be connected. Bore

perpendicular to the face of the timber. When spike grids or split ring connectors are specified, install them according to manufacturer’s recommendations.

462.03.10 Framing. Accurately cut and frame all timber to provide even bearing over the entire

contact surface. When making joints, shimming and open joints are prohibited. 462.03.11 Sills. Ensure that sills have true and even bearing on mudsills or concrete pedestals. Remove all earth from contact with sills. 462.03.12 Timber Caps. Place timber caps to secure an even and uniform bearing over the tops of the supporting posts or piles and to secure an even alignment of their ends. Secure all caps by drift bolts or as specified. Locate the drift bolts in the center of the post or pile.

462.03.13 Bracing. Bolt the ends of bracing through the pile, post, or cap. Bolt intermediate

intersections. Use spikes or nails in addition to bolts. When bracing intersects, use filler blocks with a bolted connection.

462.03.14 Stringers. Place stringers in position so that knots near edges are in the top portions of

the stringers. Size bottom edges of stringers to provide uniform depth at bearings. Outside stringers may have butt joints with the ends cut on a taper, lap interior stringers to take bearing over the full width of the floor beam or cap at each end. Separated the lapped ends of untreated stringers at least 1/2 in. and securely fastened by drift bolts where specified. When stringers are two panels long, stagger the joints. Toenail cross bridging between stringers with at least two nails in each end. Leave the lower ends of all bridging and one side of each diaphragm disconnected and free to move until after the deck above is securely fastened to the stringers.

462.03.15 Floor Planking. Unless otherwise specified, use S1S1E floor planking, hit or miss, and

have a uniform thickness with a maximum tolerance of 1/8 in. Where necessary to maintain traffic, lay planks in half-of-bridge width sections. Always accompany timber plank floors with suitable hold down devices. Spike the planks to every stringer, joist, and nailer with at least two spikes. Provide spikes with a length of at least twice the thickness of the plank. Where planks will be under wheel guards or hold down devices, carefully select planks of as near equal thickness as possible. Before any hold down or wheel guard is bolted, firmly drive treated shims or wedges between low planks and either the hold down or the wheel guard so that all planks are held down with equal pressure. The shims shall occupy at least 50 percent of the area between the bottom of either the hold down or wheel guard and the top of the plank.

462.03.16 Bridge Railings and Wheel Guards. Bridge railings shall meet a minimum of Test

Level 1 (TL-1) according to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Railings. All dimensions for timber rail, posts, and spacers shall be the actual dimensions of the timber. 2025 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Locate bridge rail and wheel guard splices so that rail and guard members are continuous over at least two posts. Install bridge railings and wheel guards in sections not less than 12 ft long. Shiplap splices with the lap equal to 8 in. or the greater side of the piece, whichever is larger.

462.04 Measurement and Payment

Piles are excluded. The payment will be full compensation for all timber (treated or untreated) storage and handling, finishing of pile bents and abutments, preservative, composite shields, asphalt cement, metal components, drilling holes, and for all material, labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work.

462.04.01 Timber structures will be measured and paid for at the Contract unit price per

1000 board feet (MBM). The computation of quantities will be based on the nominal sizes specified and the exact overall net length of pieces remaining in the completed structure. No allowance will be made for waste.

462.04.02 Timber structures will not be measured but will be paid for at the Contract lump sum

price. 2025 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS 463 — BRICK MASONRY CATEGORY 400 STRUCTURES SECTION 463 — BRICK MASONRY

463.01 Description

Construct brick masonry as specified.

463.02 Materials

Curing Compound 902.07.03 Brick Section 903 Mortar 903.06 Fusion Bonded Epoxy Powdered Coatings 917.02 Water 921.01 Dove Tail Anchors As specified Sample Panel. When specified, prepare and deliver a sample panel measuring at least 24 in. x 24 in. to the construction site for approval prior to beginning work. Provide a panel that is typical of the brickwork to be used on the project. Receive the Administration’s approval of the panel before beginning the brickwork on the project. Keep the sample panel on the project site. Construct all subsequent brickwork to equal the appearance of this approved panel.

463.03 Construction

Unless otherwise specified, lay all brick masonry in level courses with faces plumb, square, and true to the dimensions specified. Ensure that all exposed surfaces are smooth. Lay brick masonry for parapets and end posts parallel to the roadway or barrier. Construct brick facing as specified. 463.03.01 Bond. Unless otherwise specified, lay brick masonry in running bond. Lay adjoining courses to break joints by half brick as nearly as practical. 463.03.02 Bricklaying. Spray all brick with water to dampen the surface prior to laying. Only use fresh plastic mortar that is soft and workable when placed on the wall. Spread a layer of mortar on the beds and make not more than a shallow furrow in it that can be readily closed by the laying of the brick. Solidly fill all bed and head joints with mortar. Fully butter end joints of stretchers and side or cross joints of headers with mortar and make a shoved joint so that mortar is squeezed out at the top of the joint. Ensure that no brick is jarred or moved after it has been fully bedded in 2025 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS